IE83707B1 - Activator compositions for cyanoacrylate adhesives - Google Patents

Description

Activator Compositions for Cyanoacrylate Adhesives" Field of the Invention lliis invention relates to activator compositions, particularly well suited for accelerating the hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives. The invention also relates to novel mixtures of chemical compounds and to the use of the activator compositions and the novel mixtures for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives. The invention further relates to a process for the accelerated bonding of substrates using cyanoacrylate adhesives.

Briel‘ Description of Related Technology Adhesive compositions based upon cyanoacrylate esters are well known and have found extensive use, because of their rapid cure speed, excellent long-term bond strength, and applicability to a wide variety of substrates. They generally harden after only a few seconds, alter which the joined parts exhibit at least a certain degree of initial strength.

It is known that certain cyanoacrylate adhesives typically harden by an anionic polymeri- sation reaction. However, with certain substrates, particularly substrates having acidic surlaces, such as wood or paper, that polymerisation reaction may be retarded, oftentimes to an unmanageable extent. Moreover, unless the adhesive is gelled or rendered thixotropic by appropriate additives to confer such properties, the wood or paper substrates, due to their porosity, tend to draw the adhesive out of the joint gap by capillary action before hardening has taken place in the gap. If the adhesive is conventionally applied in a relatively thick layer in the joint gap or relatively large amounts of adhesive are applied so that relatively large drops of adhesive protrude from between the parts to be joined, rapid hardening throughout may rarely be achieved.

I-leretolore efforts have been made to accelerate the polymerisation for such applications by means of certain additives. Addition of accelerators directly to the adhesive formulation is possible to only a very limited extent, however, since substances having a basic or nucleophilic action, which would normally bring about a pronounced acceleration of the polymerisation of the cyanoacrylate adhesive, are generally used at the expense of the storage stability of such formulations.

Addition of such accelerators shortly before application of the adhesive results in virtually a two—component system. However, such method has the disadvantage that the working life is limited after the activator has been mixed in. In addition, with the small amounts of activator that are required, the necessary accuracy of metering and homogeneity of mixing are difticult to achieve. Moreover, use of such a two-component system is often seen as cumbersome to the end user, and sometimes only modestly improves the intended result.

Activators are also used in the fomi of a dilute solution which is either sprayed beforehand onto a substrate or part which is to be bonded, and/or is sprayed onto the adhesive where it is still liquid after the substrates have been joined. The solvents used for such dilute solutions of activators are generally low-boiling organic solvents, so that they may be readily evaporated, leaving the activator on the substrate/part or the adhesive.

Japanese Patent Application No. .lP—A—62 022 877 proposes the use of solutions of lower latty amines, aromatic amines, dimethylamine and the like. Japanese Patent Application No. .ll’—A—l)3 207 778 proposes the use of solutions of aliphatic, alicyclic and, especially, tertiary aromatic amines; particular examples which are mentioned are N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, N-methylniorpholine and N,N—diethyltoluidine. .lapanese Patent Application No. 59-66471 discloses a hardening accelerator for use with cyanoacrylate adhesives comprising an amine compound, with a boiling point of between 50°C. and 25()°C., together with a deodorizer and a solvent. Examples of suitable amines are triethyl amine, diethyl amine, butyl amine, isopropyl amine, tributyl amine, N,N-dimethyl aniline, N,N—diethyl aniline, N,N-dimethyl-p—toluidine, N,N—dimethyl-m—toluidine, N,N- dimcthyl-()-loluidine, dimethyl benzyl amine, pyridine, picoline, vinyl pyridine, ethanolamine, propanolamine and ethylene diamine.

U.S. Patent No. 3, 260, 637 of von Bramcr discloses the use of a range of organic amines (excluding primary amines) as accelerators for cyanoacrylate adhesives, particularly for use on metallic and non—metallic substrates. N,N—dimethyl-p=toluidine has been widely used as an accelerator for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives. A crucial disadvan- tage of the use of that substance is the short duration of the surface activation, which does not permit long waiting times between application of the accelerator solution beforehand to the substrates to be bonded and the subsequent bonding process. In addition, the use of N,N- dimethyl-p-toluidine in some countries oftentimes involves rigorous regulatory labelling requirements.

Basicity of an accelerator substance is not a sufficient criterion for identifying solutions which are acceptable in practice in terms of application technology. Many substances, such as alkylamines, 1,2—di—(4-pyridyl—ethane), 4,4'—dipyridyl disulfide, 3—(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridine, l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ethane, pyridazine, methylpyridazine or 4,4’-dipyridyl, are so basic or nucleophilic that spontaneous superficial hardening takes place at the adhesive interface (shock hardening) before the activator is able to initiate polymerisation throughout the liquid adhesive layer by convection and diffusion. The result is that an often cloudy polymerisation occurs at the surface only. With other compounds, such as oxazoles, the basicity is evidently too low, and the hardening is often too slow for practical purposes.

German Patent DE—A—22 61 261 proposes accelerator substances containing the structural element -N:(i?-S-, including 2,4-dimethylthiazole. However, that compound has a very high volatility, so that activator solutions based thereon are unsuitable for application beforehand since the active ingredient also evaporates offwith the solvent.

It is desired to find new activator compositions for use with cyanoacrylate adhesives, which activator compositions have a pronounced accelerating action and low volatility, so that application beforehand is also possible. It is also desired to find activators which are subject to regulatory labelling requirements less rigorous than is N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine currently.

Notwithstanding the state-of-the-art, it would be desirable to provide further activator substances and combinations of activator substances with different properties from the activator substances used up to now.

