IE882939L - Immunometric assay kit and method applicable to whole cells - Google Patents

Abstract

A kit for the assay of the surface antigens characteristic of a cell population or subpopulation comprising, as components: a) a solid support on which are fixed by covalent bonding or by physical adsorption one or more monoclonal antibodies directed against the surface antigens of the cellular population to be assayed; b) one or more solutions, each containing a monoclonal antibody specific for the cell population or subpopulation to be assayed, labelled with a radioisotope probe or an enzyme probe; c) in the case of antibodies marked with an enzyme probe, one or more solutions contributing the necessary reagents (substrate and chromogen) for detecting the enzyme activity. The invention also relates to a process for immunometric assay of the surface antigens of a cell population or subpopulation. The assay kit and the immunometric process according to the invention can be employed for the total assay of the population of T lymphocytes and/or of the subpopulations of T4 and T8 lymphocytes.

Description

63426 - i - IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAY KIT AND METHOD APPLICABLE TO WHOLE CELLS The present invention relates to a kit and to an immunometric assay method using this kit for the determination of surface antigens characteristic of populations or subpopulations of cells.The immunometric assay method and the corresponding'kit are also intended for the determination of the cells themselves via the determination of their surface antigens. These determinations are applicable to diagnosis.

Knowledge of the antigens or markers on the cell surface has made enormous advances with the development of lymphocyte hybridization and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by KOEHLER and MILSTEIN (Nature, 1975, 256, 495-497). In particular, monoclonal antibodies have made it possible to reveal and analyze membrane antigens or surface markers of cells of the widest possible variety of origins. These markers (or antigens) can be of different kinds: proteins, glycoproteins or glycolipids. The characterizations sought therefore apply mainly to tissue or organ markers, to markers of states of differentiation or activation of normal cells and to the identification or typing of normal or cancerous cells. A particularly important field of application is the study of the cell lines of hemopoiesis (erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte).

Thus, for example, monoclonal antibodies have made it possible to specify the respective surface characteristics of T and B lymphocytes. The corresponding markers, by themselves or in combination, identify stages of differentiation and functional specialization of the lymphocytes. By international convention, the surface markers of human leukocytes have been classified in differentiation groups or differentiation classes (CD) defined by the IUIS-WHO subcommittee, 1984, and described in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1984, 62(5), 813-815.

The identification of these markers which has been made possible by monoclonal antibodies has provided access to their structure and their biological functions. For example, the molecules of the CD4 and CD8 markers participate in leukocyte adhesion functions and are present on the surface of T lymphocytes with an auxiliary and inductive function (CD4 marker) or, respectively, with a cytotoxic and suppressive function (CD8 marker).

With this knowledge established, it has been possible to use these markers, by virtue of the antibodies which recognize them, for diagnosing and following up a variety of pathologies including, in particular, malignant hemopathies (leukemias, lymphomas, etc.) and states of dysfunction of the immune system (autoimmune diseases, congenital or acquired immune deficiencies such as AIDS, etc.) (BRETON-GORIUS and VAINCHENKER, Le Biologiste, 1987, XXI, no. 167, 63-70; SHAW, Immunology Today, 1987, 8(1), 1-3).

Monoclonal antibodies are now irreplaceable tools of clinical biology applied to cell analyses.

Cell counting methods exist which use the marking of their surface antigens, but these methods are often lengthy, laborious and difficult to carry out and their results are sometimes random.

The known methods used for measuring the normal or modified expression of antigens on the surface of the cell can be separated into two groups. In the first group, the antigens are measured with the aid of complex and specialized laboratory equipment based on flux cytometry (see, in particular, PONCELET et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1985, 85, 65-74) or quantitative microscopy techniques (POULTER et al., J. Immunol.

Methods, 1987, 98, 227-234). These methods for the evaluation of cell antigens are based on the measurement of signals provided by anticell antibodies coupled directly or indirectly to a reagent labeled with fluorescent substances (or fluorochromes) such as fluorescein iso-thiocyanate or rhodamine isothiocyanate, or with enzymes such as peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. The use of these fluorescent or enzyme reagents in association with appropriate washing steps then leads to the appearance of fluorescences or colorations which are strictly limited to the cell membranes and do not diffuse into the surrounding medium. Common use of these methods in the laboratory is still restricted by the need for specialized and expensive equipment (a fluorescence microscope which may or may not be associated with an image analyzer, a cryostat and a flux cytometer). Moreover, the analysis and interpretation of the immunolabeling of cells by these processes demand the competence of a specialist in cytology.

A second group of methods for the measurement of antigens is based on the quantitative evaluation of the markers of the overall cell population. These methods make it possible to measure antigens either by direct labeling or by indirect labeling, the latter most frequently being carried out in two, three or four steps. In all cases, the reagent employed in the last labeling step carries a probe which is either of iso-topic character, for example iodine 125, for a determination of the radioimmunometric typs (BROW et al. , Immunol. Methods, 1979, 31, 201; STOCKER and HEUSSER, J. Immunol. Methods, 1979, 26, 87-95), or an enzyme for a determination of the enzyme immunometric type, most frequently peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase (VAN LEUVEN et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1978, 23, 109-116; MORRIS, Transplantation, 1983, 36(6), 719; BAUMGARTEN, J. Immunol. Methods, 1986, 94, 91-98).

The methods i'n this last group are rather inconvenient, laborious and risky to apply because of the need to wash and centrifuge the cell material many times; it is sometimes necessary to take a sample of the colored medium resulting from the enzyme reaction in order to carry out the final spectrophotometry measurement; finally, chemical fixation of the cells, which is used in most cases, causes the irreversible destruction of certain antigens which are particularly sensitive to the customary chemical binding agents such as glutaraldehyde or methanol (DROVER et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1986, 90, 275-281).

It is known in the literature that an antigen carrying several antigenic determinants, i.e. several epitopes, can be determined by fixing this antigen via one of its epitopes using an antibody immobilized on a solid support, and by binding, to another epitope of the antigen, another antibody carrying an enzyme or radioisotopic marker enabling the determination to 20 be carried out.

This kind of technique, which is often referred to as the sandwich technique, is described especially in French Patent 2 487 983, French Patent 2 500 166 and European Patent Application 119 736. None of 25 these documents describes the application of this technique to whole cells, even though the word "cell" is sometimes included in the list of antigens to which the process applies.

In the above patents, the various antigens 30 forming the subjects of the Examples described are in all cases solely protein molecules soluble in water and physiological liquids, such as tumoral markers, enzymes or hormones in the bloodstream. On the other hand, it is clear that a cell is not a molecule and 35 differs therefrom at least by being considerably larger and by the fact that it is not soluble in physiological media. Thus,the sandwich technique has so far never been applied to whole cells.

Furthermore, the immunocapture of cells on a solid support is described in International Patent Application 86/02091, in which the object is to remove undesirable cells from samples of bone marrow intended for transplantations. In the said patent application, capture of the cells is effected on floating microbeads and requires that the antibody used be bound to the solid support by a complex macromolecular structure, called a network-relay, which is capable of ensuring a preferential orientation of the antibody relative to that of the corresponding cell antigen. The said patent application gives no indication of an application of the technique to the quantitative determination of an antigen.

The immunocapture of cells is also described in International Patent Application 84/03151 for an analytical application. In the said patent application, the object is to identify the tissue groups to which the examined cells belong (this operation generally being called HLA typing). The cells are captured by means of antibodies arranged according to a particular geometry on very specialized supports (microscope cover glasses). The results are obtained simply by visual observation of the support and produce "all or nothing" responses.

Thus the cell immunocapture systems described hitherto do not lead to analytical applications permitting the quantitative determination of an antigen expressed at the membrane of certain cells. Furthermore, all these systems may lack specificity because they are based on recognition of the cells by a single antibody.

