IE873077L - Verifying identity - Google Patents

Description

6 • ; "J 5 2 - 3a - The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for verifying the identity of a person, notably by correlating the 5 minutiae of the finger print of that person with a machine readable identification of the minutiae of that finger print carried by an object presented concurrently with the finger print at a locus or contained in a record available to the locus.

BACKGROUND TQ THE INVENTION': Credit cards and bank cheque cards as currently used by many millions of people carry information' relating to the user in 15 machine readable form, usually in the form of one or more magnetic stripes or other recording medium on or in the card carrying binary or other coded information thereon. This provides a simple method for identifying the account to which a transaction relating to that card is to be debitted. 20 However, there is no means contained in the card for verifying that the person presenting the card is the true owner of the card, other than the signature of the card holder. Such a signature can readily be copied with sufficient accuracy to satisfy the cursory inspection usually given to such signatures 25 at the location of use. It is thus possible for a thief to use a stolen card for a period of time as if he were the true owner thereof. Losses due to theft and fraud of credit cards currently runs at many millions of pounds per annum.

Many attempts have been made to personalise credit and other cards so that it is possible to verify that the person presenting the card is the true owner. For example, it has been proposed to incorporate coded information, eg. in binary coded form, about a person's finger print on the card and to 3S compare this information with a corresponding record held in a data base. In one form of such a proposal, as described in European patent Application No 2? 0153Q-37A, data relating to the type, orientation and position of certain minutiae of a person's finger print is recorded on the card or other data record; and this is compared with the corresponding finger 5 print presented by the user. In this proposal,' the ridge counts between the minutiae and their adjacent neighbours are counted. As a result, if a minutia cannot be located, for example due to dirt or sweat on the finger being scanned, all data in the record which refers to that minutia either as a 10 reference minutia or in a ridge count from another minutia cannot be used during the verification process, I have now devised a system by which the identity of a person can be rapidly and accurately verified or related to a document 15 or other thing presented by that person, but which can be adapted for use wherever such relation or verification is required without the need for a complex and costly data base either on site or at a remote location. Furthermore, sines the information used in the verification is based on the ridge 20 patterns on the skin of the person, notably the ridce pattern on his finger, the user does not have to carry any SIN number or other aide memoira.

SUMMARY OF THE lISHrENTICN: 22 Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for verifying the identity of a person or animal relative to a record of minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin, which record purports to belong to that person or animal, the record 30 including at least four data packages, each data package containing one or more machine readable codings relating to the type, relative orientation and relative location of an. individual one of the said minutia, whereby the record contains data relating to at least four of the said minutiae, 35 characterised in that: A. the said data packages each further include one or more machine readable codings relating to the separate counts of the number of ridges lying between the minutia to which that data package relates and each and every other minutia in, said at 5 least four minutiae; and 3. the method comprises in any order, sequentially or concurrently the steps of: a) observing, in any order, sequentially or concurrently minutiae in the ridge pattern of^ the skin of the body of the person or animal; b) selecting individual minutiae from the observed minutiae and assigning, in any order, sequentially or concurrently to each of the selected minutiae a data package comprising one or more • machine readable codings relating to the type, relative 15 orientation and relative location of that observed minutia and relating to the separate counts of the number of ridges between that observed minutia and each and every other minutia in the said selected observed minutiae; c) electing in any order, sequentially or concurrently at least 20 four of the data packages from one of either of the record or the data packages relating to the observed minutiae; d) comparing in any order, sequentially or concurrently the machine readable codings from the elected data packages with the machine readable codings of the data packages in the other of the record or the data packages relating to the observe;, minutiae; and e) establishing the existence or otherwise of substantial identity between at least four of the elected data packages with data packages in the other of the record or the data packages relating to the observed minutiae.

The term data package is used herein for convenience to denote collectively the machine readable code or codings which relate to the type, relative orientation and relative location of an 35 individual one of the said minutia, and in the case of the method of the invention to the separate counts of the number of ridges lying between the minutia to-which that data package relates and each and every other minutia in the selected observed minutiae or the other minutiae in the record.

The method of the invention can be applied to the ridge patterns over a wide range of areas on the body of a person or an animal, for example the ridge patterns on the palm of the hand, on. the toes and from the sole or heel of a foot. Thus, the invention can be used to provide means for identifying 10 invalid or paraplegic persons who can not readily provide finger prints, or victims of malformation or accidents who do not possess hands or have lost fingers. However, the invention is of especial application in the use of finger print minutiae ■ to provide a simple and secure method for identifying a person.: 15 For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of this preferred application.

