IL134037A - High corrosion resistant aluminium alloy containing zirconium - Google Patents

High corrosion resistant aluminium alloy containing zirconium

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Publication number
IL134037A
IL134037A IL13403798A IL13403798A IL134037A IL 134037 A IL134037 A IL 134037A IL 13403798 A IL13403798 A IL 13403798A IL 13403798 A IL13403798 A IL 13403798A IL 134037 A IL134037 A IL 134037A
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IL
Israel
Prior art keywords
weight
alloy
aluminium
extrudability
corrosion resistance
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Application number
IL13403798A
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Hebrew (he)
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IL134037A0 (en
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Norsk Hydro As
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Publication of IL134037A0 publication Critical patent/IL134037A0/en
Publication of IL134037A publication Critical patent/IL134037A/en

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C21/00Alloys based on aluminium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/14Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

An aluminium-based alloy consisting of 0,10 - 0,40% by weight of iron, 0,05 - 0,25% by weight of silicon, 0.05 - 0,20% by weight of zirconium and the balance aluminium and incidental impurities, said aluminium-based alloy exhibiting high corrosion resistance and high tensile strength. Optional elements are 0,05 - 0,40% by weight of manganese and 0,05 - 0,30% by weight of chromium.

Description

10324/99 wo. Ί]3 nnnj ηπΊΐιυ 7V2 ,ΠΊ ΏΤΤ "Ρ^ΠΠ οττηϊ?κ "7ω JUT] fflGH CORROSION RESISTANT ALUMINIUM ALLOY CONTAINING ZIRCONIUM The invention relates to an improved aluminium alloy and more particularly to an aluminium alloy which contains controlled amounts of defined compounds and is characterized by the combination of high extrudability and high corrosion resistance.
In the automotive industry, aluminium alloys are used in a number of applications, especially for tubing because of the extrudability of the alloys combined with relatively high strength and low weight Especially useful are aluminium alloys for use in heat exchangers or air conditioning condensers. In this application the alloy must have a good strength, a sufficient corrosion resistance and good extrudability.
A typical alloy used in this application is AA 3102. Typically this alloy contains approximately 0,43% by weight Fe, 0, 12% by weight Si and 0,25% by weight n.
In W097/46726 there is described an aluminium alloy containing up to 0,03% by weight copper; between 0,05 - 0,12% by weight silicon, between 0,1 and 0,5% by weight manganese, between 0,03 and 0,30 % by weight titanium between 0,06 and 1,0% weight zinc, less than 0,01% by weight of magnesium, up to 0,50% by weight iron, less than 0,01 % by weight nickel and up to 0,50% by weight chromium.
In W097/46726 it is claimed that there is no positive effect of Cr on the corrosion resistance. It should also be noted that in the same patent the lower level of manganese is 0,1% by weight According to WO 91.14794, a number of elements may be present as normal impurities, including Zn, Zr, Ni V and Cr, the maximum amount per element being 0,05 by weight percent In the table on page 5 an example is given according to which the total amount of impurities is 0,041 % by weight and Zr is only present as 0,001 % by weight Increasing the total amount of impurities to 0,15 % by weight would result in a maximum presence of Zr of 0,0036585 % by weight Apparently some of the impurities may be present up to a local of 0,05 % by weight such as Zn and Cr, but not all of them.
Acccording to US-A- 749627 Mn might be rpesent as art Impurity, up to an amount of 0,03 % by weight The alloy according to 02 is intended to be used as finstock, and no indication is given about its extrudability. From table 6 it becomes dear (see no. 10,11 and 19) that the corrosion resistance is due to the high amount of Zn present in the alloy, and not as a result of the balanced presence of different elements, as elucGcated by the alloys A - E according to the invention.
There is a constant need for having aluminium alloys, having the combination of excellent extrudability and superior corrosion resistance. Excellent extrudabifity is required to minimize production costs at the extrusion plant, including lower extrusion pressure and higher extrusion speeds. ft is therefore an object of the invention to provide an aluminium alloy composition which exhibits superior corrosion resistance and improved extrudability while maintaining the strength of the at this moment commercial aluminium alloys. For that reason the aluminium alloy according to the present invention includes controlled amounts of iron, silicon, manganese, zirconium, chromium and zinc.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an aluminium-based alloy suitable for use in heat exchanger tubing or extrusions, It is another object of the present invention to provide an aluminium-based alloy suitable for use as finstock for heat exchangers or in foil packaging applications, subjected to corrosion, for instance salt water.
These objects and advantages are obtained by an aluminium-based alloys, consisting about 0,06-0,25 % by weight of iron, 0,05-0,15 % by weight of silicon up to 0,70 % by weight of copper, up to 0,10% by weight of manganese,. 0,02 to 0,20% by weight zirconium, up to 0,18% by weight chromium, up to 0,70 % by weight of zinc, 0,005 to 0,02% by weight titanium, for grain refining puroses, up to 0,02 % by weight of incidental impurities and the balance aluminium, said aluminium-based alloy exhibiting high corrosion resistance, good extrudability and acceptable tensile strength.
Preferably the iron content of the alloy according to the invention is between about 0,06-0, 15 % by weight. In this way the corrosion resistance and the extrudability is optimal, as both characteristics are substantially reduced with high iron content.
In order to optimize the resistance against corrosion, the zirconium content is preferably between 0,10-0,18 % by weight. In this range the extrudability of the alloy is practically not ^ influenced by any change in the amount of zirconium.
Preferably also the chromium content is between 0,10-0,18 % by weight. An increase in chromium content results in an increased resistance against corrosion, within this range the extrudability is slightly reduced but still within an acceptable range.