The method of determination forming the subject of the present invention has considerable advantages 6 compared with all the techniques known and used in the prior art, since it permits the quantitative measurement of antigens each one being characteristic of a cell subpopulation , said subpopulations constituting, a population, in a 5 single analysis step. This determination is carried out on cells which have not undergone any chemical or physical intervention and which are in their state of physiological integrity. Furthermore, the method of determination according to the invention has the 10 characteristics ■ of very high specificity which are inherent in the.double immunological recognition systems involving 2 different antibodies specific for 2 different antigens carried by the same cell. This method is simple, rapid and reproducible. It is totally 15 suitable for the analysis of a large number of samples, which enables it to be used for diagnostic purposes in clinical biology laboratories handling these large numbers.

The present invention thus relates to a kit for 20 immunometric assay of a plurality of surface antigens, each one of which is characteristic of a cell subpopulation, said subpopulation constituting a population, said kit comprising as components: a) a solid support on which one or more 25 monoclonal antibodies are fixed by covalent bonding or physical adsorption, the said monoclonal antibodies being directed against surface antigens common to all . said cell population, other than the said antigens characteristics of said subpopulations, 30 b) several solutions each one containing a monoclonal antibody each one being specific for the said antigen characteristic of a cell subpopulation to be determined, which is labeled with a radioisotopic probe or an enzyme probe; c) in the case of monoclonal antibodies labeled with an enzyme probe, one or more solutions containing the reagents necessary for developing the activity of 7 the enzyme. d) optionally, an additional compound constituted by a buffer washing solution and/or samples for calibrating and controlling the quality of the assay .

The term "cell" as used in the present specification and in the claims which follow includes human cells, animal cells, the cells of protozoans and the cells of microorganisms (bacteria or fungi). As regards blood cells, the present invention includes the nucleate formed elements, such as the leukocytes, and the anucleate formed elements, such as the erythrocytes or platelets.

The method of determination according to the invention applies to whole cells, i.e. non-lyzed cells. 15 These cells have not undergone any physical or chemical intervention and they are used in a state of complete physiological integrity. This situation constitutes the best guarantee of integrity of the membrane markers chosen as targets for determination. 20 As the solid support it is possible to use any device suitable for the handling of cell suspensions, and preferably tubes, particulate magnetic supports or rigid of flexible microtiter plates made of polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or 25 nitrocellulose, which contain microwells. The monoclonal antibodies intended for immobilization of the cells can be fixed to the solid support either by covalent chemical bonding or by physical adsorption according to conventional methods such as those disclosed by STOCKER 30 and HEUSSER J. Immunol, methods, 1979, vol. 26, p.87-95.

Advantageously, the support is saturated with a protein beforehand.

According to the invention, the monoclonal antibody or antibodies fixed to the solid support must 35 permit the immunocapture of the cell population which includes the cell population or populations carrying the antigens to be determined. When this population consists 8 of human cells, the preferred monoclonal antibodies for immunocapture are the anti-class I HLA antibodies which are specific for the common part of the HLA-A, -B and -C antigens present on the leukocytes and numerous other 5 cell lines of the organism. Of these antibodies, the one called S-class I, marketed by BIOSYS, is particularly preferred.

In other cases where the cells examined are hu"«T! cells and in all cases where these cells are not 10 human cells, monoclonal antibodies appropriate to the type of cells examined can also be used for the immunocapture according to the invention.

The expression "a monoclonal antibody labeled with a radioisotopic probe" means that the monoclonal 15 r-^ibody carries, either on a component inherent in its structure, for example the constituent tyrosine residues, or on an appropriate radical which has been attached thereto, a radioactive isotope which enables it to be determined by counting the radioactivity 20 associated therewith.

The expression "a monoclonal antibody labeled with an enzyme probe" means that the monoclonal antibody is coupled to an enzyme which, when associated with the use of appropriate reagents, permits quantitative 25 measurement of this monoclonal antibody.

The substrate and the reagents are chosen so that the final product of the reaction or reaction sequence caused by the enzyme, involving these substances, is: - either a colored or fluorescent substance which diffuses into the liquid medium surrounding the cells and which is the object of the final spectrophotometry or, respectively, fluorimetric measurement, - or an insoluble colored substance which deposits on 35 the cells and the walls to which they are fixed, and which can be the object either of photometric measurement by reflection or of visual evaluation, if appropriate against a range of standard shades.

As an additional component, the assay kit can contain a buffer solution intended for washing the solid support after immobilization and labeling of the cells with the antibody or antibodies carrying the chosen probe.

As additional components, the assay kit can also contain the samples necessary for standardization and quality control of the determination.

The present invention further relates to a process for the immunometric assay of a plurality of surface antigens each one being characteristic of a cell subpopulation, said subpopulations constituting a population, characterized in that it comprises: - a single step for the specific immobilization or immunocapture of said cell population on the solid support using one or more monoclonal antibodies fixed to the said support beforehand by covalent bonding or by physical adsorption and capable of recognizing an antigen present on the surface of the cells, other than the antigen to be determined, and, simultaneously, the direct labeling of the surface antigen to be determined, belonging to the immobilized cell population or to one of its subpopulations, with a monoclonal antibody specific for this antigen to be determined, the said monoclonal antibody carrying a radioisotopic or, alternately, enzyme probe; - an incubation period to allow the simultaneous immunocapture and labeling to take place; - the washing of the solid support to remove the non-immobilized undesirable cells and the excess of monoclonal antibody carrying the radioisotopic or enzyme probe; and - the actual determination of each antigen to be determined in the labeled cell subpopulations by counting the fixed radioactivity or, alternately, after treatment of the medium with the substrate for the enzyme and, if necessary, one or more appropriate auxiliary reagents, by photometric measurement by transmission or reflection, or measurement of the fluorescence emission.

The assay kit and the immunometric assay process according to the invention are preferably applied to the determination of the surface antigens of the formed elements of human blood, especially the leukocytes and more particularly the lymphocytes, the T lymphocytes, the T4 lymphocytes, the T8 lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes, as well as the granulocytes, the monocytes and the blood platelets.

Another preferred application is the determination of the surface antigens of pathogenic microorganisms, for example Candida albicans.

The assay kit and the immunometric assay process according to the invention are also particularly useful for the determination of the surface antigens of tumoral cells, especially those of cancers of the urinary system and those of malignant hemopathies.

The assay kit and the immunometric assay process according to the invention make it possible to measure signals (absorbed or emitted light or radioactivity) which depend both on the number of cells present in the cell population examined and on the density of the antigen measured on the surface of these cells. Measure ment of these signals permits quantitative evaluation of the total number of molecules of this antigen which are carried by the cell population or subpopulation examined whether this antigen has a structural or functional role .

For example, in the case of the leukocyte markers of particular importance in hematology, it is known that, in the majority of situations in healthy subjects, the mean value of the antigen density does not vary substantially between samples for one and the same cell population, so there is a good correlation between the cytological count of the cells carrying the antigen in question and the signal measured according to the invention, which is proportional to the total number of antigen molecules present in the sample examined. Conversely, in some pathological states, the density of the surface antigens may vary for one and the same cell population without a notable variation in the number or proportion of the positive cells. Such' pathological states are more efficiently evidenced by applying the immunometric assay process according to the invention or by using the kit of the present invention than they would be if a conventional cytological counting procedure were used.

Another application of the invention becomes apparent if a microtiter plate is chosen as the solid support. The assay kit and the immunometric assay process according to the invention can then advantageously be used for the determination, on a single plate, of a series of surface antigens characteristic of various subpopulations making up the cell population examined. For this application, it is possible on the one hand to take ready-to-use microtiter plates to which one or more monoclonal antibodies capable of retaining all the cells of the population examined have been fixed beforehand, and on the other hand to have a series of monoclonal antibodies coupled to an appropriate pr.obe and each specific for an antigen characteristic of one of the subpopulations to be evaluated. Thus, in a single manipulation and on one and the same support, it is possible to carry out the quantitative determination of all the antigens necessary for characterization of the chosen subpopulations.

