IE44383B1 - A process and a device for purifying water - Google Patents

Description

This invention is related to a process and a device for purifying water by removing micro-organisms which make it possible to remove and make harmless micro-organisms smaller than 10 microns as well as larger micro-organisms and especially within the range 10-100 microns.

A method according to the invention comprises purifying water containing oxygen by removing micro-organisms by passing the water through a mineral wool, e.g. glass wool, or especially, a so-called rock-wool, stone-wool, slag-wool or similar mineral wool materials.

A device according to the invention comprises a container containing a filter comprising mineral wool, and inlet for water to be passed through the filter and an outlet for purified water.

The filter material is preferably produced by forming fibres of a melt, e.g. by pouring the melt onto a rotating disc or a similar device.

The fibre material should comprise a considerable and preferably a preponderant part and especially at least 9035 fibres with a diameter below 15 microns. A suitable fibre diameter is about 1-5 microns. Suitably at least 90% of the total fibre length has a diameter within said range. A suitable average fibre length is up to 10 liras, preferably 1-5 mms., such as 1.5 - 2.5 mms but also shorter or longer fibres may be used.

The fibres should mainly be arranged randomly in three directions, i.e. in space.

The fibres should comprise at most 20% preferably at most 10% and especially at most 5% of the volume of the fibre material, the rest of the volume consisting of a void interspace and optionally some further constituent, such as a binder or a similar material in a quantity which preferably does not exceed the volume of the fibre’s solid. Preferably a binder content below 5-10%, e.g. 1-2% is used.

The fibres are preferably arranged randomly and mainly without binder for mutual bonding of the separate fibres. Such a binder can, however, also be used provided that it does not essentially decrease the efficiency of the filter material for purifying· water.

A suitable fibre solids content is about 3% by volume.

The fibre material should also be completely wettable with water and should maintain the original shape when saturated with or soaked in water.

It is preferable to use a fibre material which in the treated liquid exhibits a Zeta-potential which is essentially 0 or slightly negative, i.e. slightly cation-active, preferably to a maximum of -50 mV.

A suitable fibre material is a material prepared from rock minerals, such as diabase and lime, A suitable weight ratio of mineral, especially diabase to lime, is about 80/20. Furthermore, coke is normally used when preparing the melt from which the fibres are prepared.

A suitable composition of the filter material is: 40-60% Si02 10-20% Α1203 -20% CaO -15% MgO Balance other metal oxides such as FeO, Na20, Ti02, MnO, and KgO.

An example of a composition is: 47% Si02 14% Al203 16% CaO % MgO 8% FeO 2% Na20 1% TiOg 1% MnO 1% KgO These values may vary about 10%. This material exhibits a low level of sodium ion solubility and an equilibrium pH in water which is close to. the neutral.

The process according to the invention can be used generally for 20 purifying water, e.g. for purifying raw or untreated water, preferably after a treatment for removing impurities by flocking, for sewage purification, especially after so-called three stage purification, for removing suspended substances and remaining flocked materials and also for a number of other aqueous liquids with a low content of organic materials as defined more extensively below. The water treatment may also comprise filtration to remove calcium, magnesium or iron hardness.

By the invention it is possible to remove micro-organisms below 10 microns in size. Thus, the process is efficient for removing bacteria and similar microbes, especially pathogenic bacteria. The mechanism by which said micro-organisms are removed can be postulated to depend on the build-up of a biological layer or film in the filter material, in which unwanted micro-organisms are consumed by other microorganisms (e.g. protozoon) and degradation by a biological oxidation process. For said purpose the water is oxygenated to a suitable degree before it is passed into contact with the filter, or by introducing oxygen or air into the filter material through absorption in a so-called trickle filter. Preferably therefore a biological layer is maintained in the filter and the flow rate is so selected that it is sufficient for maintaining the activity of the layer and for preventing clogging of the filter, for instance by continuous degradation of the separated microorganisms in the biological layer.

