HU194959B - Glass element - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a sheath made of a flat glass, which is suitable for covering, delimiting or illuminating spaces of the invention, which is suitable for bridging larger spans by virtue of the shape chosen on the basis of a particular component (3). Only the shoulder (1) of the two stores bears the burdens of discovering. As a result of their self-supporting properties, the shell wafers can be formed or formed into a homogeneous space without a frame structure along the curved edges (2). The glass sheet made of shells has a dual function at the same time: space bounding and light penetration. The curved surface satisfies certain equations. Characteristic: Figure 1. -1-

Description

The invention relates to a glass element for illuminating and / or delimiting spaces.

Flat glass is used most of all to illuminate buildings. The thickness of glass panes is usually very small compared to their surface size. The strength of the glass, which can be taken into account with the required safety, is relatively low due to high scattering internal stresses and microscopic surface damage.

As a result of size and strength requirements, the glass, whether vertical or oblique to the covering, bounding or illuminating surface, is usually incorporated into a solid (load-bearing) frame structure, which is a support for the glazing, - and the effects of snow loads must be safely resisted. Flat glass can withstand permanent loads to a lesser extent than short-term loads such as gusts of wind. The consequence is that glass panes lying in an oblique or horizontal plane need to be supported even more densely with ribs, or that the glass thickness should be greater than that of a pan with the same surface. In the former case, the self-weight also produces a constant torque in the structure, in the latter case the bending moment is only caused by the temporary loads.

It follows from the above that, in practice, the prerequisite for the application of glass surfaces is the frame structure supporting the flat glass panes.

The load-bearing barrel frame is usually made of wood, metal, concrete, plastic.

Consequently, in addition to glazing work, the skeleton-making industry needs to be involved in making the illuminating surface. The cost per unit area of the frame structures is several times the cost of the glass itself.

It takes time to build the frame that holds the bottle. Involving other professions requires matching work processes and transferring free work space. This results in a lot of time loss in use, in addition to the significant increase in costs. Commonly used wood and metal structures, with the exception of aluminum, require surface treatment. This requires further involvement of the industry. Another problem is that frame structures requiring corrosion protection need to be regularly renewed and their maintenance is costly.

The lighting disadvantage of the frame structure supporting the glazing is the shading effect of the frame structure. Therefore, when dimensioning, the actual illuminating surface should be dimensioned as much as the surface covered by the frame structure.

The thermal disadvantage of the frame structure is that of steel, aluminum and concrete materials, the thermal bridge represents the structural materials. 2

This phenomenon is particularly disadvantageous for insulating glass, where the heat transfer coefficient of the glazing itself is significantly better than that of the frame structure. This results in unjustified heat loss, condensation due to heat flow outward through the frame structure, which in addition to heat loss often requires corrosion protection.

It is known that a unit of horizontal surface aperture has more light energy entering the interior than an aperture of the same size but in a vertical position. This is due to the widespread use of roof lighting structures and their frequent use. Natural lighting for large rooms is only possible through rooflights.

The advantage of rooflights in addition to intensive light output is that they provide much more uniform illumination compared to side lights. The light from above is also more favorable for work than the side light because it comes from a steep incline in the same direction, as it does under the open sky and has less shadow effect.

The safety requirement of the upper glazing is the resistance of the glass to breakage and fragility. That is, in the event of a break for any reason, the glass cannot fall, cause injury or damage to the equipment.

Of the glasses, only laminated-glass and wire-insulated glass meet the requirements.

However, the use of skylights, in spite of their advantages, is hampered by what has been said about the load-bearing properties of oblique glazing and the forced use of the essential supporting frame structure. In order to counteract these effects, illuminating shapes made of various plastics have appeared: dome and stave elements. They are capable of bearing the loads created by their design without the use of a frame structure. they are capable of bridging openings self-supporting so that they are supported only along their edges. The span they bridge is usually larger than can be covered with a flat piece of the same material and thickness.

The disadvantages of plastic illuminators and their hindrance are that they have: - limited durability; ultraviolet rays of the sun cause a harmful change in the plastic, aging, which is manifested by discoloration and the development of cracks;

-For certain materials and to bridge larger spans, fiberglass is incorporated for reinforcement, which in turn reduces light transmission.

- These structures usually carry loads under bending stress.

-2194959 —Some plastics are colored alone. The paired use of fiberglass and tinted material has a significant light-reducing effect. Fully transparent plastics are only used to bridge small spans.