Summary of the Invention The present invention provides an activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting ol’: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s)with at least one electron - withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound, mixtures of any of the foregoing with each other, and/or with N,N—dimethyl-p—toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing and/or N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine with an organic compound containing the structural element, -N=C-S—S—. in the said organic compound containing the structural element —N=C-S-S-, the N=C double bond may optionally be part ol‘ an aromatic system, which may suitably be monocyclic, hicyclic or tricyclic. For example, the N=C double bond may suitably be part of an aromatic heterocyclic ring having one or more N hetero atoms in the ring, optionally with one or more other hetero atoms selected from S and O. The heterocyclic ring may be substituted.

Desirahly the said organic compound contains the structural element -N=C—S—S—C=N—, in which case both the N=C double bond and the C:N double bond may optionally be part of aromatic systems as described above, suitably two similar aromatic systems. More desirably the said organic compound is selected from dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 6,6'—dithiodinicotinic acid, 2,2’-dipyridyl disulfide, and bis(4-t-butyl-1~isopr0pylimidazolyl) disultide. Of course, combinations of these organic compounds may also be used.

Desirably the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting of pytidines, quinolines and pyrimidines substituted on the ring(s) with at least one electron-withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound.

An aromatic heterocyelic compound may suitably be monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic. The N hetero atoms(s) may be present in one or more of the rings. Two or more heterocyclic rings may be fused, or a heterocyclic ring may be fused to one or more carbocyclic rings. A heterocyclic ring may suitably be a 5- or 6-membered ring with one or two N—atoms in the ring.

Suitably the at least one electron-withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, <:F_.,, coon, COR, OR, SR, CONR1R2,NO2, SOR, so2R3, SO3R3, PO(OR3)2 and optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, wherein R, R1 and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted C1—(Im alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl.

For example, the electron-withdrawing group may be selected from the group consisting of halo, (IN, COOR and COR1.R, R1, R2 and R3 may suitably be optionally substituted C1-C5 alkyl, tor example unsubstituted (f‘,1~(iI5 alkyl. 'llic criterion that the electron-withdrawing group decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound may be determined by pKa measurement in water under standard conditions (e.g. 25°C and zero ionic strenvth b conventional means or usinv a software ackaoe which calculates Ka of D D D the base such as “ACD/pKa Calculator” available from Advanced Chemistry Development, l33 Richmond Street West, Suite 605, Toronto, ON NSH ZLS, Canada.

According to a particular aspect, the activator is selected from: pyridines having one or more electron—withdrawing groups in the 3-, 3,4- or 35- position in the ring, suitably 3,5-dihalopyridines, such as 3,5-dichloropyridine or 3,5-dibromopyridine, or 3-cyano pyridine, a lower alkyl 3,5— pyridine dicarboxylate, or a 5—halo nicotinic acid such as 5-bromo nicotinic acid, pyridines having an electron-withdrawing group in the 2 position in the ring, suitably a COOR or COR group, such as 2-acetyl pyridine, pyridines having an e1ectron—withdrawing group in the 4-position in the ring, suitably 4- nitropyridine, pyrimidines having an electron-withdrawing group in the 4- or 5-position on the ring, suitably 4- or 5~halo pyrimidines, such as 4-bromopyrimidine or 5—bromopyrimidine, nitroquinolines, suitably 5-nitroquinoline, polyhalogenated quinolines, suitably 4,7- dihalo quinolines such as 4,7—dichloro quinoline, and aromatic heterocyclic compounds which are substantially iso-electronic to any of the fore going compounds.

According to one feature, the present invention provides an activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s)with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, (TN, C12,, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONR1R2,NO3, SOR, sozti‘, so,Ri Po(oR“)3 and optionally substituted C(,—C3(, aryl, wherein R, R1 and R2 (which may be the same or different) are 1-1, optionally substituted (i1—Cm alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted (I?]—(.'3m alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, mixtures of any of the foregoing with each other, and/or with N,N-dimethyl-p—toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing and/or N,N—dimethyl—p-toluidine with an organic compound containing the structural element, -N=C-5 b It is particularly desirable to use a mixture of activators in order to obtain a combination of properties, some at least of which would not be expected.

According to a special feature, the present invention provides an activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a mixture of an aromatic heterocyclic compound as described above and an organic compound having the structural element, -N:C-S-S-. According to a further feature, the present invention provides an activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a mixture of a 3,5-dihalopyridine and an organic compound having the structural element, -N:C-S-S-.

According to another feature, the present invention provides a composition comprising a mixture of: (A) a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s) with at least one electron - withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, with (B) an organic compound containing the structural element, -N:C-S-S-.

According to another feature, the present invention provides a composition comprising a mixture ol’: (A) a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s) with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, (TN, c::F_.,, o(oR~‘)3 and optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, wherein R, R1 and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1—C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted C1-Cm alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, N,N—dimethyl-p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, with (B) an organic compound Containing the structural element, -N=C-S-S-.

According to one aspect, the present invention includes the use of a composition as defined above for the accelerated hardening of a cyanoacrylate adhesive. The composition may be applied to a substrate before application of the cyanoacrylate adhesive thereto, and/or the composition may be applied to the cyanoacrylate adhesive after application of the adhesive to a substrate.