This application of the present invention is illustrated by the characterization of the antigenic equipment of cells of interest in clinical biology. A first case is represented by the determination of the tissue groups characterizing a given individual, which is conventionally known as HLA typing.

A second case is represented by the typing of tumoral cells, in particular for patients afflicted by malignant hemopathies such as leukemias or lymphomas.

This diagnostic examination, which is practiced systematically, consists in characterizing the type and origin of the patient's tumoral cells by the presence or absence on these cells of a series of suitably chosen surface antigens.

Use of the kit according to the invention, which contains a microtiter plate on which one or more monoclonal antibodies capable of fixing all the cells of the population examined have been fixed beforehand, and solutions of different monoclonal antibodies labeled with an enzyme or radioisotopic probe and each specific for an antigen present on the tumoral cells, permits identification and quantitative evaluation of the antigens characteristic of the patient's tumoral cell population and thus makes it possible to associate them with one of the major groups of clinically characterized cancers, especially malignant hemopathies. Application of the process according to the invention thus makes it possible to carry out the qualitative and quantitative examination of the antigenic equipment of tumoral cells rapidly and on a single support.

A case which may be mentioned as an illustration of another application of *■'-« invention is that of the human T lymphocytes, for v,. _H there are in particular 2 subpopulations of cells: the lymphocytes characterized by the presence of the CD4 marker, which will be called positive T4 lymphocytes or, more simply, T4 lymphocytes, and the lymphocytes characterized by the presence of the CD8 marker, which will be called positive T8 lymphocytes (or T8 lymphocytes).

Measurement of the numerical ratio T4/T8 is of great diagnostic interest in clinical biology. In fact, it is known that modifications of the T4/T8 ratio appear in various complaints of the immune system, such as dysimmune diseases, chronic infectious diseases, viral infections and, in particular, HIV complaints (AIDS virus).

The assay kit and the inmunoeetric assay process according to the invention can be used for the determination of antigens globally characteristic of the T lymphocyte population and/or antigens characteristic of the T4 and T8 lymphocyte subpopulations. In this case, the T lymphocytes of the sample examined are specifically immobilized on a solid support and, simultaneously, the surface antigens of the T4 lymphocytes are labeled directly with an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody carrying a radioisotopic or enzyme probe; in the same way, the surface antigens of the T8 lymphocytes are labeled directly with an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody carrying an appropriate probe.

The total T lymphocytes are preferably determined using an anti-CD7 monoclonal antibody (also called anti-T2 monoclonal antibody) carrying an appropriate probe.

Specific immobilization of the T lymphocytes of the sample is preferably carried out using one or more monoclonal antibodies which are capable, by themselves or in combination, of recognizing all the T cells of the sample, this being the case of the anti-common leukocyte (or anti-CD45) antibodies or antibodies which recognize the whole of the T population (called "pan-T" antibodies), such as the anti-CD2 (or anti-Til), anti-CD5 (or anti-Tl) or anti-CD7 (or anti-T2) antibodies or other pan-T antibodies which have not yet been assigned to a differentiation class according to the WHO criteria. - u - The immunoaetric assay method of the invention can advantageously be used for the determination of antigens characteristic of the population of T lymphocytes and T4 and T8 lymphocytes on several parts of the same solid .support. Measurement of the signals by radioactivity counting, photometric measurement by transmission or reflection or fluorescence measurement enables the numerical ratio CD4/CD8 to be calculated easily and directly.

In the same way, it is possible to determine, on one and the same solid support, the subpopulations called T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes which make up the whole of the lymphocyte line.

For example, a monoclonal antibody or a mixture of monoclonal antibodies specific for all the surface antigens of the T cells can be fixed by adsorption to the walls of the microwells. These monoclonal antibodies will enable the whole population of T cells of the sample examined to be immobilized in the microwells at a later stage. The plates prepared in this way can be lyophilized and stored, preferably at 4°C. This step can be carried out on the industrial scale and it will thus be possible to have ready-to-use plates for the assay kits which can be applied either to the total T lymphocytes or to any subpopulation of T lymphocytes.

The samples containing the cells to be determined, which originate from the blood or from any appropriate biological liquid - normal or pathological - can be used as such or after preparation, especially by density gradient centrifugation according to the methods already known, and in particular in a high-density medium such as, for example, FICOLL-PAQUE"" marketed by Pharmacia. To determine the blood lymphocytes, the blood sample to be determined can also be treated with a so-called lysis buffer solution, which lyzes the erythrocytes.

* Trade Mark.

Aliquots of the appropriate cell suspension are brought into contact with the solid support, for example in the microwells of a microtiter plate prepared beforehand, at the same time as the solution forming 5 part of the assay kit, which contains the monoclonal antibody specific fur the target cell population and carrying an appropriate probe, i.e. a radioisotopic or enzyme tracer. Thus a radioisotopic probe can be prepared for example by labeling the monoclonal antibody 10 with iodine 125 or iodine 131, for example in the presence of chloramine T, by a known process (F.C. GREENWOOD, W.M. HUNTER et al., Biochem. J., 1963, 89, 114); alternately, an enzyme probe can be prepared by conjugating the monoclonal antibody with an enzyme 15 such as alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, beta-galac- tosidase or acetylcholinesterase, by a described method (see, for example, M. O'SULLIVAN, Methods in Enzymology, 1981, 13_, 147) or by a method based thereon. In some cases, in order to avoid certain disadvantages associated 20 with the handling of radioactive substances and the limited shelf life of the reagents, enzymes will be used in preference to radioisotopic probes.

The incubation period, i.e. the time required for immobilization and simultaneous labeling of the 25 cells, is preferably less than or equal to 1 hour.

During this time, the solid support can be centrifuged, if necessary, in order to improve the immobilization of the cells. The solid support, for example the microtiter plate, is then washed to remove the non-fixed 30 cells and at the same time the excess of monoclonal antibody carrying an enzyme or radioisotopic probe.

When a radioisotopic probe is used, for example iodine 125, the radioactivity associated with the cells is counted in a gamma counter according to any appropriate 35 procedure and, for example, after solubilization of the cells vithan alkaline solution (for example a sodium hydroxide solution) and recovery of the solution containing the radioactivity by means of an absorbent buffer.

When an enzyme probe is used on the monoclonal antibody, the appearance of a colored or fluorescent product is brought about by adding, to the solid support to which the cell population carrying the antigen to be determined has been fixed, a solution containing the substrate for the enzyme and one or more auxiliary reagents such that the reaction product which is finally obtained is either a colored product soluble in the medium, or an insoluble colored product, or a soluble fluorescent product, as explained earlier. The light signal coming from the samples treated in this way is then measured with the equipment appropriate to each case, i.e. a transmission or reflection photometer or, respectively, a fluorimeter. When the solid support is a microtiter plate, the light signal can be read sequentially in all the wells of one and the same plate by means of automated readers commonly used in biology laboratories, such as the Titertek plate reader or the Fluoroscan* plate reader for the spectrophotometry or, respectively, fluorometric readings.

When alkaline phosphatase is used as the enzyme probe, this enzyme is coupled to the monoclonal antibody according to the method proposed by Boehringer Mannheim - Biochemica. The preferred substrates for this enzyme are paranitropheny1 phosphate for a spectrophotometry final reading, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate for a fluorimetric reading or 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-y1 phosphate for obtaining an insoluble colored reaction product. Likewise, beta-galactosidase can be used as the enzyme probe, in which case the preferred substrates will be orthonitropheny1 beta-D-galactopyranoside * Trade Mark. or 4-methylumbel1ifery1 beta-D-galactopyranoside.