The filter material may comprise a supply of nutrient agents, especially potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, micro nutrient salts or enzymes, in a form such that they are available to micro-organ,isms in the filter for an extended time of use, e.g. 1 month or preferably 1 year.

The method according to the invention is also highly suited for simultaneously removing micro-organisms above 10 microns in size and preferably with a size between 10 and 100 microns or more.

Such micro-organisms may e.g. consist of protozoons which are pathogenic for animals or human beings.

The reason why the method and the filter material according to the invention are so surprisingly efficient is not known with certainty.

It is, however, probable that the efficiency of the process and material depends on a combination of a number of cooperating effects, especially that the fibre material by a suitable Zeta potential in the liquid and/or by chemical structure and/or surface structure tends to improve the addition and accumulation of micro-organisms on the surface of the fibres. A random arrangement of the fibres in essentially three directions or dimensions may also improve and contribute to this effect in that the fibres may act as mechanical traps for suspended particles or microorganisms of various size ranges.

These cooperating effects lead to the result that it is possible to use according to the invention a very high flow rate in metres per hour 3 2 (m/nr.h). .Thus, the area load or load per filter area unit may be maintained above about 1-1.5 metres per hour and up to 3.5 metres per hour or higher, and is preferably 10 metres per hour or higher, without sacrificing the efficiency. This high load capacity of the material can be expected te depend on a combination of several factors, e.g. the good mechanical shape stability in water also when the water is streaming through the filter material which will have the result that the filter material maintains a loose structure which can easily be penetrated by the liquid. In spite of said high load capacity the material has a very good capacity for removing the micro-organisms mentioned above which are continuously picked up and degraded or decomposed in the filter material without sacrifice of the load capacity.

The filter bed thickness can be selected to a very low value in combination with the stated high load capacity values, e.g. a thickness below 1 metre down to 5-10 cms. or less with maintained high separating capacity.

The impurity content in the feed material, i.e. aqueous liquid to be treated, may vary within broad limits, e.g. from 5 to 50 BOD? (Biological Oxygen Demand). BOD? is the oxygen consumption in mg Og per litre liquid of a sample maintained for 7 days in the dark at 18°C.

It is also preferable that the fibre material has a sufficient shape stability in the treated liquid when subjected to the flow of the treated liquid through the filter material so that the structure of the fibre material is maintained essentially unchanged with maintained high permeability to the liquid being filtered. The compressibility at the liquid flow load, e.g. 5-10 metres/hour, may e.g. be maintained below 20% and preferably below 10% and preferably the filter material should exhibit a compression of less than 1% and especially exhibit no compression at all at a flow rate of 5-10 metres/hour. If desired, the filter material may comprise a supporting matrix or structure, e.g. consisting of coarser fibres, which contributes to the resistance against compression of the filter material and under the influence of the liquid flow.

Preferably a cube of the filter material should after soaking in a filtered liquid and subjected to a compressive load on surfaces of the cubic piece of filter material, which are perpendicular to the intended flow direction with 1 square inch area, exhibit a compression of less than 50%, preferably less than 10% and especially less than 5% when increasing the compressive' load from 10 grams to 20 grams or from 50 grams to 150 grams.

Preferably the fibre structure is randomly oriented, i.e. the filter fibres are arranged randomly in all directions in space. There may, however, be a certain degree of orientation of the fibre directions depending upon the method of production used for the fibre materials or since some special effect is desired, such as forming mechanical traps with fibres crossing each other at an acute angle, especially with a preponderant orientation of the fibres in the direction of the liquid flow.

It is also possible to arrange the fibres preponderantly perpendicular to the direction of flow, e.g. with the fibres mainly oriented in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow.

The filter may also be composed of a number of layers of the same kind of material or of various kinds of filter materials. The filter may e.g. comprise in the direction of flow first a layer of a coarser filter material which retains coarser particles which otherwise may clog the finer filter material which is used for water purification according to the invention.