According to a further aspect, the present invention provides an adhesive system comprising a cyanoacrylate adhesive together with a composition as defined above. Suitably, the composition as defined above is held separately from the adhesive prior to application on a substrate.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a process for the bonding of substrates or parts, characterised by either of the following series of steps: (a) dispensing an activator composition as defined above onto at least one surface of the substrates or parts to be joined; (b) optionally exposing solvent or other liquid vehicle in the activator composition to air, optionally with heating or with the aid of a fan; (d) (6) (ii) (iii) optionally holding the substrate or part having the activator composition thereon for a retention or shipping period, applying a cyanoacrylate adhesive to at least one substrate or part; joining the substrates or parts, optionally with manual or mechanical fixing, optionally subsequently dispensing the activator composition onto adhesive exposed from a joint gap; applying a cyanoacrylate adhesive onto at least one surface of the substrates or parts to be joined; joining the substrates or parts, optionally with manual or mechanical fixing; dispensing an activator composition as delined above onto the adhesive before or after the step of joining the substrates or parts, optionally exposing solvent or other liquid vehicle in the activator composition to air, optionally with heating or with the aid of a fan.

Suitably the retention or shipping period in step (c) may be in the range from several minutes to several days, for example from two minutes to forty-eight hours. Optionally the activator composition may be applied onto parts prior to their shipping, forwarding or delivery to an end—user, customer or contractor.

The present invention includes a bonded assembly of substrates or parts bonded by a process as defined above. The present invention also includes as an article of commerce a substrate or part having a composition as defined above applied thereto.

Detailed Description of the Invention An alkyl group may be straight—chained or branched and may be unsaturated, i.e. the term alltyl as used herein includes alkenyl and alkynyl. A C1-Cm alkyl group may for example be a (C31-(C15 alkyl group. A lower alkyl group may suitably be a C1-C5 alkyl group. An aryl group includes plienyl and naphthyl groups, either of which may be substituted with an alkyl group, more particularly a lower alkyl group. Halo includes chloro, bromo, fluoro and iodo, as well as pseudohalo-radicals such as CN, SCN, OCN, NCO, NCS.

An optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy or aryl group may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONRIR2, N03, soa, sozn‘, so,R“, PO(OR3)3 and optionally substituted C6-C3) aryl, wherein R, R‘ and R3 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted (?(,—CI3., aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted C1—C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted (‘»{Y‘(::3() aryl.

In an organic compound containing the structural element -N:C—S—S—, in which the N=C double bond is part of a heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclic ring may be substituted for example with optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C10 alkoxy, optionally substituted C1—(_‘/10 alkoxyalkyl, halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONR1R2, N03, SOR, SOZR3, S()3R‘l, PO(OR3)3 and optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl or aryloxy, (iIS(fi)R3, <;:ooNR‘3, NRCOOR, N=N-R3, oon‘, ssa‘, oocoR“, NOR33, ON(COR3)2, s- aryl, NR2, SH, OH, SiR33, Si(OR3)3, OSiR33, OSi(OR3)3, B(OR3)3, P(OR3)2, SOR3, osiz‘, wherein R,Rl and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1- (Tm alkyl, or optionally substituted (3(,—C_I3(, aryl, and R3 (which may be the same or different) is optionally substituted C1-(Cm alkyl, or optionally substituted (I(,—(i33(, aryl.

Desirably, an activator composition comprises an amount of activator effective to accelerate hardening ol‘ a cyanoacrylate adhesive, the activator being carried in a suitable vehicle.

Suitably the activator composition is an activator solution of the activator in a solvent.

Alternatively the composition may be a dispersion of the activator in a suitable vehicle, particularly a liquid vehicle.

Desirably, the activator(s) are dissolved in readily volatile organic solvents, such as hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, ketones, ethers or halogenated hydrocarbons and carbonic acid esters or acetals or ketals. The solutions of the activator(s) may suitably contain the activator compound(s) in concentrations of from 0.01 to 10 g per 100 ml of solvent; for example, from 0.05 to 5 g of activator substance are dissolved per 100 ml of solvent.

When the activator composition contains a mixture of two activator compounds, the respective amounts of the activator compounds may vary and are only limited by respective amounts which will no longer effective for the desired combination of properties. More particularly, when the activator composition contains a mixture of an aromatic heterocyclic compound substituted with at least one electron-withdrawing group and an organic compound having the structural element —N=C—S—S—, the activator compounds may suitably be present in amounts of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the said aromatic heterocyclic compound and about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the said organic compound, more particularly about 0.05% to about 1%, of the said organic compound, based on the total weight of the activator composition.

Various conventional organic solvents are suitable as solvents for the activator(s) according to the present invention, provided they have a sufficiently high volatility. Desirably, the boiling point of the solvent is below about 120°C, suitably below about 100°C, at ambient pressure. Suitable solvents include specialized boiling point gasolines, but especially n- heptane, n—bromopropane, alcohols, for example isopropyl alcohol, alkyl esters of lower carboxylic acids, for example ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, ketones, such as acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone. Also suitable are ether solvents, ether esters or cyclic ethers, such as, especially, tetrahydrofuran. In the case of sparingly -]2_ soluble activators, chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane or trichloromethane (chloroform), may also be used. 'lhe activator compositions according to the present invention are suitable for the accelerated hardening of conventional cyanoacrylate adhesives which contain as the fundamental constituent one or more cyanoacrylic acid esters, inhibitors of free-radical polymerisation, inhibitors of anionic polymerisation and, optionally, conventional auxiliary substances employed in such adhesive systems, like fluorescence markers.

The cyanoacrylic acid esters used in the adhesives are in the main one or more esters of 2- cyanoacrylic acid. Such esters correspond to the following general formula: H3C=C(CN)—CO-O-R4.

In that formula, R4 represents an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxyalkyl, aralkyl or haloalkyl or other suitable group, especially a methyl, ethyl, n—propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, allyl, methallyl, crotyl, propargyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl, cresyl, 2-chloroethyl, 3-chloropropyl, 2-chlorobutyl, trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 3-methoxybutyl or 2—ethoxyethyl group. The above-mentioned cyanoacrylates are known to a person skilled in the art of adhesives, see Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume A1, p. 240, Verlag (Themie Weinheim (1985) and U8. Patent Nos. 3,254,111 and 3,654,340.