The monoclonal antibodies can preferably be coupled to peroxidase. In this case, the coupling process is derived from that described by M.B. WILSON and P.K. NAKANE in Immunofluorescence and Related Staining Techniques, edited by W. Knapp, K. Kolubar and G. Wicks, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, 1978, p. 215-224. The modifications which have been introduced by comparison with the initial protocol for preparation of the enzyme conjugate concern the following points: - the molar ratio peroxidase/antibody is equal to 3 as opposed to 2 in the protocol, and - oxidation of the carbohydrate units of the peroxidase is less harsh due to a 33% reduction in the proposed concentration of sodium periodate.

The reagents used to develop the peroxidase conjugated with the monoclonal antibodies contain hydrogen peroxide, which is the substrate for the enzyme, and an appropriate chromogen, for example orthophenylene-diamine or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid, or ABTS, to give a final reaction product which is colored and soluble in the medium, or else 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole or 4-chloro-alpha-naphthol to give an insoluble final reaction product, or else parahydroxyphenylpropionic acid to give a fluorescent reaction product which is soluble in the medium.

In a preferred form, the kit according to the invention for the determination of antigens characteristic o of the T, T4 and T8 lymphocytes comprises: a) a microtiter plate in whose wells one or more monoclonal antibodies directed against T lymphocytes have been fixed, bl) a solution containing at least one peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against T lymphocytes b2) a solution containing at least one peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against CD4 antigen, b3) a solution containing at least one 5 peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against CD8 antigen, cl) a solution containing hydrogen peroxide, which is the substrate for the enzyme, in an appropriate buffer, and c2) a solution containing the chromogen used to develop the expression of the enzyme's activity.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of monoclonal antibodies coupled to acetylcholinesterase.

The acetylcholinesterase is preferably coupled to the antibody using a process derived from that described in French Patent no. 2 550 799 or a process which schematically involves the preparation of fragments of the antibody by a known technique, the modification 20 of the enzyme by reaction with an appropriate hetero- bifunctional agent and, finally, the coupling of the resulting products. Other known processes for constructing immunoenzyme conjugates can also be used in this case.

Development of the enzyme activity specifically 25 associated with the cell antigen recognized by the acetylcholinesterase conjugate is preferably carried out by the known technique which employs acetylthiocholine as the substrate for the enzyme and Ellman's reagent, or 5,5'-dithio-2-nitrobenzoic acid, as the chromogen, in 30 accordance with any variant suitable for the case under examination, for example the one described by Pradelles et al., Anal. Chem., 5J7 (1985) 1170-1173.

The chromogens cited are used as such or in the form of water-soluble salts.

The results of the determination of antigens according to the invention can be expressed in any form appropriate to the examination carried out. More particularly, these results can be expressed either as the total number of molecules of a particular antigen (for example the CD4 antigen) present in a given volume of the sample examined (for example per microliter of blood), or as the ratio of the number of molecules of one antigen to the number of molecules of another antigen in the sample examined (for example the ratio of the CD4 antigens to the CD8 antigens - or CD4/CD8 ratio -in the blood sample examined).

The number of molecules of a particular antigen in the sample examined will preferably be determined using a standard range consisting of appropriate cells 15 or cell preparations carrying the antigen to be determined, which will have been calibrated beforehand by a known reference method. These standards will preferably consist either of cells identical in their origin to the cells which are to form the subject of the determination, 20 or of cells of established cell lines carrying the desired antigen, or of preparations, for example membrane preparations, originating from these cells.

These standards are then treated in exactly the same way as the samples to be examined. The resulting 25 signals are used to build up a standard range against which the signals measured with the samples to be examined are compared. The subsequent calculations are conventional.

To determine the ratio of the numbers of molecules 30 of two antigens in the sample to be examined, it is possible to use the standard system described above and finally to calculate the desired ratio. A simpler possibility in many cases is directly to calculate the ratio of the specific signals obtained with each of the 35 desired antigens and to correct it, if necessary, by means of known factors such as the ratio of the dimensions of the samples used; this gives the desired ratio directly.

The immunometric assay method according to the invention is simple, rapid and reproducible. Its use is totally suitable for the analysis of a large number of samples. For an understanding of its advantages compared with the other methods described, the various steps of the method according to the invention should be analyzed.

The immobilization of the cells on the solid support is the phase of the determination which usually presents the most difficulties or which is the most critical to carry out. The means often used is chemical fixation of the cells with glutaraldehyde or methanol in cups which may or may not have been treated with poly-L-lysine (F. VAN LEUVEN et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1978, 23, 109). However, chemical fixations performed in this way can reduce or even suppress the desired specific detection or conversely can induce the false-positive labeling of cells, which is a very serious disadvantage (DROVER and MARSHALL, J. Immunol. Methods, 1986, 90, 275-281).

Furthermore, the chemical fixation process has to be carried out in several steps: centrifugation of the cells, preparation of the fixative mixture, fixation and then washing of the fixed cells several times.

Drying of the cells at 37°C, optionally followed by fixation with methanol in the microwells, has also been proposed (BAUMGARTEN, J. Immunol. Methods, 1986, 94, 91-98). Actually, in addition to the fact that it can degrade certain fragile antigens, dehydration of the cells at 3 7 0 C renders the pericellular plasmic membrane permeable, thereby facilitating the immunolabeling of intracyto-plasmic'antigens as well as labeling of the surface antigens, which leads to troublesome backgrounds or to false-positive results when it is desired to restrict a measurement to the surface antigens.

Furthermore, the reproducibility of this process is doubtful; in fact, the settling of the cells in the assay microwells and the drying of the cells can vary between experiments. Finally, this determination is long to perform because the cell drying step alone takes more than 2 hours.

The immobilization of lymphocytic populations has also been achieved by the use of polyclonal- antibodies adsorbed in microwells (STOCKER and HEUSSER, J. Immunol. Methods, 1979, 26, 87-95). Apart from permitting the immobilization of cells foreign to the single population which it is desired to analyze, polyclonal antibodies also have the disadvantage of reacting with the antigens which are to be measured by means of the labeled antibody, leading to a corresponding reduction in the signal which is finally measured.

The use of monoclonal antibodies, having a high specificity and affinity, adsorbed on or fixed to the solid support, and especially in the assay wells, permits exclusive capture of the desired cells, the other non-retained cell populations being removed in the course of the washing operations carried out on completion of the labeling of the antigens to be determined. Furthermore, no chemical or physical agent modifies the characteristics of the antigens in this step because the various operations for chemical or physical fixation of the cells to the support are omitted.

Thus, according to the present invention, it has been found that the immobilization of cells by monoclonal antibodies is a process which makes it possible to simplify the step for immobilizing the cells carrying the antigen to be determined, while at the same time making the results more reliable.

Immunometric assays applied to cell populations are generally carried out by labeling the cells according to an indirect met:hod in 2 or 3 successive steps, the probe which provides the specific signal being fixed to the cells during the last step of the labeling process. In the labeling of cells in two steps, the main reagents involved use anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) antibodies coupled to beta-galactosidase (COBBOLD et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1971, 44, 125-133) or to alkaline phosphatase (HESSIAN, J. Immunol. Methods, 1986, 91, 29-34) or labeled with iodine 125 (SAVION, J. Immunol. Methods, 1987, 97, 49-56). The technique of labeling with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase reagent is carried out in 3 steps (VAN LEUVEN, 1978).

Another process, also in 3 steps, uses a monoclonal antibody specific for the antigenic marker to be analyzed, then anti-mouse'Ig antibodies carrying biotin, and finally a streptavidine-peroxidase conjugate (BAUMGARTEN, 1986) or streptavidine-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (IGIETSEME et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1987, 97, 123-131 ) .

The process according to the invention, which comprises the simultaneous use, in a single step, of a procedure for immunocapture of whole cells without physical or chemical intervention on the cells, and of the labeling of all or some of these cells with one or more monoclonal antibodies directly carrying a radioisotopic or enzyme probe, is the first process to permit the quantitative determination of chosen membrane antigens on the cells themselves.