Zinc will in even small consentration, negatively affect the anodizing properties of AA 6000 alloys, in view of this polluting effect of zinc, the level of Zn should be kept low to make the alloy more recycleable and save costs in the cast house. Otherwise, zinc has a positive effect on the corrosion resistance up to at least 0,7 % by weight, but for the reason given above the amount of zinc is preferable between 0, 10 - 0, 18 % by weight. 2 Although copper may be present to up to 0,50 % by weight, it is preferred to have the copper content below 0,01 % by weight in order to have the best possible extaidabiiity. in some circumstances it might be necessary to add copper to the alloy to control the corrosion potential, making the product less electo negative, to avoid galvanic corrosion attack of the product. It has been found that copper increases the corrosion potential with some 100mV for each % of copper added, but at the same time decreases the extrudability substantially.
The invention also relates to an aluminium product obtained by means of extrusion and based upon an aluminium alloy according to the invention.
Normally after casting, the alloy will be homogenized by means of an heat treatment at elevated temperatures, e.g. 550-610°C during 3-10 hours. It has been found that by such a heat treatment the extrudability was slightly improved, but the corrosion resistance was negatively influenced.
According to the invention the aluminium product is characterized in that the only heat treatment of the aluminium alloy after casting is the preheating immediately before extrusion.
Such preheating takes place at lower temperatures than the homogenization step and only takes a few minutes, so that the characteristics of the alloy with respect to extrudability and corrosion resistance are hardly effected.
In an effort to demonstrate the improvements associated with the inventive aluminium-based alloy over known prior art alloys, properties related to mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and extrudability were investigated.
The following description details the techniques used to investigate the properties and discussion of the results of the investigation.
A number of alloys according to the invention have been prepared, which alloys are listed below in table 1 the alloys A - E. In table 1 the composition of these alloys has been indicated in % by weight, taking into account that each of these alloys may contain up to Q,02 % by weight of incidental impurities. In table 1 is also shown the composition of the traditional 3102-alloy. 3 All these alloys have been prepared in the traditional way . The extrusion of the billet after preparation of the alloy was preceded by a preheating to temperatures between 460-49CPC. Table 1 : Chemical composition of the different alloys Alloy Fe Si n Zr Cr Zn Ti A 0,10 0,08 0,07 0,18 0,11 0,00 0,013 B 0,12 0,07 0,07 0,12 0,11 0,10 0,011 C 0,12 0,07 0,07 0,14 0,14 0,17 0,012 D 0,13 0,07 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,19 0,009 E 0,11 0,07 0,09 0,07 0,00 0,24 0,011 3102 0,43 0,12 0,25 - - 0,010 In order to evaluate the improvements obtained by the alloys according to the invention, number of tests were executed and the results thereof are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Properties of the alloys listed in Table 1 Alloy UTS YS Elongation Die force Max force SWA MPa MPa % tons tons days A 87,60 - 67,60 38,50 5094 6319 35 B 84,20 64,70 35,00 5115 6245 83 C 87,60 68,00 35,50 5130 6305 90 D 85,00 65,20 35.50 5078 6168 67 E 80,50 56,00 36,00 4734 5078 35 3102 86,20 65,50 37,20 5008 6025 10 For investigation of the properties of these alloys, a set of billets was cast and their composition determined by means of electron spectroscopy. For this analysis use was made of an instrument of make BAIRD VACUUM, and the standards used were supplied by Pechiney. 4 The extrudability is related to the die force and the maximum extrusion force indicated as max force. Those parameters are registered by pressure transducers mounted on the press, giving a direct read out of these values.
For determining the corrosion resistance of these alloys, use is made of the so-called SWAAT-test. The test sample was an extruded tube with a wall thickness of 0,4mm.
This test was performed according to ASTM-standard G85-85 Annex A3, with altemating 30 minutes spray periods and 90 minutes soak periods at 98% humidity. The electrolyte is artificial sea water acidified witii acetic acid to a pH of 2,8 to 3,0 and a composition according to ASTM standard D1141. The temperature is kept at 49eC. The test was run in a Liebisch KTS-2000 salt spray chamber.
In order to study the evolution of corrosion behaviour samples from the different materials were taken out of the chamber every third day. The materials were then rinsed in water and subsequently tested for leaks at a applied pressure of 10 bars. If e.g. a sample was found to be perforated after 35 days comparative samples were introduced in the chamber and left for 35 days before first inspection, in order to confirm the result In the column SWAAT the number of days before perforation are indicated.
The test as described are in general use with the automotive industry, where an acceptable performance is qualified as being above 20 days.
The testing of mechanical properties was carried out on a Zweck Universal Testing Instrument (Module 167500) and in accordance with the Euronorm standard. In the testing the E-module was fixed to OOOO /mm2 during the entire testing. The speed of the test was constant and 10 N/mm2 per second until Rp0,2 was reached, whilst the testing speed from Rpp,2 until fracture was 40% Lo/min, Lo being the initial gauge length.
The results of table 2 show that both the mechanical properties, extrudability in terms of die force and maximum force as well as corrosion resistance are alloy dependent. First of all, the corrosion resistance of the alloys A-E is superior compared to the 3102 alloy. The extrudability is in general comparable to the 3102 alloy, and the same applies to the mechanical properties. When the SWAAT data of the alloys C, D and E are analysed it is seen that the best combinations appear when both Cr, Zr and Zn are present (alloy C).