Preferred monomers are the allyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or butyl esters of 2—cyanoacrylic acid. The monocyanoacrylic acid esters represent the largest proportion by weight of the polymerisable monomers in the adhesive.

The mentioned cyanoacrylic acid esters may suitably be present in the adhesives in amounts of from 99.99 to 90 wt.%. Preference is given to cyanoacrylic acid esters the alcohol radical of which is derived from alcohols having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may also be cyclic, branched or perlluorinated.

The cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the present invention may also contain an inhibitor of free-radical polymerisation. Such inhibitors are, for example, hydroquinone, p-methoxy~ phenol, but also sterically—hindered phenols, phenothiazine and the like.

The cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the present invention may also contain thickeners as further auxiliary substances. That is desirable especially when there are to be bonded porous materials which otherwise readily absorb the low~viscosity adhesive. Many types of polymer may be used as thickeners, such as polymethyl methacrylate, other methacrylate copolymers, acrylic rubber, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl acetate or polyalphacyanoacrylate. A usual amount of thickener is generally about 10 wt.% or less, based on the total adhesive. In addition to or instead of the thickeners, the cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the present invention may also contain reinforcing agents. Examples of such reinforcing agents are acrylic elastomers, acrylonitrile copolymers, elastomers or fluoroelastomers. Moreover, inorganic additives may also be used, for example silicates, thixotropic agents having a large surface area, which may be coated with polydi— alkylsiloxanes.

The cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the present invention may also contain substances for increasing the thermal stability thereof. There may be used for that purpose, for example, the sulfur compounds mentioned in European Patent specification No. 579 476.

In addition to or instead of the mentioned additives, the cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the present invention may also contain plasticisers. These serve to protect the resulting adhesive bond from brittleness. Such plasticisers are, for example, C1—C10 alkyl esters of dibasic acids, especially of sebacic acid, phthalic acid or malonic acid. Other plasticisers are diaryl cthers and polyurethanes and the like. Furthermore, the adhesive preparations according to the present invention may also contain colorings, pigments, aromatic substances, extenders and the like, as well as tluorescing additives. Reference is directed to U.S.Patent Nos. 5,74‘),.95() (Fisher et al.), 4,869,772 (McDonnell et al.) and 5,314,562 (McDonnell et al.), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The activator compositions of the present invention are intended to be used with a wide variety of both metallic and non—metallic substrates, including substrates having acidic surfaces such as wood and paper or cardboard.

The present invention will now be illustrated in greater detail. l€X/—\Ml’LES In the Examples, the following abbreviations and terms are used: DCP 2 3,5—dichloro pyridine, DBP = 3,5-dibromo pyridine, NQ : 5-nitro quinoline DCQ = 4, 7—dichloro quinoline, DPDS : 2,2’—dipyridy1 disulfide, BBID = Bis( 4-t-butyl-isopropylirnidazolyl) disulfide, DMPT = N,N-dimethyl—p—to1uidine, NBP : n-brornopropane, Heptane = n-heptane, CTV = cure through volume (f?Nl’ : 3-Cyano Pyridine < 1% (TNP : Saturated solution of CNP in heptane, it was not fully soluble at 1% concentration Bl‘ : 5—bromo pyrimidine, ACP — 2-acetyl pyridine l)l’Pl)(i? = Dipropyl 3, 5-Pyridine Dicarboxylate, BNA : 5—hromo nicotinic acid in IPA solvent IPA zisopropyl alcohol solvent, DIOX = 1,4-dioxane solvent I-IP01. : heptanol solvent, DCB = 1,2—dichloro benzene solvent Loctite 401, Loctite 411, Black Max/Loctite 380, Loctite 416 and Loctite 424 : Different grades of Loctite ethyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive : Loctite 7457 (activator) 7455 = Loctite 7455 (activator).

Loctite 401 (also called 401 herein) is a low viscosity, fast curing, single component ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive (see for example U.S. Patent No. 4,695,615).

Loctite 411 (also called 411 herein) is a single component high viscosity ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive formulated for impact and peel resistance (see for example U.S.

Patent No. 4,477,607) Black Max — Loctite 380 — is a black, rubber toughened ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive with enhanced resistance to peel and shock loads (see for example U.S. Patent No. ,44o, 91(1).

Loctite 424 is an ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive particularly for bonding EPDM and other similar elastomers.

Loctite 416 is a high viscosity ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive for bonding rubbers, plastics and metals.

Loctite 7455 is a single component surface activator based on DMPT in heptane.

Loctite 7457 is another single component surface activator based on poly(oxypropylene) diamine in heptane.

Loctite is a trade mark. The above Loctite products are commercially available from Loctite Corporation, Rocky Hill, Conn., USA or Loctite (Ireland) Limited, Dublin 24, Ireland.

Example 1 Post Spray tests were carried out by applying a 10 pl drop of adhesive onto a substrate and then spraying a chosen activator onto the drop. Full Cure Time is the time required for the adhesive drop to cure fully. .16.

In Pre Spray tests the selected activator solution is sprayed onto the substrate before application of a 10 Ml drop of adhesive. On Part Time is the time interval between application of the spray and addition of the adhesive drop.

The Post Spray cure speeds of a range of activators are shown in table 1. DCP, DBP and (TN P provided faster Post Spray cure times than DMPT with Loctite 401 adhesive on a cardboard substrate, although good CTV performance was also obtained from the other activators listed.