According to the invention, the direct labeling of immunologically immobilized cells permits: - simplification of the method of determination by elimination of the intermediate manipulations repeated between the successive steps of the labeling process in the case of indirect labeling: centrifugation of the cells, removal of the labeling reagents and resuspension ; - a saving of reagents; - an improved reliability through a reduction in the number of steps and manipulations; - a time saving; and - the possibility of treating large numbers of samples at the same time, exclusively with the use of conventional equipment and apparatuses.

The incubation period for immobilization of the cell population and simultaneous direct labeling of the antigens of the cell subpopulation to be determined is short. It is less than or equal to 1 hour in the case of the determination of T lymphocytes and subpopulations of T4 and T8 lymphocytes.

After the solid support has been washed, the actual determination is carried out by using conventional apparatuses to observe a signal which is precise and simple to measure: radioactivity or light absorption or emission.

Thus, overall, the process according to the invention has numerous advantages: it is rapid, reliable, economic and simple.

The process according to the invention makes it possible to determine several surface antigens each being characteristic of a cell subpopulation over a wide range of cell concentrations.

The sensitivity of the method in respect of the number of cells depends on the antigen density of the cell population determined. For each antigen it is possible, if desired, to define the minimum molar concentration of antigen which can be measured by the process according to the invention.

Thus, for example, when the chosen solid support is a microtiter plate and the cells examined are human lymphocytes, it has been observed that significant measurements are obtained when the number of cells analyzed is between a few hundred and about 200 000 per 200 ji 1 microwell, the lower limit being imposed by the density of the measured antigen on the cells examined and the sensitivity of the chosen detection technique, while the upper limit depends essentially on the size and geometry of the solid support. The same applies in the case where the solid support consists of tubes.

It has been verified that the signals recorded (radioactivity count or photometric measurements) make it possible to obtain satisfactory uniform calibration curves as a function of the number of cells used, under the customary handling conditions.

Furthermore, the sensitivity of the method can be improved, if necessary, by the simultaneous fixation, to one and the same surface antigen, of several different monoclonal antibodies specific for several different epitopes of the same antigen. This has been verified by determination of the CD4 antigens on cells of the Ichikawa line (human T line), where the 0KT4 and ST4 antibodies labeled with iodine 125 were used simultaneously. The measured signal increased by about 50% relative to the signals obtained with each of the anti-CD4 antibodies used by itself.

In the Examples which follow, the following terms or their abbreviations will be used indiscriminately : bovine serum albumin : phosphate buffered saline of pH 7.4 : peroxidase : immunoglobulin G : immunoglobulin M anti-T IgG or anti-T : antibody directed against T lymphocytes BS A PBS POD IgG IgM anti-CD4 IgG or anti-CD4 : antibody directed against CD4 antigen anti-CD8 IgG or anti-CD8 : antibody directed against CD8 antigen cpm : counts per minute dpm : disintegrations per minute EXAMPLE 1 Enzyme immunometric assay of the molecular concentration of the CD4 and CD8 antigens" in samples of human blood, 10 in which the antibodies are labeled with peroxidase A) Preparation of the assay kit a) Preparation of the plate The plate used is a plastic microtiter plate containing 96 microwells, marketed by NUNC (reference 15 64394). Each microwell receives 200 ^il of a solution containing the purified anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (called STll) used to immobilize the total T lymphocytes, i.e. to effect their immunocapture. This antibody, marketed by BIOSYS, Compiegne, France, under the 20 reference STll, is used at a concentration of 10 jig/m1 in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. The adsorption of the monoclonal antibody is effected at 4°C for 12 hours. The excess antibody is removed by turning the plate over.

A solution containing 0.1% of gelatin and 0.5% of BSA in a phosphate buffered saline is prepared. 250 jil of this solution are introduced into each microwell so as to saturate the surface of the wells with protein, which takes 1 hour at 37°C; the plates are washed 3 30 times with phosphate buffered saline. The plates prepared in this way are lyophilized and stored at 4°C in a sealed plastic sachet. b) Preparation of the solution of monoclonal antibody-peroxidase conjugate The peroxidase (POD) marketed by Boehringer Mannheim Biochemica (reference 814 393) is used.

The process for coupling the antibody to the peroxidase is the one described by M.B. WILSON and P.K. NAKANE in Immunofluorescence and Related Techniques (edited by W. KNAPP, K. KOLUBAR and. G. WICK, 1978, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam - p. 215-224), except that the oxidation of the peroxidase is carried out using 1.5 mg of POD in 0.36 ml of distilled water and that 50 jxl of a 0.2 M solution of sodium periodate are added. The resulting product is coupled to 2 mg of anti-CD4 IgG contained in 500 ^jl of carbonate buffer. After treatment with sodium borohydride and dialysis against PBS, the IgG-POD conjugate is sterilized by filtration on a 0.22 ^im membrane and kept under sterile conditions at a concentration of 0.5 mg of IgG per ml, at 4°C, in glass tubes. The reagent is stable for at least 1 year.

The anti-CD8 IgG-POD conjugate is prepared in the same way. IgM-POD conjugates can be prepared by the same method. c) Preparation of the developing reagent The developing reagent is obtained in the following manner: A 0.1 M citrate buffer is prepared by dissolving citric acid monohydrate in water at a concentration of 2.1% and adjusting the pH to 5 by the addition of 7 N sodium hydroxide solution. 30 mg of orthophenylenediamine dihydrochloride are then added to 20 ml of the citrate buffer obtained, after which 40 ^il of 30% hydrogen peroxide (substrate for the enzyme) are added, at the last moment, per 20 ml of citrate buffer containing orthophenylenediamine.

B) Immunometric assay process a) Separation of the cells 2 ml are taken from the blood sample to be determined. This is mixed with 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline and the resulting mixture is deposited on top of 3 ml of FICOLL-PAQUE* (marketed by Pharmacia). On centrifugation at 400 x g for 30 minutes at room temperature, a suspension ring containing the mono-5 nucleate cells is formed. The whole of this suspension is recovered in a volume of 1 ml and 6 x 100 jj 1 of the resulting suspension are distributed into 6 microwells of the plate prepared beforehand. b) Incubation of the cells The previously obtained POD-antibody conjugate is diluted 100-fold with PBS containing 1% of a protein substance such as BSA or skimmed milk powder, and 100 ji 1 of this solution are deposited in each microwell as follows: - 2 microwells are each filled with 100 jil of the solution of the P0D-anti-CD4 conjugate; - 2 microwells are each filled with 100 jil of the solution of the P0D-anti-CD8 conjugate; and - 2 control microwells are each filled with 100 pi of 20 al%solut ion of protein substance (reaction blank).

To improve the fixation of the cells to the support, the plate is centrifuged for 3 minutes at 150 x g after a wait of 1 hour at room temperature. c) Development of the fixed enzyme and measurement The microwells are emptied by turning the plate over. They are washed 4 times with 200 jil of PBS. 200 |il °f the developing reagent, prepared for immediate use, are added to each well. Incubation is carried out for 20 minutes at room temperature in subdued light. 30 The optical density is measured on a spectrophotometer at 492 nm (type 310 C Titertek Multiskan* apparatus -Flow Laboratories). d) Standardization and expression of the results To standardize these experiments, a preparation 0f total human lymphocytes was used which had been * Trade Mark. calibrated beforehand in respect of CD4 and CD8 antigens by the cytofluorometric technique of PON'CELET et al. (J. Immunol. Methods, 1985, 85, 65-74). Known aliquots of this reference preparation were used to make up the 2 standard ranges relating to the CD4 antigen and CD8 antigen respectively, against which the numbers of antigens corresponding to each sample are calculated.

By way of indication, Table 1 below shows, for 20 samples of human blood taken from healthy donors, the optical density values obtained, the. corresponding numbers of molecules of CD4 and CD8 antigens and the resulting ratios of these numbers of antigens (CD4/CD8 ratios).