Since the data required for operation of the method of the invention is usually less than that required in other systems, 20 it is possible to hold all the necessary data in the magnetic strips on a card or in a small memory chip, for example as used in the so called Smart card. There is therefore no need for a separate large data store and the system of the invention readily lends itself to use where on-the-spot identification 25 and/or verification is required, for example at retail store, bank or garage cashpoints. Since no image of .the fingerprint can be recovered from the minutiae stored in the record, the psychological objection many users have to the concept of someone else holding their fingerprint record is overcome.

Thus, in a preferred method of the invention, the data packages relating to minutiae on a finger of a person are compared with those in the record purporting to be that of the corresponding finger of the person to determine substantial identity of a 35 number of data packages between the record and the observed finger print minutiae.

The term ridge pattern is used herein to denote the ridges which are present from birth on the skin of the body of the person and remain present throughout the normal life of the person. The term does not include features which are of a 5 transient or temporary nature or features which are introduced after birth. Thus, scars or creases in the skin are not ridges within the present context.

Finger prints are classified by the patterns of the ridges 10 which occur on the skin covering the finger tip. These ridges are not continuous and break, branch or form loops or other interruptions which can readily be identified in a finger print. The most common of these interruptions are shown diagrammatically as A1 to A6 respectively in Figure 1 of the 15 attached drawings. For convenience, the term minutia will be used herein to denote singly and collectively the interruptions A1 to AS as described above. The method of the invention can be applied using the identification and correlation of all of the above interruptions. However, it will usually be 20 sufficient to identify the interruptions as either ridge ends or ridge bifurcations, the other interruptions being variations of these two basic minutiae. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of the use of this limited identification of the minutiae.

The skin on a finger from its tip to the first joint may carry a number, typically up to 80, of the minutiae. In the method of the invention, a finger print is scanned to detect the minutiae present and to determine the type, the relative 30 position and relative orientation of the detected minutiae and also the number of ridges which occur between each and every one of a selected group of the detected minutiae.

The term "coincident sequence" for a group of finger print 35 minutiae is defined herein as beings 1. identity of the type of the finger print minutia; - 6 • - 2. the relative location of that minutia to the other miautia in the group; 3. the orientation of that minutia relative to the other minutiae in the group; and 4. the count of the ridges lying between any one minutia and each and every other minutia in the group.

For a coincident sequence to exist there must be at least four . minutiae in the group being inspected; and preferably at least 10 one minutia in that group is different from the other minutiae in the group. Whilst the method of the invention can be applied to the location of four minutiae in the same coincident sequence in both of the record and the observed finger print, it will be appreciated that the higher the number of coincident IS sequences required, the more positive will be the verification of identity and the smaller the error rate in making a positive identification. It is therefore preferred that from six to twenty, notably from eight to seventeen, minutiae in the same coincident sequence in each of the recorded and the observed 20 minutiae should be required in making a positive identification using the method of the invention.

Thus, from a preferred aspect, the present invention provides a method for verifying the identity of a person relative to a 25 record of minutiae in the ridge pattern of a friction skin surface purporting to belong to that person, which method is characterised in that the record carries information in machine readable form relating to the type, relative location and relative orientation of at least six minutiae and to the ridge 30 counts between each minutia and every other minutiae in the record; and in that the method comprises observing the type, relative location and relative orientation of minutiae and the ridge counts between each and every one of those observed minutiae on a finger of that person presented at the site of 35 such identification; and comparing the observed minutiae data with the said .-second information. la a further embodiment, the invention also provides a method for verifying the identity of a person or relating the identity of that person to a document or other thing presented by that person, at a locus or held in a record available to the locus, 5 which method comprises scanning the finger of the person at the locus to provide machine readable codings relating to coincident sequence data of selected observed minutiae, that is the type, relative location and relative orientation of each of the selected minutiae in the finger print of that person and 10 the separate counts of the number of ridges between a minutia and each and every one of the selected minutiae,- comparing the said machine readable codings with a machine readable record of the co-incident sequence data for minutiae from a finger print purporting to be that of that person which has been obtained 15 beforehand and which is presented to the locus concurrently with the finger of the person either on the document or other thing or from a separate record so that the existence of identity of part of all of the coincident sequences of the observed minutiae of the presented finger and the record can be 20 established.