Table 1 Post spray full cure times of various activators in heptane solvent for a 10 pl drop of401 adhesive on a cardboard substrate.

Activator Cone (%) Full CureTime (s) DMPT 1 15 DCP 1 10 DBP 1 12.5 CNP* <1 6 NO 3 7.5 DCQ 3 30 DPPD 1 30 BP 1 40 -45 AC? 1 60 BNA+ 1 195 *saturated solution in heptane was not fully soluble at 1% Cone.

+ IPA solvent Table 2 compares the Post Spray performance of DCP and DBP with that of DMPT for various adhesive grades on cardboard and mild steel substrates. 3% levels of DCP were required to match the cure speed of 1% DCP on a mild steel substrate. Similarly 3% levels of DCP and DBP were required to match the cure speed of DMPT with higher viscosity Black Max and 411 grades of adhesive on a cardboard substrate.

The difference in Post Spray cure speed of both DCP and DMPT with a fresh and less active aged sample of 401 on a cardboard substrate is shown in table 2. It is evident that DCP levels of ~ ().75% provided similar cure speeds to 1% DMPT for both the fresh and aged adhesive.

Table 2 Post Spray skin and full cure times ofvarious activators in heptane solvent for a range of different adhesive grades with 10 ul drop of adhesive on cardboard and mild steel substrates.

Activator Conc (%) Adhesive Substrate Skin Time Full Cure Time (seconds) (seconds) DMPT 1.0 Aged 401 Cardboard nm 20-25 “ 1.0 Fresh 401 “ “ 15 DCP 0.25 Aged 401 ' “ “ 50 “ 0.5 “ “ “ 30 0.75 “ “ “ 20 1.0 “ “ “ 15 0.25 Fresh 401 “ ii 3() 0.5 “ “ “ 20 0.75 “ “ “ 15 1.0 “ “ “ 10 “ 3.0 “ “ “ 7.5 DBP 1.0 “ “ “ 12.5 “ 3.0 “ “ “ 7.5 DMPT 1.0 411 “ 15 25 DCP 1.0 “ “ 15-20 45 3.0 “ “ 15 25 DB? 1.0 “ “ 15 45 “ 3.0 “ “ 15 25 DMPT 1.0 Black Max “ 30 150 DCP 1.0 “ “ 40 210 “ 3.0 “ “ 30 120 DBP 1.0 “ “ 75 225 “ 3.0 “ “ 30 135 DMPT 1.0 40] Mild Steel nm 7.5 DCP 1.0 “ “ “ 20 “ 2.0 “ “ “ 15 3.0 “ “ 7.5 (nm = not measured) The Pie Spray cure speed of DCP, DB1’, DCQ and NO on a cardboard substrate is compared with DMPT in table 3. The results show that 3% levels of DCP were required to match the “On Part Time” performance of 1% DMPT. The performance of 1% DBP was closely similar to that of 1% DMPT. A notable feature of the results is the good long term “On Part Time” performance of DB1’, NO and DBP at 3% levels. NO in particular showed no change in its curing behaviour even after an “On Part Time” of 24 hours. The beneficial effect of adding 10% of high boiling point solvents to 2 and 3% DCP in heptane is also illustrated in table 3.

Table 3 Effect ofdifferent activators, activator concentration, solvent and activator “On Part Time” on the Pre Spray skinning and full cure time of a 10 [Al drop of 401 adhesive on a cardboard substrate.

The solvent is heptane unless otherwise indicated.

Activator Cone. (%) Co Solvent On Part Time Skin Time Full Cure Time (minutes) (minutes) (minutes) 1)Ml"l‘ 1.0 None 1 0.3 -0.5 10-125 “ “ “ 15 1.5 2.75 “ 60 5.0 7.0 “ 180 9.0-9.5 12.0 l)Cl’ “ “ 1 1.0 2.0 " “ “ 15 4.0 7.0-7.5 “ 60 7.0 10.5 .0 “ 1 1.0 2.0 “ 15 3.5 6.0 “ 60 6.0 9.5 .0 “ 1 0.17 0.6 “ “ 15 0.75 1.5 ‘T “ 60 3.5 6.0 “ 180 7.5 11.0 .0 10% DIOX 1 0.08 -0.16 0.25 “ 15 1.5 2.25 “ 60 3.5 6.0 “ 180 8.0 8.5 .0 10% HPOL 1 0.08 -0.16 0.3 “ “ 15 1.25 1.5 “ 30 2.75 4.75 “ 60 3.0 5.0 .5 8.5 DB1’ 1.0 none 1 0.3 0.5 “ “ “ 15 “ 4.75 7.5 “ 60 “ 15 .0 “ i 1 0.08 -0.16 0.25 “ “ 15 “ ().25 " 30 “ 0.25 .3 2.5 “ 120 2.5 5.5 “ 180 12 17 DCQ 1.0 none 1 — 10.0 “ 2.() “ 1 3.0 5.0 “ 15 4.5 6 0 “ 30 4.5 6.0 “ 60 5.0 6.0 .0 7.5 % [PA The effect of high boiling point solvents on the Pre Spray performance of 1% DCP is illustrated in table 4. DCB and HPOL were particularly beneficial compared to the equivalent results with heptane solvent (c.f. table 3).

Table 4 Effect of high boiling point solvents on the Pre Spray performance of 1% DCP with a 10 ill drop of 401 adhesive on a cardboard substrate.

The Pre Spray cure speed of DMPT, DCP and NQ on a mild steel substrate are compared in table 5. Mild steel was a slower substrate than cardboard (c.f. table 3). As already found with cardboard, 3% levels of DCP were required to match the performance of 1% DMPT. Again NQ showed no change in its curing behaviour even after an “(.)n Part Time” of 24 hours.