It is also preferable that the filter is shaped so that it can be removed from the treated water without permitting removed impurities to be returned to the treated liquid by back-washing. If the filter is submerged in a tank containing the water to be treated the inlet to the filter container is preferably connected to the outlet from the propelling or circulation means, e.g. a pump. Alternatively and especially when 4*383 the filter is arranged outside a tank containing the treated water and is connected to said tank through a conduit, said conduit should have a volume which is sufficient for accommodating any back-wash or back-flow of water so that re-introduction of impurities from the filter into the water of a liquid tank is prevented.

The filter material may also comprise a first layer which is permeable to micro-organisms up to 10 microns in size and preferably up to 50-100 microns in size, and a second, finer filter layer, i.e. a filter layer in which the average or maximum distance between the filter fibres is smaller to that the probability of mechanical trapping or contact between the micro-organisms and the filter fibres is increased.

The invention is especially related to a biological filter for treating aqueous liquids with a low BOD value. The BOD? value of the treated aqueous liquid (or water) is preferably below 50 and especially below 10, e.g. between 2 and 5. According to the invention it is possible to create in the filter materials comprised by the invention an efficient biological layer which at the stated BOD value of the treated water or aqueous liquid maintains a sufficient degree of efficiency and simultaneously is subjected to a continuous degradation so that clogging of the filter is prevented.

The load on the filter may according to the invention be varied within broad limits. For optimum production capacity the flow rate may be maintained continuously, or at least periodically, above 1 metre per hour and especially above 2 metres per hour. It may be 1-1.5 metres per hour but usually is 3.5 metres per hour or more. Preferably it is at least 5 metres per hour and most preferably is 10 metres per hour or more. 4 3 8 3 The filter is preferably maintained under aerobic conditions, i.e. the water which flows through the filter should have a sufficiently high oxygen content which can be achieved by aerating the water or by adding air or oxygen together with the water to the filter. Optionally also oxygencontaining compounds may be added, e.g. per-oxygen compounds.

The process according to the invention is especially suited for purifying water which is used for maintaining alive animals or plants, e.g. tanks or pools for raising fish and aquaria.

For said purposes the water is passed continuously or intermittently through a filter according to the invention. The water flow through the filter can be achieved with a pump, e.g. an air lift pump, in which the water is lifted with injected compressed air. The pump and/or filter may t be arranged in and/or outside the quantity of water in which it is desired to maintain living animals (including fish) and plants. Prior to the biological filter according to the invention one may arrange a mechanical filter for removing the coarser particles, etc. which could otherwise clog the biological filter. The filter according to the invention should be shaped so that it can be removed from the treated water without permitting removed impurities to be reintroduced into the water by barfc-flow or backwashing and the filter should be shaped and arranged so that any such back flow or back-washing or liberation of micro-organisms from the filter is not obtained to an essential extent or is completely avoided if the flow of water is discontinued. The inlet to the filter should preferably be connected to the outlet of a circulation pump. «4383 When using a filter according to the invention for purifying the water in aquaria, fish raising plants, swimming pools, drinking water, supply plants or for similar purposes the filter can be used for separating and neutralizing bacteria and similar small micro-organisms, such as protozoones which are parasitic or pathogenic, worm eggs, larvae, etc., which can be neutralized e.g. by mechanical trapping between the filter fibres, holding by electrical forces such as by the influence of Zeta-potential, as well as by the activity of micro-organisms which actively consume undesired constituents in the water. An example of parasites which can be efficiently removed with the filter according to the invention is the parasites Ichtyophtirius multifilius in aquaria fish and which have a size of from 50 microns up to about 500 microns depending upon the stage of evolution, and Schistosoma organisms.

Figure 1 discloses schematically a filter device for an aquarium with an air lift pump 1 which transfers the water to a filter container 2.