Alloy E which contains no Cr, and alloy A which does not contain Zn give results which are much better than the acceptable limit of 20 days, however, the corrosion resistance is significantly lower than the alloys B, C and D. This clearly shows that both Cr and Zn should be present in a long life alloy in order to optimize the corrosion resistance. In addition, comparing the results from alloy C and D indicate the importance of Zr. Increasing the Zr-content improves the corrosion behaviour in a significant way.
It should therefore be emphasized that the optimum and especially the corrosion resistance is the result of the right combination of the elements Cr, Zr, Mn and Zn.
The extaidabiiity is affected by small additions of the different alloying elements. By introducing Cr and Zr it is seen that the die force and the maximum force increases (i.e. the i extaidabiiity is reduced). Zinc, on the other hand, does not affect the extaidabiiity in any significant way which as such is well known.
The mechanical properties in terms of ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are seen to be significantly improved when Cr is added. In that case the new alloys match the 3102 alloy properties.
The corrosion test have been performed on samples taken at different location of the coil. About 10 samples were taken from the very start of the coil (from the front of the billet), 10 samples from the middle part of the coil (middle part of the billet) and 10 samples from the end of the coil (end of the billet). Each sample was about 50 cm long. The results were very consistent which means that there is no effects on the corrosion resistance related to, extrusion speed and material flow during the exterusion of one billet, for the extrusion parameters used.
Additional work has been done to evaluate the effect of the different alloying elements, which is also shown in the annexed Figures 1 - 6, in which Fig. 1 shows the influence of the Fe-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the invention.
Fig. 2 shows the influence of the Mn-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the invention. 6 Fig. 3 shows the influence of the Zr-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the invention.
F Rg. 4 shows the influence of the Cr-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the invention.
Rg. 5 shows the influence of the Zn-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the Invention.
Rg. 6 shows the influence of the Cn-content on the characteristics of the alloy according to the invention.
In the Rgures 1 - 5 the x-axis represents the content of the alloying agent expressed In % by weight whereas the y-axis is a relative representation of the different properties, the square dots being used to represent the ultimate tensile strength in MPa, the black triangular dots being used to represent the entrudability expressed in ktons and using the die force as representative measurement, and the white triangular dots being used to represent the SWAAT-test results expressed in days.
As shown in Rg. 1 the corrosion resistance is reduced in "a significant way with higher Fe-contents (keeping Si-content at the same level of 0,08 % by weight). This effect especially occurs at Fe-contents in the range of 0,2 - 0,3 % by weight At the same time the extrudability is significantly reduced with higher Fe-contents. It should be noted that a reduction of 2-3% of the extrudability (expressed as 2-3% increase of the break through pressure) is an unacceptable increase for an extrusion plant Otherwise an increase of the Fe-content results in an increase of the tensile strength.
As becomes clear for Fig. 2, below 0,30 % by weight of n any change in the content of n has practically no effect on the resistance against corrosion (keeping Fe and Si constant at 0,15 and 0,08 % wy weight respectively). An increase in the Mn-content results in a reduction of the extrudability and easily results in an unacceptable extrudabiity. Otherwise the mechanical properties improve with an increase of the Mn-content.
If Fe, Si and Mn are kept at a constant level of 0,15, 0,08 and 0,08 % by weight, an increase of the Zr-content from 0,07 to 0,15 % by weight will result in an improved resistance against 7 corrosion as shown in Fig. 3. At the same time the extrudability is only decreased slightly, whereas the tensile strength is increased.
The effect of changes in the Cr-content from 0,08 to 0,12 % by weight, while maintaining Fe, Si and Mn at the same level as in Fig.4, is that the corrosion resistance is increased, the extrudability is slightly reduced , and the mechanical properties somewhat increased. This is shown in Fig. 4.
The influence of 2n, while keeping Fe, Srand Mn at the same level of 0,15, 0,08 and 0,08 % by weight respectively, is illustrated in Figure 5. In this figure titanium (Ti) was also present at a constant level of 0.15 wt%. (Titanium and zirconium is believed to affect the corrosion resistance in the same way, as supported in the results presented in table2 above)).
The effect of Zn is practically zero with respect to the extrudability and the mechanical properties, but the corrosion resistance is increased with increased Zn-content The use of Gu is optional and dependent upon the actual use of the alloy. In Fig.6 there is shown a diagram showing the influence of the Cu-content on the extrudability and on the corrosion potential. On the X-axis is shown the amount of Cu in % by weight, whereas the left Y-axis is the extrusion force expressed in kN and the right Y-axis is the corrosion potential expressed in mV according to ASTM G69. The upper line in the graph is the evolution of the corrosion potential, whereas the lower line is the evolution of the extrusion force.
• From this graph it will be clear that a decreasing Cu-content results in an increase in extrudability, whereas an increase of Cu with 1% by weight makes the corrosion potential 100 mV less negative.
Normally it might be preferred to use an alloy with the smallest possible amount of copper, as copper has a negative influence of the inherent resistance against corrosion of the bare tube, and strongly Influences the extrudability in a negative sense.
However in situations where the extruded product, such as a heat exchanger tube, must be connected to another product, such as a header with a clad containing no Zinc, it is possible by way of Cu additions to modify the corrosion potential of the extruded product in such a 8 way that the tube becomes more noble (less negative) than the header material. This will curb any attacks of the tube due to galvanic corrosion.