Table 5 Comparison of Pre Spray activator (DMPT, DCP and NQ) “On Part Time” versus full cure time for a 10 pl drop of 401 adhesive on a mild steel substrate.

Activator Conc. (%) On Part Time Skin Time Full Cure (minutes) (minutes) Time (minutes) I)lVIl’T 1.0 1 2 5 “ -~ 15 5 30-35 DCP 3.0 1 2 5 -‘ -‘ , 5 30-35 NQ 3.0 15 10 13 .. .. 30 .. .. 60 “ “ 120 “ “ 180 “ “ 240 “ “ 1440 “ “ It will be seen from the test results that the activator solutions according to the invention have comparable or better properties than equivalent DMPT solutions.

Example 2 Tables GA and 6B show the results of a series of tests carried out with Loctite 424. The various activators and their concentrations in the designated solvents are set out in Table 6/\. This Table also includes the results for tests for the Fixture time on mild steel lap shears. The activator solution is applied to one of the lap shears and time is then allowed to elapse before adhesive is applied onto the other mating part and the overlapping lap shears are squeezed together so that the adhesive forms a thin layer. The time periods at the heading of each column of results indicate the time span between application of the activator solution and the bringing together of the lap shears i.e. one minute, two hours or twenty—four hours. The fixture times are indicated in many cases as a range, the lower figure indicating the time at which the lap shears were not fixed and the higher figure indicating the time by which the lap shears were already fixed. The actual fixture time would therefore lie in the range indicated.

Fig 6B. gives further results of tests on the same Compositions Nos. 1 to 42 as set out in Table oA. “Pre Activation” and “Post Activation” tests are fillet cure tests carried out on cardboard. In “Pre Activation” tests one drop of activator solution is applied onto cardboard, then one drop of adhesive is applied onto the activator, either immediately after the solvent has been evaporated from the activator solution or after waiting for an additional period of fifteen seconds thereafter. The adhesive is left to cure without a second substrate being applied to it. The cure time (in minutes) is measured by testing the adhesive fillet with a spatula. Curing (hardening) is obtained when the fillet is thoroughly solid.

In “Post Activation” tests, one drop of adhesive is applied to the cardboard substrate, and one drop of activator solution is then applied to the adhesive. Again the fillet of adhesive is left to cure without application of a second substrate. In the columns of results, the heading “Whiten.” indicates whitening of the surface, which is generally regarded as undesirable. “Crater.”, indicates cratering (uneven surface), which is also undesirable. These two “cosmetic” effects are important physical parameters in determining whether a commercial adhesive will be generally accepted by end users.

The column headed “Skin” indicates the time in seconds up to the appearance of skin formation on the adhesive. This is judged visually by a change of the shine on the surface. The column headed “Through” indicates the time in minutes up to full cure through the fillet of adhesive. This is checked by pressing with a spatula.

Tensile shear strength on grit blasted mild steel was tested by standard methods. The . . . 2 results given in the column headed “TSS” are in N/mm .

Tests 1 to 11 show the use of an activator composition containing DPDS alone, and test 12 shows an activator composition based on BBID alone. These tests are not within the scope of the present invention. Tests 13 to 22 relate to an activator composition containing DCP alone and test 23 concerns a composition containing DBP alone. These compositions are in accordance with the invention. Test 24 is a comparative test using a DMPT solution of the prior art. Tests 25, 26 and 27 are also comparative tests using the commercially available activator composition Loctite 7457. Test 27A is another comparative test using the commercially available activator composition Loctite 7455.

Tests 28 to 42 use compositions based on combinations of activators in accordance with a special feature of the present invention.

The columns at the left hand edge of Table 6A facilitate comparison of the respective test results. Reviewing the key in columns a— k it will be seen that the marking in column a shows that test 28 relates to a combination of activators as used in tests 1 and . Likewise column b indicates that test 29 relates to a combination of the activator solutions used in tests 2 and 16 (NBP as solvent). The coding continues through to columns e to k in a similar manner.

The tests results in Table 6A and 6B are to be compared overall, taking account of the cosmetic effects as well as the technical data. It will be seen with reference to test 24 that the control example using DMPT shows a marked loss of fixture speed when there is a twenty-four hour time span between application of the activator solution and bringing together of the lap shears. There is also significant fixture speed loss with the use of 7457 and 7455. It will be seen by reference to tests 1 to 12 that when DPDS or BBID are used, that these activators have a pronounced accelerating action and almost no loss of surface activation. DCP and DBP, on the other hand, have relatively slow fixture times in this adhesive composition (Loctite 424).

Tables 7 and 8 show test results similar to those in Table 6B for activator compositions 26 and 28-37 but using Loctite 416 cyanoacrylate adhesive (Table 7) and Loctite 380 cyanoacrylate adhesive (Table 8).

When a combination of activators is used, particularly with formulations 28 to 41, it will be seen from the test results that good accelerating action and almost no loss of surface activation (e.g. after 24 hours) are achieved. ln addition, the test results shown in Table 6B for the compositions containing combinations of activators are generally favourable as compared to those for DPDS or BBID alone. In particular, in the “Pre Activation” tests, the cure times for the combined activator compositions of tests 28 to 42 are generally significantly shorter than those for the comparable tests using DPDS or BBID alone.

Likewise, in the “Post Activation” tests the “cosmetic effects” are generally favourable in tests 28 to 42, and the Skin times and Through times are relatively short.

As seen, promising results have been found with combinations of DPDS and DCP.

The formulations 28-41 in particular show the following combination of properties: . No or no substantial loss of surface activation.