Preferably, the coincident sequence contains at least 8 minutiae to ensure that a unique correlation between the finger print and the record is achieved.

The method of the invention can be applied to a vide range of types of record which are to be compared with the actual finger print of the presenter.

Thus, the invention can be applied to a plastics or similar card for use in financial transactions, to a cheque, to pages of an identity document or passport which are presented by the user for verification or to identify the presenter to another-Alternatively, the record can be held in part of a mechanism 35 which is to be actuated once the identity of the person has been verified. For example, the invention finds use in providing security locks for hotel bedrooms, offices or other locations where it is desired that only certain people should have access. In these cases, the record of the finger print can be located in the lock mechanism so as to permit only 5 accepted people to operate the lock mechanism. Alternatively, the mechanism can be linked to a remote memory/programming centre where data relating to the finger print minutiae of the user is encoded and stored for future use at the mechanism. For example, the data relating to the minutiae can be encoded. 10 at the reception desk of a hotel when the user registers and that information used to encode the lock for his room. The lock mechanism has a scanner unit which observes the minutiae of a finger presented to it, transmits those to the memory/programming centre for verification and releases the 15 lock once verification has been achieved; or refers to its own encoded memory for the verification.

For convenience, the present invention will be described hereinafter in terms of the use of a plastics card or the like 20 to provide the record for comparison with the actual finger print minutiae of the presenter in situ at the location where verification is to take place.

For the method of the invention, the record of the coincident 25 sequences for the minutiae of the user's finger print is first obtained in a machine readable form for inclusion in the record to be read at the locus at which the user is to present himself. This is usually done by scanning the designated finger of the person. The scanning can be carried out using a 30. number of techniques, eg. optically using high intensity illumination and an array of photosensitive diodes as a camera to record the image, or some other optical scanning device such as a laser scanner, to provide an image which can be processed electronically. The scanning device is coupled to an image 35 processor, typically incorporating one or more microprocessors and programmed to scan the image observed to identify the finger print minutiae, to assign them^a binary code identifying their type, and identifying their position and orientation relative to other minutiae observed. The processor will also observe the ridge count between each and every one of the 5 minutiae observed to build up the record of the coincident sequences within the record.

The record can be built up in a series of stages, as when the image processor tracks the line of each ridge observed by the XO scanning means to locate any minutiae along that ridge. Alternatively, the scanner can merely locate the minutiae and ascribe the relevant binary codings to them for type, orientation and location; and subsequently establish a ridge count between the located minutiae. For the purposes of the 15 record, it Is not necessary that all the finger print be scanned and all minutiae foe identified and coded. However, it is preferred that at least 10, and preferably 20 to 40, of the available minutiae be identified and encoded for the record to provide a sufficiently large record from which to compensate 20 for dirt or blemishes in the finger print which is subsequently scanned or for malfunctions in the apparatus to ensure that sufficient valid minutiae can be available for comparison purposes during the verification process.

The record of the finger print data is preserved in any suitable fona which can be readily stored and/or carried and presented by the user. Thus, the information can be stored as a series of electronic signals on a magnetic recording medium, as signals within a' read only memory chip, which can be 30 programmable, or as signals in an optically scanned medium carried on or in the card, eg. in holographic form or as a laser readable strip on the card. For convenience, the invention will be described hereinafter in terms of binary coded signals recorded on a magnetic medium,, notably in the 35 form of a strip of magnetic medium carrying the record thereon and integrated with the card.

In addition to the information about the minutiae of the finger print of the person, the record may also contain information about the person, eg. his name and address, bank account number and so on. If desired, the record can be formed in two or more 5 sections, eg. with two separate magnetic strip areas on a card, so that the finger print information can be scanned separately from the other data.

The record can be taken from any finger of the person, for 10 example from the small finger of the left hand for one person, whilst another person can use the print from the middle finger of his right hand for creating the record. It will also be appreciated that the record can carry information relating to more than one finger of the person so that he can select the IS alternative information if one of his fingers should not be available for scanning at the verification locus, as when the finger is bandaged.