TABLE 1 CD4 antigen CD8 antigen Molar ratio CD4/ CD8 Donor number Optical density Number of antigen molecules (in millions) per jjl of blood Optical density Number of antigen molecules (in millions) per ^j1 of blood 1 0.64 23 1 . 29 92 0.25 2 0.71 27 0.75 37 0.73 3 0.82 32 1 . 10 81 0.39 4 0.49 17 0. 55 23 0.74 0. 74 29 0. 89 52 0.56 6 0.88 38 0.92 55 0.69 7 0.74 29 0. 72 36 0.80 8 0.75 29 0.69 33 0.88 9 0. 48 16 0.80 41 0.39 1.00 50 1 . 08 80 0.62 11 0.61 22 0.69 33 0.67 12 0.73 28 0.85 46 0.61 13 0.51 18 0.66 0.60 14 0.65 24 1.06 76 0.31 0.92 42 0.87 48 0.87 16 0.77 31 0.98 63 0.49 17 0.68 1.01 67 0.37 18 0.85 36 0.96 61 0.59 19 0.91 41 0.90 52 0.79 1.00 50 1.02 69 0.72 EXAMPLE 2 Enzyme immunometric assay of the molecular concentration of the CD4 and CD8 antigens in samples of human blood, in which the antibodies are labeled with alkaline phosphatase This determination is carried out in the same way as that of Example 1. The monoclonal antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate is prepared according to the method indicated by Boehringer Mannheim - Biochemica (ref. 567 744). After the cells to be determined have been incubated for one hour with this conjugate, the fixed enzyme is developed by the addition of a solution containing 1 mg/ml of paranitropheny1 phosphate in a buffer containing 1.2% of diethanolamine in distilled water, adjusted to pH 9.8 with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. After 2 hours at 37°C, the optical density is measured on a spectrophotometer at 405 no.

The results are calculated and expressed as in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3 Radioimmunometric assay of the molecvilax concentration of the CD4 and CP8 antigens in samples of human blood, in which the antibodies are labeled with iodine 125 The antibody labeled with iodine 125 is prepared according to the technique described by F.C. Greenwood, V.M. Hunter et al., Biochem. J., 1963, 8_9, 114. 50 jig of anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody contained in 50 jil of phosphate buffered saline of pH 7.2 are mixed with 37 MBq of iodine 125 in the form of sodium iodide and 30 |il of a solution containing 0.33 mg of chloramine T per ml in a phosphate buffered saline. After 1 minute of shaking, the reaction for labeling the monoclonal antibody is stopped by the addition of 100 ul of a solution containing 2.5 mg/ml of sodium metabisulfite. The solution prepared in this way is passed through a PD 10 column (Pharmacia - Sephadex® G25M) and the fraction containing the radiolabeled antibody is recovered in the effluent. The determination is carried out by introducing into 4 microwells a volume of 100 |jl of cell suspension containing mononucleate human blood cells prepared as in Example 1. 100 jjl of dilute solution of radioactive antibody in a PBS buffer containing 5 % of BSA are then deposited so as to introduce 150 000. cpm into each well; 2 microwells are each filled with 100 ul of the solution of the anti-CD4-125 I conjugate and 2 microwells are each filled with 125 100 jxl of the solution of the anti-CD8- I conjugate. The fixation of the cells is improved by centrifugation 15 of the plate for 3 minutes at 150 x g after incubation for 1 hour at room temperature. The microwells are emptied by turning the plate over. The microwells are washed 4 times with 200 jil of PBS per well. 75 |il of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution are then introduced into 20 each well. After 10 minutes, the contents of each well are recovered with an absorbent buffer before the radioactivity is counted in a 5f counter (LKB multiwell counter).

The results are calculated and expressed as in 25 Example 1, the optical density values being replaced with the count results in dpm.

EXAMPLE 4 Checking the validity of the method On 20 samples of human blood, the CD4 and CD8 30 antigens of the human T cells were measured by following the peroxidase immunometric assay method described in Example 1. The ratio of the number of positive T4 cells to the number of positive T8 cells was also determined on the same blood samples using the conventional cytological counting technique (W.W. ERBF.R et al., Lancet, 1984, (8385), 1042-1045).

The correlation coefficient r between the ratio CDH/08 obtained "by enzyme immunometric assay and the ratio T4/T8 obtained by cytological counting is 0.72.

Likewise, on 7 other samples of. human blood, the ratio CD4/CD8 determined by the radioimmunometric assay method using labeling with iodine 125 by the process of the present invention was compared with the cell ratio T4/T8 determined by cell counting. The correlation coefficient r is 0.87.

In both cases, the correlation coefficients obtained show that, despite a satisfactory overall agreement between the results of the 2 techniques, the information provided by the 2 ratios is not equivalent; this is obvious since the determination of antigens according to the invention allows not only for the number of positive cells, as is the case for the cytological method, but also for the density of the antigen in question on the positive cells of each sample. The information given by the technique described in the present invention is therefore more complete than that given by the conventional reference technique (W.W. ERBER et al., Lancet, 1984, (8385), 1042-1045).

EXAMPLE 5 Enzyme immunometric assay of the molecular concentration of the CD4 and CD8 antigens of the T lymphocytes in samples of human blood, in which the antibodies are labeled with peroxidase 30 The purpose of this Example is to show that the time required for the determination can be reduced, relative to the conditions described in Example 1, by modifying on the one hand the cell separation process and on the other hand the incubation time required by the step for immunocapture and labeling of the cells. A) Influence of the process for the separation of cells from whole blood a) Technique involving brief centrifugation: 0.5 ml is taken from the blood sample to be determined and mixed with 1.5 ml of phosphate buffered saline. 1.5 ml of Ficoll-Paque , marketed by Pharmacia, are introduced into a 5 ml hemolysis tube and the blood sample, diluted in PBS, is deposited on the surface of the layer of FicoH"" . Centrifugation at 900 x g for 5 minutes at room temperature is followed by removal of the suspension ring containing the mononucleate cells in a volume of 0.5 ml. 1.5 ml of PBS are added to this sample. b) Technique involving lysis of the erythrocytes: Another rapid method for the separation of cells from blood is to use a buffer which lyzes the erythrocytes. The lysis buffer, used by way of a non-limiting example, has the following composition: ammonium chloride: 8.29 g potassium bicarbonate: 1 g disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: 0.0307 g per liter of distilled water, the pH being adjusted to 7.3. ml of lysis buffer are mixed with 0.250 ml of blood. After 10 minutes of shaking, the mixture is centrifuged at 600 x g for 10 minutes. The cell residue formed is taken up in 1 ml of PBS buffer.

By subsequent determination of the CD4 and CD8 antigens under the conditions of Example 1, and by comparison with the reference protocol described in Example 1 for isolation of the mononucleate cells from blood, it was verified that both these variants of the method for the separation of the mononucleate cells from whole blood did indeed enable all the lymphocytes to be * Trade Mark. collected from the blood samples examined.

B) Influence of the incubation time for immunocapture and labeling of the cells In order to check whether the period of 1 hour used in Example 1 might be reduced in order to accelerate the determination, the results obtained for identical samples each containing 20 000 mononucleate cells per well were compared when the time allowed for capture and labeling of the cells was varied from 10 minutes to 1 hour. The results obtained are shown in Table 2, all other operating conditions being the same as in Example 1 .

TABLE 2 Incubation Optical density time (minutes) CD4 antigen CD8 antigen Test Blank* Test Blank* 0.322 0.037 0.329 0.023 0.438 0.049 0.401 0.025 0.620 0.055 0.498 0.027 * These optical density values correspond to the reagent blank obtained in the absence of cells. The control values obtained in the presence of cells with either the conjugate or the substrate being omitted are not greater than the values indicated.

These results show that: - The non-specific signal (reagent blank) always remains at low values which become lower as the time for which the conjugate is present becomes shorter.