Said filter container comprises a filter layer 4 according to the invention of mineral wool arranged on a perforated bottom 3 and above said filter layer a removable thinner layer 5 of a coarser filter material for removing coarser particles. The flowing water forms a liquid surface 6 in the filter container 2 at a certain level above the water level 7 in the aquarium and by the pressure corresponding to said liquid level difference the water in the filter container is forced through the filter layer and through the perforated bottom. The water circulating through the filter and the aquarium has a low content of organic impurities corresponding to a low BOD value and forms an active biological layer in the filter. n Pathogenic micro-organisms in the water are separated and destroyed in the filter by being mechanically trapped and by being attacked and. destroyed in the biological layer. Figure 2 discloses an alternative embodiment. In an outer filter housing 8.with a water inlet and an outlet an internal filter container 9 with perforations in the bottom and the lower part the side wall is arranged. The filter material 4 and the coarser filter material 5 are arranged below a horizontal partition wall 10 with an exchangeable restriction opening insert 11 which allows only the desired maximum flow through the filter. If the water flow to the outer housing is higher than said maximum flow the rest of the water flows over the upper edge of the inner container to the outlet as indicated with arrows.

The method is also suited for purifying water in swimming pools and similar waters.

A suitable filter layer thickness is 2-20 cms. and especially 4-10 cms. The water pressure head is preferably up to 25 cms., especially up to 10 cms. and particularly 2-6 cms.

Claims (10)

1. A method in which water that contains oxygen is purified by removing micro-organisms by passing the water through a filter comprising mineral wool.

2. A method according to claim 1 in which a biological layer is maintained in the filter through which the water is passed and the flow rate per area unit of the filter is so selected that it is sufficient for maintaining the activity of the biological layer and for preventing clogging of the filter.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the water to be purified has a low content of organic materials corresponding to a BODy value of below 50.

4. A method according to any of the preceding claims in which the flow rate through the filter at least periodically is 5 metres per hour or above. 5. Described with reference to either figure of the accompanying drawings. 16. A device suitable for carrying out a method according to any of claims 1 to 6 and which comprises a container containing a filter comprising mineral wool, an inlet for water to be passed through the filter and an outlet for the treated water. 5 least 90% of the fibres have a diameter of from 1 to 5 microns. 11. A method according to any of claims 8 to 10 in which at least 90% of the fibres have a chemical composition, with a variation of 10%, of Si0 z 47%, ai 2 o 3 14%, 10 CaO 16%, MgO 10%, FeO 8%, Na 2 0 2%, Ti0 2 15 MnO 1% KgO 1%. 12. A method according to any preceding claim in which the filter exhibits a compression of less than 50% .when soaked in water to be purified and when increasing a compressive load 20 on a surface of a cube of the filter from 50 to 150 grams per square inch. 13. A method according to any preceding claim in which the filter exhibits a compression of less than 5% when soaked in the water to be purified and when increasing a compressive load on a surface 25 of a cube of the filter from 50 to 150 grams per square inch. *4383 14. A method according to any preceding claim in which the filter material comprises a supply of nutrient agents in a form available to micro-organisms in the filter material for an extended time of use. 15. A method according to claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore

5. A method according to claim 4 in which the flow rate is 10 metres per hour or more.

6. A method according to any preceding claim in which the water to be purified is water from which impurities have been removed by flocking.

7. A method according to any preceding claim applied to the purification of swimming pool water, aquarium water or drinking water.

8. A method according to any preceding claim in which at least 90% of the fibres in the mineral wool have a diameter below 15 microns and a chemical composition comprising 40 to 60% SiOg, 10 to 20% Al 2 0 3 , 10 to 20% CaO and 5 to 15% MgO with the balance other metal oxides.

9. A method according to claim 8 in which the filter has a solid fibre content of up to 10% by volume and an average fibre length of up to 10 mms. 10. A method according to claim 8 or claim 9 in which at

10. 17. A device according to claim 16 in which the filter is as defined in any of claims 8 to 14.