As indicated above, the apparatus for scanning the finger print 20 to prepare the record can be selected from a wide range of suitable apparatus and many forms of such apparatus are available commercially, for example as the finger print scanners in those methods which use only the spatial configuration of the finger print minutiae. Thus, the 25 apparatus will typically comprise a finger rest having a translucent section through which the ridge pattern on the finger can be observed. The rest typically comprises a generally circular cross-section channel into which the user places his selected finger. The channel preferably has an end 30 stop to limit the extent of penetration of the finger axially along the channel so that approximately the same area of the finger will be scanned for each user.

The ridge pattern on the finger in the channel is observed by 35 a suitable sensor, eg. a camera or scanner, notably a photosensitive diode array. This can scan the ridge pattern from a fixed point or, more preferably, can traverse around the axis of the finger to scan the ridge pattern from a range of angles. Alternatively, the minutiae of the finger print can be sensed using a pressure sensitive pad.

The data provided from the sensor is processed to provided the necessary binary coding of the minutiae and the ridge counts between them. This is achieved in known manner using conventional electronics circuitry and computer components, eg.. 10 to convert an initial visual image to suitable electronic signals for retention in the recording medium. Typically-, the circuitry will cause the ridge pattern to be scanned to identify the desired minutiae, which may be stored in a read only memory for ease of identification, with the ridge count 15 between each and every minutiae being computed as each new minutia is located. Alternatively, information for each minutia located can be encoded directly into the record to build up topographical information on the ridge minutiae. The ridge counts between each and every one of a selected group of 20 the recorded minutiae can then be made as a second function once the data on the minutiae has been captured and encoded. The encoding is preferably done using an n-tuple algorithm or other system using conventional computer techniques.

The coding of the ridge minutiae and the ridge count between them is stored on the recording medium of the card using the card encoding equipment presently available commercially for this purpose. Thus, a magnetic stripe on a plastics card can have the binary coded information recorded on it as if that 30 information were conventional account information as currently recorded on the magnetic stripe on the card.

As indicated above, it is not necessary for the full information about all minutiae on the finger to be encoded and 35 recorded. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, establishing identity between coincident sequences in two to , ) 1 four sets each of four minutiae from the record and the observed finger will give satisfactory results for most applications. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that at least eight minutiae and their ridge counts are recorded on the card.

S This will, however, provide no margin of error in case the person's finger print should be damaged or masked by dirt, or allow for any malfunctions in scanning the presenter's finger when verification is carried out. It will therefore usually be desired to encode data for at least 10, and usually 20 to 40, 10 of the minutiae present on the finger print being scanned.

The above method provides the data upon the card which forms the record against which the user will subsequently have to verify his finger print minutiae at the verification location. 15 At this location, the finger print of the presenter will be scanned using a similar technique to that outlined above for preparing the encoded data for recording on the card. The data from this scanner is compared with the data held in the record to establish whether or not there is identity between a 20 sufficient number of coincident sequences in the record and the finger being scanned to show that the two are from the same person. As indicated above, it is preferred that there should be at least 8 minutiae from each of the record and the scanned finger which are in coincident sequence with one another.

The comparison between the record and the finger being scanned need not be carried out in a specified sequence, but can randomly locate minutiae common to the record and the scanned finger and then check whether those minutiae are- in coincident 30 sequence with minutiae already identified as in coincident sequence so as progressively to build up the desired total of minutiae in coincident sequence. Alternatively, the comparison can be carried out in two stages. Firstly to establish identity of type, relative location and preferably relative 35 orientation for at least 8 minutiae between the record and the finger being scanned. Where it is required that 8 minutiae are 13 - to be in coincident sequence, it will be preferred to identify IS or more minutiae in this stage to provide a margin in case of dirt or damage to ridges preventing an accurate ridge count to be taken for some of the minutiae identified. From the 5 minutiae that have been, identified as the same for each of the record and the scanned finger, two or four sets of three or four minutiae each are selected from each of the record and the scanned finger, preferably one set from each quadrant of the finger print pattern. Ridge counts are then done for the. minutia© of the finger being scanned between each and every minutia within those sets and compared with the ridge counts for the record or vice versa. The ridge counts are preferably done firstly within each set and then from one set to another. In this way, the verification of the match between the record. and the finger being scanned is carried out progressively and if there is a failure to achieve coincident sequencing due to dirt or a blemish on the finger being scanned, the match can be aborted at an early stage and a fresh match sequence initiated.