- Self-cleaning of plastics is unsolved. Due to their electrostatic charge, they are highly dusty, both on the outside and on the inside. External precipitation, possibly internal micro-condensation, absorbs electrostatically bonded dust. The cracks are also filled with dirt. Their light transmittance is thus significantly further degraded during use.

- Because of the above, the plastics require frequent cleaning but are not sufficiently resistant to mechanical cleaning operations and are scratched, thus further diminishing their light transmission.

—Plastic materials do not meet the requirements for fire protection in many ways because they are usually flammable, they promote the spread of fire, they burn down in the form of molten flame, and may produce toxic gas.

Flat glass pane structures have glass panels that are supportive in structure and subjected to bending stresses under load. The glass is not equally capable of bearing the press and tensile demands. The strength of flat glass panels is determined by the bending-tensile strength of the glass. This is only about one-tenth of the compressive strength.

The idea of the invention is based on the recognition that glass can also fulfill the stated purpose in terms of load-bearing capacity by shaping flat glass panels into a curved surface in which predominantly compressive loads result from the applied loads.

The discovery of the invention is based on the experience that simple or laminated glass or wire-insulated glass can fulfill its purpose by forming flat glass panes made of such glass into a second or more orderly shell surface in which predominantly compressive forces are applied under the influence of applied forces. thereby the glass shell itself becomes a load-bearing, self-supporting structure.

The object of the present invention is to form glass into a shell element that does not require support along curved edges having longitudinal component lines or curves, a perpendicular transverse cross-sectional curve such as a glass shell curvature it can be made of several layers and layers and can be made of insulating glass.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the illumination and / or delimitation of glass element spaces, which have their creative edges supported along the vault. The body with a load-bearing capacity of glass is satisfied by the shape in the ranges delimited by the surfaces described by the following equations:

z, = ϋξ ² + ϋ (1 -ξ ² ) [cos ² ( _n k ^ -)] (1)

Z ||. = C [1 — COS (ξ2.)] + D cos (£ ^ -) [cos ² (nk ·

5) i, where ξ = £; η = Χ; k = 1,2,3, ....

The element is made of glass of any material, color, surface treatment, any technology, glass of any number and thickness, or heat insulating glass.

An advantage of the invention is that the shell arches can be directly adjacent to each other, each element itself transmitting forces from its own weight, heat and wind load to the support. The self-supporting shell members according to the invention can also be installed in a vertical plane. In this case, it is sufficient to provide support only along the lower curved edge.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the drawings, in which Figure 1 illustrates a straight-line cylindrical surface of a second degree parabolic guiding curve according to the formulas; Figure 4 is a highlighted version, Figure 4 shows a further embodiment.

The present invention is an element, considered to be a shell arch, in terms of its shape defined by the equation (I) j and (II) in the assumed spatial Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z) as follows:

z, = Οξ ² + D (l-ξ ² ) [cos ² (pk-5) j (I) z _n = C [1 cos (| i)] + Dcos (£ ^) [cos ² (pk5j ( II) where:

2μ is the arch of the shell

2v is the width of the shell arch

C is the arrow height of the curved edges x = 0; y = ± v

D is the arrow height x = 0 of the curve 3; at y = 0, ξ = ^; ratios, k = 1,2,3, .... integers.

Equations (I) and (II) each define a complex surface curved in two directions. In more detail on Equation (I):

For D = 0, the equation takes the following form:

Z, = Q ² and gives a linear surface of a quadrilateral parabolic guide curve shown in Figure 1. In a support structure of the above shape, supported in the direction of the shoulder and tangential to the shoulder, there is practically only a compression demand due to the tare weight and the uniformly distributed snow load.

-3194959

The structure does not require support along the 2 curved edges. This shape, with the right thickness of glass, is only suitable for bridging a gap. Beyond a certain limit, due to the slenderness of the structure, problems of under-stability, - deflection, buckling, - impede the utilization of the strength of the glass. The structure may be damaged by imbalance before it has reached the limit of the glass's capacity.

The task here is to increase the stiffness of the structure. Greater rigidity of the shell curves, with the same glass thickness, can be achieved by providing bidirectional curvature. By choosing C = 0 in Equation (I):

The equation Z = D (1 - ξ ² ) [cos ² ak *) l defines the surface shown in Figure 3. The surface is fitted to the straight edges x = ± u and y = ± v, respectively. The vertical plane section of y = 0 is a duplex parabola. In the vertical plane section x = 0, the amplitude D is a cos ² curve.

By superimposing the surfaces defined by the above equations, the surface defined by equation (I) is created.

Figure 2 shows a version of the surface at k = 1. The tangents in the y direction perpendicular to the curved edges of the surface are horizontal; surfaces can be connected.