Claims (7)

P 98055 WO ··· 10·· > » · · · · · * ·· · ·· New claims
1. An aluminium-based ailoy consisting of 0,06-0,25 % by weight of iron, 0,05-0,15 % by weight of siiicon 5 up to 0,70 % by weight of copper 0,03 to 0,10 % by weight of manganese, 0,02 to 0,20 % by weight of zirconium, up to 0,18 % by weight of chromium, up to 0,70 % by weight of zinc, 10 0,005 to 0,02% by weight of titanium, (as grain refiner) up to 0,02 % by weight of incidental impurities and the balance aluminium, said aluminium-based ailoy exhibiting high corrosion resistance and high exfrudability.
2. The alloy of daim 1, wherein said iron content ranges between 0,06-0,15 % by weight 15
3. The alloy of daim 2 wherein said manganese content ranges between 0,03-0,08 % by weight
4. The alloy of claim 3 wherein said zirconium content ranges between 0,10-0,18 % by weight *
5. The ailoy of daim 4 wherein said chromium content ranges between 0,10-0*18 % by •^20 weight
6. The alloy of claim 5 wherein said zinc content ranges between 0,10-0,18 % by weight
7. The alloy of any of the preceding daims wherein said copper content ranges below 0,01 % by weight i tt Ms ? site itf Nsn*
IL13403798A 1997-07-17 1998-07-10 High corrosion resistant aluminium alloy containing zirconium IL134037A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97202233A EP0893512A1 (en) 1997-07-17 1997-07-17 High extrudability and high corrosion resistant aluminium alloy
PCT/EP1998/004956 WO1999004050A1 (en) 1997-07-17 1998-07-10 High corrosion resistant aluminium alloy containing zirconium

Publications (2)

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IL134037A0 IL134037A0 (en) 2001-04-30
IL134037A true IL134037A (en) 2004-03-28