The reading of the record on the card and the scanning of the finger can be carried out in either order or simultaneously and the term concurrently is used herein to denote both consecutive and simultaneous operation.

The data encoded onto the record and as handled during the scanning and comparison of the minutiae at the verification stage can be simple binary code information. However, in order to reduce the risk that unauthorised versions of the record might be made and/or forged versions of the card made, it is preferred to further encode the information to make it difficult for unauthorised use of the card encoder or the finger print scanner.

As indicated above, the scanning of the finger and the processing of the data therefrom to provide information on the coincident sequences in the minutiae observed during the 14 - scanning can be carried out using conventional equipment, which can embody many of the features described above for the preparation of the record. The comparison of the record with the information from the scanning of the finger can be done 5 using conventional computer techniques once the coincident sequences have been identified. Thus, the apparatus for use in the method of the invention will typically comprise a means for scanning a finger of a person to provide signals defining the type, relative location and relative orientation of minutiae of 10 the ridge pattern of that finger and to identify the presence of ridges between each and every one of the minutiae located,* means for receiving signals from a record purporting to contain information on minutiae corresponding to those located on the scanned finger; and means for identifying coincident sequences-15 in that record and the minutiae located on the scanned finger: and means for comparing the coincident sequences to establish identity therebetween.

From a preferred aspect, the invention provides apparatus for verifying the identity of a person using the method of the invention which apparatus comprises: a means for scanning a finger of a person to observe minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin of the finger; a signal generating apparatus 25 operatively associated with the scanning means and programmed to generate machine readable codings identifying the type, relative location and relative orientation of at least four of the observed minutiae of the ridge pattern of that finger and the count of the number of ridges between each and every one of 30 the said at least four observed minutiae; means for scanning a record containing machine readable codings which identify the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts for a ridge pattern purporting to correspond to that observed during the scanning operation,- signal processing means for 35 receiving the signals from the record scanning operation and from the finger scanning operation signal generation means, which processing means is programmed to process the record and scanned signals so as to establish identity or otherwise between the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts of at least four of the minutiae in the record and 5 the observed minutiae.

Prom a particularly preferred aspect, the invention further provides apparatus which comprises: a. a means for scanning a finger presented to it by a person 10 at the locus at which an operation is to be carried out so as to generate signals in machine readable form identifying the type, relative location and relative orientation of minutiae in the ridge pattern of the finger print and identifying the number of ridges in the ridge pattern between each and every 15 one of a selected group of the minutiae located during the scanning operation; b. means for receiving a card or other means carrying a record of machine readable signals relating to the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts of minutiae purporting to be those of the finger print of that person and for scanning that record so as to generate a series of record signals; c. means for receiving the machine readable signals from the scanning of the finger and of the record and for comparing the signals, which raeans is programmed to detect the presence of minutiae in both the record and those selected from the observed Kiinutiae which are of the same type, have the same relative location and relative orientation and between each of which there are the same individual ridge counts; and 30 d. means for generating a signal to initiate the operation to be carried out when a re<juired minimum number of the xainutiae from the record and those observed have been detected as having the identity of type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts.

The method and apparatus of the invention find widespread use wherever it is desired to verify the identity of a person to permit some operation to he carried out. Since the user presents a unique identifier to the apparatus (his actual finger print) and this is verified against a record of that 5 identifier at the location of verification, not only does the method provide a high degree of security, hut this is achieved by a simple means not requiring large data stores or visual inspection.

The invention finds use in reducing fraudulent and unauthorised use of credit and other cards to achieve goods and/or finance; to provide a personalised "key" to gain access to a location or to actuate a mechanism such as a car ignition switch or to unlock a door to a room; to provide a simple means 15 for establishing that the carrier of a passport is the person referred to therein, thus facilitating immigration and other identity checks at frontiers or elsewhere.