. Fast cure after pre—activation.

. No or no substantial shortcomings in cosmetics. 4. Fast through cure after part activation.

. No or no substantial loss of bond strengths.

Activator solutions according to this invention allow manufacturers to have long waiting periods between the steps of application of activator (surface activation) and application of adhesive (bonding parts). .24.

Thus the invention can confer the following benefits: — lnterruptions / breaks / hold-ups in production lines do not require repeated surface activation of the parts to be adhered.

— Parts to be bonded can be activated in advance by the supplier or a contractor. This could be advantageous if manufacturer does not want to equip his production lines with activator application stages.

— Large number of parts can be pre-treated in advance and be held in stock. (floniparative tests described above are carried out using commcrcia1ly—available adhesive compositions but the individual nature of these adhesive compositions is not essential to the disclosure of the invention. The behaviour of activators is to be compared within each test in relation to a particular adhesive composition and not from test to test in different adhesive compositions.

Although the invention has been described above, many modifications and equivalents thereof will be clear to those persons of ordinary skill in the art and are intended to be covered hereby, the true spirit and scope of the invention being defined by the claims. in (W/V) DPDS .05% 0.05% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.20% 0.20% 0,45% 0.45% 0.45% 0.45% .05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.10% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% .15% .15% _25_ Con1 ifion Activator BBID DCP DBP DMPT 7457 h NBP NBP h NBP h NBP Solvent 1min Fixture Ms 2h e 5-10 -15 e4 e4 e 4-5 -20 - 50 50- 55 - 20 40 -50 - 15 25 25 1035 25- - 10 90- 100 60 - 80- 90 - -26..

IABLEGB Pre-Activ. [min] Post-Activation TSS 155 after [s] [min] immed. d Whiten. Crater. Skin 6 trace trace 9 17.7 18.6 S no 4 — 5 12 trace trace 23 no trace 40 no no no no no 23 trace no 45 no no 11 no no .bChI--k.Dr-4uJbJL»JI—- ‘O N U‘! NJ Ln no no no [10 >-- moo I10 no no I10 no no H0 H0 no no HO 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 On) Us.) : -5 u U‘! severe severe severe trace no I U) HNNNAHANHNNNNN D-5!)-4 N ['10 (Loctite7457) Pre Activ. Post-Activation No. 155 after [s] [min] drying [min] Whiten. Crater. Skin Through severe slightly 10 1 - 2 no slightly 20 1 - 2 no slightly 15 0.5 no slightly 15 1 no slightly 10 0.5 no slightly . 10 0.5 no slightly 10 0.5 no slightly 20 1 - 2 no slightly 10 0.5 no slightly 15 1 no slightly 15 0.5 ..28_ Table 8 Pre Activ. Post-Activation No. 155 after [5] [min] cl min Whiten. Crater. Skin Thro h (Loctite745 7) 27 severe 3 no 23 no no 16 no 12 no no 26 no 13 no 11 no no CJIDIDIDCIECIKDIDD

Claims (1)