- After 10 minutes of contact, the specific signal reaches a value which can be processed analytically with precision and reproducibility. This indicates that it is possible, relative to the conditions of Example 1, significantly to reduce the time taken to carry out the determination without a substantial loss of precision in the results.

In practice, and if the time savings which can be achieved in the preparation of the blood sample and in immunocapture are added together, the kit and the process of the invention make it possible to determine the CD4 and CD8 antigens (by way of non-limiting examples) of samples of whole blood, at a rate of 10 or 20 samples per plate of 96 wells, in a total time (taken from reception of the samples in the laboratory) of no more than 1 hour. This level of productivity is greater than that of all the alternate techniques known to date.

EXAMPLE 6 Determination of different antigens expressed on activated human T lymphocytes Activation of the T lymphocytes is a physiological process which takes place prematurely every time the immune system is stressed, for example as in infectious pathologies, organ transplantations and certain dysimmune diseases. This natural process is also commonly used in vitro in the laboratory in tests such as, in particular, mixed lymphocytic reactions or lymphoblastic transformation tests. In the latter case, polyclonal activation is obtained by the use of agents such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A or other lectins. Activation of the T lymphocytes is accompanied by a considerable increase in the expression of several membrane markers, and especially the CD25 antigen (receptor of interleukin 2) or the CD2 antigen. These antigens therefore constitute excellent markers of the activation state and their determination is of great interest both in clinical biology and for laboratory work, as indicated above, the use of radioactive reagents being avoided in all cases.

These antigens are measured using the method described in Example 1 with the specifications detailed in Table 3 . 36 TABLE 3 Measurement of the surface antigens of activated T lymphocytes Antigen measured Antibody used for immunocapture, marketed by Antibody labeled with peroxidase, marketed by CD 2 CD25 ST1 BIOSYS STll BIOSYS STll I0T14 BIOSYS IMMUNOTECH The optical density values measured at 450 nm 3 for the 25*10 mononucleate cells used are reported in Table 4 below and show the comparison between the cells without stimulation with PHA and the same cells after 3 days of stimulation.

TABLE 4 Optical density Antigen Non-activated cells Cells activated for 3 days Reagent blank CD 25 0.064 0.529 0.044 CD 2 0.129 0.768 0.027 These results show that the specific signals of the 2 antigens examined increase considerably when activation takes place.

EXAMPLE 7 Determination of the CD22 and HLA-Dr (or class II HLA) antigens present on B lymphocytes The present Example describes the determination of these antigens on cells of the RAJI line, which is a human B lymphoid line described by PULVERTAFT in J.

Clin. Pathol., 1965, 18, 261-274. 37 For immunocapture of the cells, either the S-class II antibody (BIOSYS) for determination of the CD22 antigens, or the SB4 antibody (BIOSYS) for determination of the class II HLA (or HLA-Dr) antigens, 'was adsorbed in the assay wells as indicated in Example 1 . a) Determination of the CD22 antigen: The SB22 antibody (BIOSYS) was labeled with •iodine 125 by the method described in Example 3. The CD22 antigens are determined in the manner indicated in Example 3 for the CD4 and CD8 antigens, the following being introduced successively into the microwells: 4 5 *10 cells of the RAJI line and then 10 cpm of the labeled SB22 antibody. After a period of one hour at 4°C, the microwells are emptied by turning the plate over and then washed 4 times with 200 ^il of PBS per well for each wash. The radioactivity fixed to the cells is recovered and counted as in Example 3. This gives a 4 count of 760 dpm for the well containing 5 x 10 RAJI cells with a reagent blank (without cells) of 50 dpm. b) Determination of the HLA-Dr antigen: ^ cells are introduced into the wells, followed by the conjugate of S-class II antibody labeled with peroxidase by the process described in Example 1. The "determination is carried out according to the same protocol as in Example 1. This gives an optical density of 1.840 and a reagent blank, without cells, of 0.105.

EXAMPLE 8 Use of the process according to the invention for the measurement of antigens carried by the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of human blood A) Preparation of the plates: The plates used are microtiter plates prepared 38 as in Example 1 except that monoclonal antibodies capable of fixing at least all the T lymphocytes (S-class I from BIOSYS) and the B lymphocytes (S-class II from BIOSYS), each one being used at a concentration of 5 pg/ml, are simultaneously adsorbed in each well of the microplate.

B) Immunometric assay : The mononucleate cells are separated from the whole blood with the aid of FicoH"*" under the conditions of Example 1 or Example 5, after which 80 000 mononucleate cells in 75 jil of PBS buffer are introduced into each well- The T lymphocytes are measured in some of the wells with the STll (anti-CD2) antibody from BIOSYS; the B lymphocytes are measured in other wells with the SB3 (anti-CD37) antibody from BIOSYS, which recognizes all the peripheral B lymphocytes. These antibodies are first coupled to peroxidase according to the protocol described in Example 1. The actual determination is carried out as in Example 1.

C) Results The absolute numbers of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes contained in the sample examined are determined by reference to calibration curves established by carrying out an identical treatment on mononucleate cells in which the T and B lymphocytes have been counted by a reference technique.

Alternately, by means of appropriate standards, the results can also be expressed as molar concentrations of the CD2 and CD37 antigens in the sample examined.

EXAMPLE 9 Determination of the GpIIb-IIIa and CD9 antigens of human blood platelets This determination is carried out according to Example 3 using monoclonal antibodies radiolabeled with iodine 125.

♦Trade Mark. 39 The platelets are isolated from human blood by centrifugation in the presence of PLASMION "" perfusion liquid (Laboratoire R. Bellon). 5 ml of blood plus 5 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 10 ml of PLASMION """ are mixed in a tube. The tube is then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1500 rpm. The platelets which have collected in the supernatant are removed by suction with a pipette. They are washed once in PBS by mixing 1 volume of the platelet suspension with 10 ml of PBS, and then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000 x g. Finally, the platelet residue is collected and resus-pended in PBS (2 ml). The platelets are counted and their concentration adjusted to 2.5 million/ml of PBS.

The GpIIb-IIIa antigen is determined by immunocapture of the platelets by the monoclonal antibody I0B2 (Immunotech) and labeling of the GpIIb-IIIa antigen with the monoclonal antibody P2 (Immunotech).

The CD9 antigen is determined by immunocapture by the monoclonal antibody P2 and labeling with the monoclonal antibody I0B2. The number of dpm is measured for a sample comprising 200 000 platelets.

The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Antigen Sample Control without measured measured cells (dpm) (dpm) CD9 1927 113 GpIIb-IIIa 2891 238 *Trade Mark. 40 EXAMPLE 10 Evaluation of the phenotype of a leukemia by the enzyme inEunometric assay process The phenotyping of the tumoral cells of a leukemia patient is a systematic diagnostic examination performed in order to characterize the type and origin of the patient's leukemia cells (T, B, granulocytes, myeloblasts, etc.). This examination is conventionally performed by the immunofluorescence technique by using a set of monoclonal antibodies and by observing and counting the positive cells under a microscope. Flux cytometry is also used to analyze the labeling of the cells.

The use of monoclonal antibodies in the process according to the invention makes it possible to identify the major clinically important groups of acute or chronic leukemias and also provides quantitative information on the relative densities of the different antigens examined. 6 peroxidase-coupled monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens present on the leukemia cells were prepared in this Example: - ST1 and STll (BIOSYS): anti-CD5 and anti-CD2 - SB3 (BIOSYS): anti-CD37 - S-CALLA (SANOFI): anti-CALLA (or anti-CDIO) - S-class II (BIOSYS): anti-HLA-Dr (or anti-class II HLA) - SMY15 (BIOSYS): anti-CD15 The microtiter plate is prepared by the prior adsorption of a mixture of anti-CD45 monoclonal antibodies (S-LCA, BIOSYS) and anti-class I HLA monoclonal antibodies (S-class I, BIOSYS).