The invention can be implemented by supplying the necessary 20 finger and card scanning apparatus in place of the conventional card accepting apparatus used at present. However, some present apparatus already incorporates card scanning means, for example cash dispensers in banks or hotel card key systems. In this case that apparatus can be modified to operate the method 25 of the invention by providing a finger scanning apparatus and comparator means and linking those into the existing apparatus. Since the verification can be carried out without the need for any separate data record, the invention can be used in almost any location and is not limited to use at those locations 30 having access to information networks or data bases as with some current proposals.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: J Apparatus for use in the present invention will now be described by way of example with respect to the accompanying 11 - drawings in which Figure X is a diagrammatic representation of six minutiae used in classifying a finger print, together with examples of binary coding which can be used to describe such minutiae; Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an 5 apparatus according to the invention; and Figure 3 shows two finger print ridge patterns identifying some of the minutiae from Figure 1 thereon.

The apparatus for use in the invention comprises a device (1) with a read only memory (ROM) for scanning the finger of a person at the verification site. The ROM has programmed therein an image of each of the six ridge minutiae shown in Figure X, together with an image of a typical ridge. The 15 scanning device and ROM (1) combination are controlled by a processor (2) . For the purpose of scanning a finger for the first time, the processor (2) will instruct the device (1) to scan the finger and, by plotting the coordinates of the scanner at any instant during the scan, will when the ROM recognises 20 one of the six ridge minutiae assign a unique binary character combination for the recognised ridge minutia, its direction and its coordinates.

On recognising a second ridge minutia, the processor (2), via 25 the device (1), will have information as to the number of ridges between the first recognised ridge minutia and the second recognised ridge minutia. The scanning process continues in this fashion until there is stored in the processor (2) a plurality of binary character combinations 30 representing the observed fingerprint minutiae. Thus a digital record of the fingerprint minutiae, their direction and relationship to each other (coincident sequence) is generated. Typically, anything from 40 to 80 recognisable ridge minutiae will be stored in the processor (2).

To generate a strip material, the processor (2) transfers, 18 - a known fashion, the binary character combinations onto the strip material. Other information relating to the holder of the finger scanned by the device (i) may also be encoded onto the strip material.

The strip material may already be, or subsequently be, laminated with and/or attached to an identity card as hereinbefore referred to, to produce an identity card.

At the site of use, the identity card is inserted into a card or strip material reading device, via a card input (not shown), the information on the strip material being read by a second ROM. A finger of the user of the identity card is scanned by the device (1). The processor (2) will generate binary 15 character combinations for the ridge minutiae types, their direction and their coordinates and compare the combinations thus generated with the binary minutiae data on the strip material. If sufficient ridge minutiae in the same coincident sequence that are found on the finger being scanned are also 20 read from the strip material, then a positive correlation, will result.

Depending on the type of correlation resulting from the comparison between the minutiae data found on the strip 25 material and those scanned by the scanner, a signal is sent from processor (2) , for example, to one of three different indicators via a circuit (not shown) for converting the signal received from the processor (2) into another signal to light one of three indicators or display a signal on a suitable 30 display (not shown). If the correlation is positive, then one of the indicators (for example) is lit. The lighted indicator may bear a legend or a colour to indicate to the recipient of the identity card that the presenter is the authorised user and permit a transaction to take place. The other two indicators 35 may serve to indicate a negative or no correlation result. In the case of a negative correlation, no transaction takes place and one of the indicators is lit which indicates to the recipient that the presenter in not the authorised user of the card. In this instance, the unit can, if required, retain the card. In the case of no correlation the third indicator is lit 5 and the user of the card may be requested to try again. A no correlation result may be obtained, for example, through a malfunction of the device, through a blurring of the scan because the finger is excessively dirty or the scanning surface plate or glass is dirty, or through damage to the identity 10 card's memory device. ( -

Claims (11)

CLAIMS:

1. A method for verifying the identity of a person or animal relative to a record of minutiae.in the ridge pattern of the 5 skin of a person or animal, which record purports to belong to that person or animal, the record including at least four data packages, each data package containing one or more machine readable codings relating to the type, relative orientation and relative location of an individual one of the said minutiae,. 10 whereby the record contains data relating to at least four of the said minutiae, characterised in that: A. the said data packages each further include one or more machine readable codings relating to the separate counts of the number of ridges lying between the minutia to which that data 15 package relates and each and every other minutia in said at least four minutiae; and B. the method comprises in any order, sequentially or concurrently the steps of: a) observing, in any order, sequentially or concurrently 20 minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin of the body of the person or animal; b) selecting individual minutiae from the observed minutiae and assigning, in any order, sequentially or concurrently to each of the selected minutiae a data package comprising one or more 25 machine readable codings relating to the type, relative orientation and relative location of that observed minutia and relating to the separate counts of the number of ridges between that observed minutia and each and every other minutia in the said selected observed minutiae; 30 c) electing in any order, sequentially or concurrently at least four of the data packages from one of either of the record or the data packages relating to the observed minutiae; d) comparing in any order, sequentially or concurrently the machine readable codings from the elected data packages with 35 the machine readable codings of the data packages in the other of the record or the data packages relating to the observed - 21 - minutiae; and e) establishing the existence or otherwise of substantial identity between at least four of the elected data packages with data packages in the other of the record or the data 5 packages relating to the observed minutiae.