1. Claims: An activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a mixture of: (A) a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s)with at least one electron - withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound, N,N-dimethyl—p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, with (B) an organic compound containing the structural element, —N=C-S—S-. A composition according to claim l wherein said organic compound (B) contains the structural element, -N=C-S—S—C=N—. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said organic compound (B) is selected from the group consisting of dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 6,6‘-dithiodinicotinic acid, 2,2‘-dipyridyl disulfide, and bis(4-t-butyl-1—isopropyl-2—imidazolyl) disulfide. A composition according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the activator comprises a member (A) selected from the group consisting of pyridines, quinolines and pyrimidines substituted with at least one electron-withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound. A composition according to claim 1 or 4 wherein the at least one electron- withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, coNR‘R2, N02, SOR, so2R3, SO3R3, PO(OR3)2 and optionally substituted Cs-C20 aryl, wherein R, R’ and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1—C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted Ce-C20 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl. A composition according to claim 5 wherein the electron—withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, COOR and COR wherein R is C1- C5 alkyl. A composition according to at least one of claims 1-6 wherein the activator comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of 3,5 dihalopyridines, 3-cyano pyridine, lower alkyl 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylates, 5—halo pyrimidines, 2—acety1 pyridine, 5-halo nicotinic acids, 5—r1itro quinoline, 4,7-dichloro quinoline and 2—acetyl pyridine. A composition according to claim 7 wherein the 3,5—dihalopyridine is selected from the group consisting of 3,5—dichloropyridine or 3,5—dibromopyridine. A composition according to at least one of claims 1-8 wherein the composition is a solution of the mixture of compounds in a solvent. A composition according to claim 9 wherein an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of volatile hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acid esters, ketones, ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketals, acetals or carbonic acid esters is used as solvent for the mixture. A composition according to claim 9 or 10 wherein the activator concentration is from 0.01 to 10 g, preferably from 0.05 to 5 g, of the mixture of compounds per 100 ml of solvent. A composition according to at least one of claims 1-11 wherein the compounds are present in amounts of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of (A) the said aromatic heterocyclic compound and/or N,N—dimethyl—p—toluidine and about 0.01 % to about 5 % by weight of the (B) said organic compound, based on the total weight of the composition. An activator composition for the accelerated hardening of a cyanoacrylate adhesive throughout the adhesive, wherein the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s) with at least one electron - withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound wherein said at least one electron-withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONR‘R2, NO2, SOR, SO2R3, SO3R3, PO(OR3)2 and optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl, wherein R, R‘ and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted C1—C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted Cs-C20 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted Cl-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6—C20 aryl, mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds with each other, and/or with N,N- dimethyl-p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds and/or N,N—dimethyl—p—toluidine with an organic compound containing the structural element, —N =C-S—S—. An activator composition according to claim 13 wherein said organic compound contains the structural element, —N = C-S—S-C = N-. An activator composition according to claim 14 wherein said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of dibenzothiazyl disulfide, 6,6'—dithiodinicotinic acid, 2,2‘-dipyridyl disulfide, and bis(4-t-butylisopropylimidazolyl) disulfide. An activator composition according to any of claims 13-15 wherein the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting of pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines and pyrazines substituted with at least one electron-withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound. An activator composition according to any one of claims 13 to 16 wherein the said electron-withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, COOR and COR wherein R is optionally substituted‘ C1-C5 alkyl. An activator composition according to at least one of claims 13-17 wherein the activator comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of 3,5- dihalopyridines, 3—cyano pyridine, lower alkyl 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylates, 5—halo pyrimidines, 2-acetyl pyridine, 5—halo nicotinic acids, 5—nitro quinoline and 4,7- dichloro quinoline. An activator composition according to claim 18 wherein the 3,5—dihalopyridine is selected from the group consisting of 3,5-dichloropyridine and 3,5-dibromopyridine. An activator composition according to at least one of claims 13-19 wherein the composition is an activator solution of the activator in a solvent. An activator composition according to claim 20 wherein an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of volatile hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, ketones, ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketals, acetals or carbonic acid esters is used as solvent for the activator. An activator composition according to claim 20 or 21 wherein the activator concentration is from 0.01 to 10 g, preferably from 0.05 to 5 g, of activator per 100 ml of solvent. Use of an activator comprising a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s) with at least one electron — withdrawing group which decreases the base strength of the substituted compound compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compound, mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds with each other, and/or with N,N-dimethyl—p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds and/or N,N—dimethyl-p—toluidine with an organic compound containing the structural element, -N = C-S-S- in the manufacture of an activator composition for the accelerated hardening of a cyanoacrylate adhesive throughout the adhesive. An activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a mixture of a 3,5—dihalopyridine and an organic compound having the structural element, —N =C—S—S—. An activator composition according to claim 24 wherein the activator compounds are present in amounts of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the 3,5- dihalopyridine and about 0.01 % to about 5% by weight of the said organic compound, based on the total weight of the activator composition. A composition comprising a mixture of a 3,5—diha1opyridine and an organic compound having the structural element, —N =C—S—S—. A composition according to claim 26 comprising a mixture of a 3,5-dihalopyridine and an organic compound having the structural element, —N=C—S-S—C=N— wherein the N=C and C =N double bonds are parts of aromatic heterocyclic rings. A composition according to claim 26 or 27 comprising a mixture of 3,5- dichloropyridine and 2,2’-dipyridyl disulfide. An activator composition for the accelerated hardening of cyanoacrylate adhesives, wherein the activator comprises a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s)with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONR'R2, NO2, SOR, SO2R3, SO3R3, PO(OR3)2 and optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl, wherein R, R1 and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted Ci-Cio alkyl, or optionally substituted C6—C20 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6—C20 aryl, mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds with each other, and/or with N,N—dimethyl—p-toluidine, and mixtures of any of the said aromatic heterocyclic compounds and/or N,N—dimethyl—p—toluidine with an organic compound containing the structural element, -N=C-S-S—. A composition comprising a mixture of: (A) a member selected from the group consisting of: aromatic heterocyclic compounds having at least one N hetero atom in the ring(s) and substituted on the ring(s)with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, CF3, COOR, COR, OR, SR, CONR‘R2, NO2, SOR, SO2R3, SO3R3, PO(OR3)2 and optionally substituted C6—C20 aryl, wherein R, R‘ and R2 (which may be the same or different) are H, optionally substituted Cl-C10 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl, and R3 is optionally substituted Ci—C1o alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C20 aryl, N ,N—dimethyl—p—toluidine, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, with (B) an organic compound containing the structural element, —N=C-S-S-. Use of a composition according to at least one of the preceding claims for the accelerated hardening of a cyanoacrylate adhesive. Use according to claim 31 wherein the composition is applied to a substrate before application of the cyanoacrylate adhesive thereto. Use according to claim 31 or 32 wherein the composition is applied to the cyanoacrylate adhesive after application of the adhesive to a substrate. An adhesive system comprising a cyanoacrylate adhesive together with a composition according to at least one of claims 1-30. An adhesive system according to claim 34 wherein the composition according to at least one of claims 1-30 is held separately from the adhesive prior to application on a substrate. A process for the bonding of substrates or parts, characterised by either of the following series of process steps: (a) dispensing an activator composition according to any of claims 1-30 onto at least one surface of the substrates or parts to be joined; (b) optionally exposing solvent or other liquid vehicle in the activator composition to air, optionally with heating or with the aid of a fan; optionally retaining the substrate or part having the activator composition thereon for a retention or shipping period; applying a cyanoacrylate adhesive to at least one substrate or part; joining the substrates or parts, optionally with manual or mechanical fixing, optionally subsequently dispensing the activator composition onto adhesive exposed from a joint gap; applying a cyanoacrylate adhesive onto at least one surface of the substrates or parts to be joined; joining the substrates or parts, optionally with manual or mechanical fixing; dispensing an activator composition according to any of claims 1-30 onto the adhesive before or after the step of joining the substrates or parts, optionally exposing solvent or other liquid vehicle in the activator composition to air, optionally with heating or with the aid of a fan. A bonded assembly of substrates or parts bonded by a process according to claim 36. A substrate or part having a composition according to at least one of claims 1-30 applied thereto.