The phenotype of chronic lymphoid leukemia B (CLL-B) was evaluated using the 6 monoclonal antibodies selected above; it was also characterized by the conventional method. 41 The optical densities measured at 492 nm are reported in Table 6 below for a total of 80 000 mononucleate cells introduced into each well or for the control wells without cells. For the control well containing the cells but no peroxidase-labeled antibody, the optical density is 0.110.

TABLE 6 Monoclonal antibody and corresponding antigen Optical density Sample with cells Control without cells STll (CD2) 0.270 0.030 ST1 (CD5) 1.350 0.014 SB3 (CD37) 0.850 0.005 S-class II (HLA-Dr) 1.640 0,010 SMY15 (CD15) 0.235 0.007 CALLA (CD10) 0.160 0.002 Thus the leukemia cells studied carry an abundance of the CD5, CD37 and class II HLA antigens, but they carry no CD15, CALLA and CD2 antigens, or very few, which is characteristic of a CLL-B. 42

Claims (38)

CLAIMS:

1. A kit for the immunometric assay of several surface antigens each one being characteristic of a cell subpopulation, said subpopulations constituting a population, said kit comprising as components: 5 a) a solid support on which one or more monoclonal antibodies are fixed by covalent bonding or physical adsorption, the said monoclonal antibodies being directed against surface antigens common to the whole said cell population, other than said 10 antigens characteristic of said subpopulations; b) several solutions each containing a monoclonal antibody specific for said antigen characteristic of a cell subpopulation to be assayed, which is labeled with a radioactive probe 15 or an enzyme probe; c) in the case of antibodies labeled with an enzyme probe, one or more solutions providing the reagents necessary for developing the activity of the enzyme; 20 d) if appropriate, an additional component consisting of a washing buffer solution and/or samples permitting standardization and quality control of the assay .

2. A kit according to claim 1, in which component (a) 25 is a solid support consisting of a microtiter plate in whose wells the antibody or antibodies for immobilization of the cells of said population are fixed.

3. A kit according to claim 1, in which component (a) 30 is a particulate magnetic support.

4. A kit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which component (a) consists of a solid support to which one or more class I HLA monoclonal antibodies are fixed. 43

5. A kit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with an iodine 125 or iodine 131 radioisotopic probe.

6. A kit according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with an enzyme probe.

7. A kit according to claim 6, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with peroxidase and component (c) essentially comprises hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen selected from orthophenylenediamine, 2,21-azino-bis(3-ethyl-6-benzothia-zoline sulfonic) acid, 3 , 3 '-diaminobenzidine, 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole or one of their water-soluble salts.

8. A kit according to claim 6, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with alkaline phosphatase and in which component (c) consists of paranitrophenyl phosphate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate or 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl phosphate.

9. A kit according to claim 6, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with betagalactosidase and in which component (c) consists of orthonitropheny1 beta-D-galactopyranoside or 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside.

10. A kit according to claim 6, in which the monoclonal antibodies of component (b) are labeled with acetylcholinesterase and in which component (c) essentially comprises acetylthiocholine and 5,51-dithio-2-nitrobenzoic acid or one of their water-soluble salts.

11. A kit according to claim 1, for the assay of several surface antigens of the formed elements of human blood, such as the leukocytes, the lymphocytes, 44 the T lymphocytes, the B lymphocytes, the granulocytes and the platelets.

12. A kit according to claim 11, for the assay of the CD4 or CD8 antigens of the human T lymphocytes carrying this antigen, which are called T4 lymphocytes or T8 lymphocytes.

13. A kit according to claim 1, for the assay of several surface antigens of a pathogenic microorganism.

14. A kit according to claim 13, in which the pathogenic microorganism is Candida albicans.

15. A kit according to claim 1, for the assay of several antigens of tumoral cells.

16. A kit according to claim 15, in which the tumoral cells are those of cancers of the urinary system or those of malignant hemopathies.

17. A kit according to claim 1, for the assay of specific antigens of T, T4, T8 and B lymphocytic subpopulations.

18. A kit according to claim 1, for the characterization and assay of different antigens constituting the surface antigenic equipment of the tumoral cells of malignant hemopathies.

19. A process for the immunometric assay of several surface antigens each one being characteristic of a cell subpopulation, said subpopulations constituting one population, characterized in that it consists in: a) immobilizing said cell population on a solid support by using one or more monoclonal antibodies, previously fixed to the said support by covalent bonding or by physical adsorption and which are specific of surface antigens of said population, other than the antigens characteristic of said subpopulations and, in the same step, directly labeling the cell subpopulations constituting the fixed population by 45 means of several solutions each one containing a monoclonal antibody specific of a surface antigen of one of the cell subpopulations to be assayed, said antibodies carrying a radioisotopic or enzyme probe; b) observing an incubation period; c) washing the support to remove the non-immobilized cells and the excess antibody; d) in the case where the antibody carries an enzyme probe, adding the reagent or reagents (substrate and chromogen) necessary for developing the activity of the enzyme; and e) reading the results either by counting the radioactivity or by measuring the light signals (coloration or fluorescence) with reference to a standard range if appropriate.

20. An assay process according to claim 19, in which the solid support is as defined in claim 2 or 3.

21. An assay process according to one of claims 19 or 20, in which the monoclonal antibodies intended for labeling carry an enzyme probe.

22. An assay process according to claim 21, in which the enzyme probe is peroxidase and the activity of the enzyme is developed by hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen selected from orthophenylenediamine, 2,21azino-bis(3-ethyl-6-benzothiazoline sulfonic) acid, 3,31-diaminobenzidine, 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole or one of their water-soluble salts.

23. An assay process according to claim 21, in which the enzyme probe is alkaline phosphatase and the activity of the enzyme is developed by para-nitrophenyl phosphate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate or 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl phosphate.

24. An assay process according to claim 21, in which the enzyme probe is beta-galactosidase and 46 the activity of the enzyme is developed by ortho-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside or 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside.

25. An assay process according to claim 21 in which the enzyme probe is acetylcholinesterase and the activity of the enzyme is developed by acetylthiocholine and, as the chromogen, 5,5'-dithio-2-nitrobenzoic acid or one of their water-soluble salts.

26. An assay process according to claim 19 or 20, in which the monoclonal antibodies intended for labeling carry an iodine 125 or iodine 131 radioisotopic probe.

27. A process according to claim 19 or 20, in which the total time required to carry out the assay is less than or equal to 1 hour.

28. A process according to claim 19, in which the monoclonal antibody or antibodies fixed to the solid support are class I HLA antibodies.

29. A process according to claim 19, for the assay of one or more surface antigens of the formed elements of human blood.

30. A process according to claim 29, in which the formed elements of human blood are the leukocytes, the lymphocytes, the T lymphocytes, the T lymphocytes carrying the CD4 marker, called T4 lymphocytes, the T lymphocytes carrying the CD8 marker, called T8 lymphcytes, the B lymphocytes, the granulocytes and the platelets.

31. A process according to claim 19, for the assay of several of the surface antigens of a pathogenic microorganism.

32. A process according to claim 31 in which the pathogenic microorganism is Candida albicans.

33. A process according to claim 19, for the assay of several of the membrane antigens of tumoral cells. 47

34. A process according to claim 33, in which the tumoral cells are cells of cancers of the urinary systems or cells of malignant hemopathies.

35. A process according to claim 19, for the 5 assay of antigens specific of T, T4, T8 and B lymphocytic subpopulations.

36. A process according to claim 19 for the characterization and assay of different antigens constituting the surface equipment of tumoral cells of 10 malignant hemopathies.

37. A kit for the immunometric assay of several surface antigens, according to any one of claims 1 to 18, substantially as described in the Examples.

38. A process for the immunometric assay of several surface antigens, according to any one of claims 19 to 36, substantially as described in the Examples. MACLACHLAN & DONALDSON, Applicants' Agents, 47, Merrion Square, DUBLIN 2.