The stiffness of the shell arches can be further increased by increasing the number of waves in the y direction, by thickening the creasing. By taking k = 3 in equation (I), the surface shown in Figure 4 is created.

Due to the manufacturing technology, a certain tolerance field should be taken into account regarding the dimensional accuracy of the surface shape. In the vertical plane sections x = 0 and x = ± u the required surface can be provided. Divergence can be expected in the curve line.

The system and structure of the surface defined by Equation (II) are the same as those described in relation to Equation (I). The guiding curve of the cylinder surface is a cosine curve. At D = 0

Z _t , = C [l-cos (££)]

The shell curves according to the invention, when mounted horizontally or inclined, need only be supported at the shop shoulders 1; they do not require support along the 2-curved edges, they can be directly aligned with their 2-curved edges.

Each element itself transmits the forces of its own weight, the snow load, to the support.

The self-supporting shell members according to the invention can also be installed in a vertical plane. In this case, it is sufficient to provide support only along the lower curved edge. Load distribution 4 can be mounted on top of each other with their curved ends.

The elements can also be used as horizontal convex or concave glazing on a vertical surface. In such an arrangement, the glass envelope should be supported along the lower and upper arch 1 vglla.

The invention can be practiced in any type of composite, color, surface, thickness, quality glass. Depending on the amount and quality of light, the glass can be selected, e.g. it can be blurred, tinted, reflective, cathedrals, light-absorbing glass. Multiple layers can be combined with each other. The asymmetric coloring of the glass barrel and the application of a reflective surface can also be used to produce directional elements for the transmission of solar energy and to replace the shedet structure.

Advantages of applying the invention to skylights and overlays include:

- save on construction, corrosion protection and maintenance costs of the frame structure, - failure of the frame structure saves time, quick and simple structure,

- only one discipline should be included instead of several; avoids collisions and time-outs resulting from the coordination of technological processes,

- • eliminate the thermal bridges caused by metal structures and the associated heat loss.

—To achieve the same level of illumination, it is necessary to cover a smaller aperture compared to the skylights, thus reducing construction costs; furthermore, the heating (air-conditioning) cost will be reduced through heat loss through a smaller surface.

-The glass has a high light transmittance, so a higher specific level of illumination can be achieved with a unit surface, such as: plastics.

- The material of the glass does not age, retains its good photometric properties for a long time.

- The outer surface is well self-cleaning, the snow slides down quickly, and has an electrostatic property better than other transparent or translucent materials. The internal dusting is therefore moderate. It is easy to clean, well resistant to the mechanical effects of cleaning.

- By increasing the number of layers in a multilayer thermal insulating structure, the light transmission property is reduced to a lesser extent than in the case of colored plastics.

- Colorless glasses do not distort the natural color of the light, so they do not cause harmful psychiatric complaints, do not interfere with color distortion.

-Non-flammable material, well meets fire protection requirements. With special glass, the requirement of fire resistance can be raised to a high level.

-4194959

-The light and heat transmission can be controlled by the choice of glass and the composition of the layer.

- Shatterproof, no falling glass, no damage, no damage to equipment. Glued glass is very resistant to hail and has the same properties as windscreen vehicles.

The elements according to the invention are suitable as a skylight for buildings in single or multi-layer design; office, educational, educational, health, industrial, agricultural, sports grounds, gyms, sports halls, swimming pools, museums, etc. for.

Single or multi-layered as a complete space design; passages, arcades, pedestrian streets, sports fields, outdoor swimming pools, lounges, playgrounds, school yards, courtyards, ruin gardens, monuments, solar powered dryers, salt distillers, etc. cover.

It can be used as a side light for the façade of any building, when used as a self-supporting glass wall, for fencing, wind deflecting walls (eg on the beach), interior decoration, interior architecture.

Claims (2)

1. A glass element for illuminating, delimiting or covering spaces, characterized in that the element is a curved surface such that ⁵ Z _t = C | ² + D (14 ² ) [cos ² (qk ^)] (I.) Z, = C [l-cos (£ Í) j + Dcos (g4r) [cos. ² (pk - ^) j 10 where η = ^; - ratios; k = 1,2,3, ...- integers; x, y, z coordinates; u = semicircle of shell arch; π = 3,14ί 15 D = arrowhead height of curve 3 at x = 0, y = 0; C = Arrow heights at x = 0 and y = ± v It has curved surfaces as described by the equations, and there is a supporting shoulder (1) along the curved edge (2) of the element. 2. The glass element according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of one or more layers and layers or is made of heat insulating glass.