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IL13403798A IL134037A (en) 1997-07-17 1998-07-10 High corrosion resistant aluminium alloy containing zirconium

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EP (2) EP0893512A1 (en)
JP (1) JP4107632B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100549389B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1090245C (en)
AT (1) ATE264927T1 (en)
AU (1) AU9071798A (en)
BR (1) BR9810877A (en)
CA (1) CA2297116A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69823356T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2221193T3 (en)
IL (1) IL134037A (en)
TR (1) TR199902872T2 (en)
WO (1) WO1999004050A1 (en)

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US6503446B1 (en) 2000-07-13 2003-01-07 Reynolds Metals Company Corrosion and grain growth resistant aluminum alloy
US6458224B1 (en) 1999-12-23 2002-10-01 Reynolds Metals Company Aluminum alloys with optimum combinations of formability, corrosion resistance, and hot workability, and methods of use
US6602363B2 (en) * 1999-12-23 2003-08-05 Alcoa Inc. Aluminum alloy with intergranular corrosion resistance and methods of making and use
WO2004057261A1 (en) 2002-12-23 2004-07-08 Alcan International Limited Aluminum alloy tube and fin assembly for heat exchangers having improved corrosion resistance after brazing
CN104220615B (en) * 2012-04-05 2017-06-09 日本轻金属株式会社 The excellent micropore hollow material aluminium alloy of extrudability and resistance to grain boundary corrosion and its manufacture method
KR101465389B1 (en) * 2013-09-27 2014-11-25 성균관대학교산학협력단 aluminum alloy composition, extrusion tube and fin material with improved penetration durability comprising the same and the heat exchanger constructed the same
CN105568063A (en) * 2014-10-13 2016-05-11 焦作市圣昊铝业有限公司 Aluminum alloy with high strength and corrosion resistance
CN107299264B (en) * 2017-05-26 2018-07-13 广东伟业铝厂集团有限公司 Automobile chassis high-performance aluminium alloy proximate matter
CN108754246A (en) * 2018-06-19 2018-11-06 江苏亨通电力特种导线有限公司 Vehicle condenser tube aluminum alloy materials and preparation method thereof
WO2021165266A1 (en) * 2020-02-17 2021-08-26 Hydro Extruded Solutions As Method for producing a corrosion and high temperature resistant aluminium alloy extrusion material
CN111647774A (en) * 2020-02-17 2020-09-11 海德鲁挤压解决方案股份有限公司 Method for producing corrosion-resistant and high-temperature-resistant material

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CH622031A5 (en) * 1976-09-02 1981-03-13 Alusuisse Use of pure aluminium for aluminium cans
JPS6022278B2 (en) * 1980-10-01 1985-05-31 株式会社デンソー Manufacturing method of aluminum alloy heat exchanger
JPS57203743A (en) * 1981-06-08 1982-12-14 Mitsubishi Alum Co Ltd Al alloy with superior thermal deformation resistance and heat conductivity
AU582139B2 (en) * 1984-03-06 1989-03-16 Furukawa Aluminum Co., Ltd. Aluminum and aluminum alloy for fin and heat exchanger using same
WO1991014794A1 (en) * 1990-03-27 1991-10-03 Alcan International Limited Improved aluminum alloy
JPH05125472A (en) * 1991-11-06 1993-05-21 Furukawa Alum Co Ltd Aluminum clad fin material
US5286316A (en) * 1992-04-03 1994-02-15 Reynolds Metals Company High extrudability, high corrosion resistant aluminum-manganese-titanium type aluminum alloy and process for producing same
JPH09137245A (en) * 1995-11-09 1997-05-27 Denso Corp Aluminum tubular body for heat exchanger and aluminum-made heat exchanger using the same body

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Publication number Publication date
IL134037A0 (en) 2001-04-30
WO1999004050A1 (en) 1999-01-28
DE69823356D1 (en) 2004-05-27
TR199902872T2 (en) 2000-05-22
CN1090245C (en) 2002-09-04
CA2297116A1 (en) 1999-01-28
AU9071798A (en) 1999-02-10
KR20010013860A (en) 2001-02-26
DE69823356T2 (en) 2005-05-04
KR100549389B1 (en) 2006-02-08
EP0893512A1 (en) 1999-01-27
JP2001510239A (en) 2001-07-31
CN1264431A (en) 2000-08-23
JP4107632B2 (en) 2008-06-25
ATE264927T1 (en) 2004-05-15
ES2221193T3 (en) 2004-12-16
EP0996754A1 (en) 2000-05-03
EP0996754B1 (en) 2004-04-21
BR9810877A (en) 2000-08-08

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