2. A method as claimed in claim X, characterised in that the minutiae are the minutiae of the finger print of a person. 10

3. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the comparison in step d is done between the data packages relating to at least six minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin of the body of the person or animal. 15

4. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the comparison between the machine readable codings for the minutiae in the record and those for the observed minutiae is carried out by identifying minutiae which occur in both the recorded and observed minutiae as having substantially the same 20 type, relative location and relative orientation; and the counts of the number of ridges between minutiae are done between those identified minutiae.

5. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the 25 record is held in the form of binary coded information in a memory medium carried by a plastics card.

6. A method for verifying the identity of a person relative to a record of minutiae in the ridge pattern of a friction skin 30 surface purporting to belong to that person, which method is characterised in that the record carries information in machine readable form relating to the type, relative location and relative orientation of at least six minutiae and to the ridge counts between each minutia and every other minutiae in the 35 record; and in that the method comprises observing the type, relative location and relative orientation of minutiae and the 22 - ridge counts between each and every-one of those observed minutiae on a finger of that person presented at the site of such identification; and comparing the observed minutiae data with the said record information- 5

7. A method for preparing a record for use in the method of claim 1, characterised in that the ridge pattern of a friction skin surface of a person or animal is observed to provide machine readable codings of the type, relative location, 10 relative orientation and the ridge counts between each and every one of the observed minutiae in at least part of said ridge pattern; and storing said machine readable codings in a storage medium to provide the said record. 15

8. Apparatus for use in the method of any one of claims 1 to 6, which apparatus is characterised in that it comprises: a means for scanning a finger of a person to observe minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin of the finger; a signal generating apparatus operatively associated with the scanning 20 means and programmed to generate machine readable codings identifying the type, relative location and relative orientation of at least four of the observed minutiae of the ridge pattern of that finger and the count of the number of ridges between each and every one of the said at least four 25 observed minutiae; means for scanning a record containing machine readable codings which identify the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts for a ridge pattern purporting to correspond to that observed during the scanning operation; signal processing means for receiving the 30 signals from the record scanning operation and from the finger scanning operation signal generation means, which processing means is programmed to process the record and scanned signals so as to establish identity or otherwise between the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts of at 35 least four of the minutiae in the racord and the observed minutiae. 23 -

9. Apparatus according to claim 8, -characterised in that it comprises s a. a means for scanning a finger presented to it by a person at the locus at which an operation is to be carried out so as 5 to generate signals in machine readable form identifying the type, relative location and relative orientation of minutiae in the ridge pattern of the finger print and identifying the number of ridges in the ridge pattern between each and every one of a selected group of the minutiae located during the 10 scanning operation; b. means for receiving a card or other means carrying a record of machine readable signals relating to the type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts of minutiae purporting to be those of the finger print of that person and 15 for scanning the signals of that record so as to generate a series of record signals; c. means for receiving the machine readable signals from the scanning of the finger and of the record and for comparing the signals, which means is programmed to detect the presence of 20 minutiae in both the record and those selected from the observed minutiae which are of the same type, have the same relative location and relative orientation and between each of which there are the same individual ridge counts; and d. means for generating a signal to initiate the operation to 25 be carried out when a required minimum number of the minutiae from the record and those observed have been detected as having the identity of type, relative location, relative orientation and ridge counts. 30

10. A method for verifying the identity of a person or animal relative to a record of minutiae in the ridge pattern of the skin of a person or animalsubstantially as herein described.

11. Apparatus for use in the method of any one of claims 1 to 35 SiS substantially as herein described. - 24 - Dated this 16th day of November 1987 Dermot P Cummins & Co By: 41 Lower Baggot Street? Dublin 2 Agent for the applicant