HRP20230441T1 - Postrojenja i proces skladištenja energije - Google Patents

Postrojenja i proces skladištenja energije Download PDF

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HRP20230441T1
HRP20230441T1 HRP20230441TT HRP20230441T HRP20230441T1 HR P20230441 T1 HRP20230441 T1 HR P20230441T1 HR P20230441T T HRP20230441T T HR P20230441TT HR P20230441 T HRP20230441 T HR P20230441T HR P20230441 T1 HRP20230441 T1 HR P20230441T1
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working fluid
heat exchanger
reservoir
turbine
phase
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HRP20230441TT
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Claudio SPADACINI
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Energy Dome S.P.A.
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/14—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K27/00—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/006—Accumulators and steam compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/185—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters using waste heat from outside the plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/16—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C1/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
    • F02C1/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly
    • F02C1/10—Closed cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
    • F03G6/0055—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy having other power cycles, e.g. Stirling or transcritical, supercritical cycles; combined with other power sources, e.g. wind, gas or nuclear
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/02—Use of accumulators and specific engine types; Control thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K9/00—Plants characterised by condensers arranged or modified to co-operate with the engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2210/00—Working fluids
    • F05D2210/10—Kind or type
    • F05D2210/12—Kind or type gaseous, i.e. compressible
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2210/00—Working fluids
    • F05D2210/40—Flow geometry or direction
    • F05D2210/44—Flow geometry or direction bidirectional, i.e. in opposite, alternating directions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)

Claims (15)

1. Postrojenje za skladištenje energije, koje sadrži: kućište (5) u kome se skladišti radni fluid osim atmosferskog zraka, u plinovitoj fazi i u ravnoteži pritiska sa atmosferom, pri čemu je navedeno kućište (5) balon pod pritiskom ili ima strukturu plinomjera; rezervoar (9) u kome se skladišti navedeni radni fluid u tekućoj ili superkritičnoj fazi sa temperaturom blizu kritične temperature; pri čemu je navedena kritična temperatura blizu temperature okoline; pri čemu je postrojenje konfigurirano da izvodi zatvorenu cikličnu termodinamičku transformaciju (TTC), prvo u jednom smjeru u konfiguraciji punjenja a zatim u suprotnom smjeru u konfiguraciji pražnjenja, između navedenog kućišta (5) i navedenog rezervoara (9); pri čemu u konfiguraciji punjenja postrojenje skladišti toplinu i pritisak a u konfiguracija pražnjenja proizvodi energiju.
2. Postrojenje prema zahtjevu 1, pri čemu radni fluid ima sljedeća kemijsko-fizička svojstva: kritična temperatura između 0°C i 200°C, gustoća na 25°C između 0.5 kg/m3 i 10 kg/m3; i/ili je odabran iz grupe koja uključuje: CO2, SF6, N2O.
3. Postrojenje prema zahtjevu 1 ili 2, koje sadrži: - kompresor (3) i motor mehanički povezane jedan sa drugim; - turbinu (2) i generator mehanički povezane jedan sa drugim; - navedeno kućište (5) izvana u kontaktu sa atmosferom i koje iznutra ograničava zapremninu konfiguriranu da sadrži radni fluid pri atmosferskom pritisku ili suštinski atmosferskom pritisku, pri čemu je navedena zapremnina selektivno u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa ulazom (3a) kompresora (3) ili sa izlazom (2b) turbine (2); - primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline selektivno u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa izlazom (3b) kompresora (3) ili sa ulazom (2a) turbine (2); - navedeni rezervoar (9) u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa primarnim izmjenjivačem (7) topline da akumulira radni fluid; - sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline operativno aktivan između primarnog izmjenjivača (7) topline i rezervoara (9) ili u navedenom rezervoaru (9); pri čemu je navedeno postrojenje konfigurirano da radi u konfiguraciji punjenja ili u konfiguraciji pražnjenja; pri čemu, u konfiguraciji punjenja, kućište (5) je u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa ulazom (3a) kompresora (3) a primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline je u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa izlazom (3b) kompresora (3), turbina (2) se nalazi u mirovanju, motor radi i pokreće kompresor (3) da komprimira radni fluid koji dolazi iz kućišta (5), primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline radi kao hladnjak za uklanjanje topline iz komprimiranog radnog fluida, njegovo hlađenje i skladištenje toplinske energije, sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline radi kao hladnjak za odvođenje dalje topline iz komprimiranog radnog fluida i skladištenje dalje toplinske energije, rezervoar (9) prima i skladišti komprimirani i ohlađeni radni fluid, pri čemu radni fluid uskladišten u rezervoaru (9) ima temperaturu blizu vlastite kritične temperature; pri čemu, u konfiguraciji pražnjenja, kućište (5) je u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa izlazom (2b) turbine (2) a primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline je u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa ulazom (2a) turbine (2), kompresor (3) se nalazi u mirovanju, sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline radi kao grijač da oslobađa toplinu radnom fluidu koja dolazi iz rezervoara (9), primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline radi kao grijač da oslobađa dalje topline u radni fluid i zagrijava ga, turbina (2) se rotira zagrijanim radnim fluidom i pokreće generator koji proizvodi energiju, radni fluid se vraća u kućište (5) na atmosferski ili uglavnom atmosferski pritisak.
4. Postrojenje prema zahtjevu 3, koje sadrži dodatni izmjenjivač (13) topline operativno smješten između kućišta (5) i kompresora (3) i između kućišta (5) i turbine (2) da prethodno zagrije radni fluid prije komprimiranja u kompresoru (3), u konfiguraciji skladištenja, ili da ohladi radni fluid iz turbine (2), u konfiguraciji pražnjenja.
5. Postrojenje prema jednom od prethodnih zahtjeva 3 ili 4, pri čemu su motor i generator odvojeni elementi; ili pri čemu su motor i generator definirani jednim motorom-generator (4) i postrojenje sadrži spojene uređaje između navedenog motora-generatora (4) i kompresora (3) i turbine (2) za mehaničko i alternativno povezivanje motora-generatora (4) sa kompresorom (3) ili turbinom (2).
6. Postrojenje prema jednom od prethodnih zahtjeva 3, 4 ili 5, pri čemu su sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline i primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline konfigurirani da vrše superkritičnu transformaciju radnog fluida tako da se navedeni radni fluid akumulira u rezervoaru (9) u superkritičnoj fazi.
7. Postrojenje prema prethodnim zahtjevima, pri čemu rezervoar (9) sadrži odvajajuću membranu (31) konfiguriranu da interno odvoji rezervoar (9) u prvu komoru sa promjenjivom zapremninom (32) za radni fluid u superkritičnoj fazi i u drugu komoru sa promjenjivom zapremninom (33) u fluidnoj komunikaciji sa kompenzacijskom strujom (34) koji sadrži nekompresibilni fluid.
8. Postrojenje prema bilo kojem od prethodnih zahtjeva od 3 do 5, pri čemu su sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline i primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline konfigurirani da vrše subkritičnu transformaciju radnog fluida tako da se navedeni radni fluid akumulira u rezervoaru (9) u tekućoj fazi.
9. Postrojenje prema bilo kojem od prethodnih zahtjeva 3 do 8, pri čemu je primarni izmjenjivač topline (7) regenerator topline sa fiksnim ili pokretnim slojem ili sadrži primarnu struju vode, ulja ili soli (15) sa najmanje jednom primarnom komorom (17, 18) za skladištenje.
10. Postrojenje prema bilo kojem od prethodnih zahtjeva od 3 do 9, pri čemu sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline sadrži sekundarnu struju (20) zraka ili vode sa najmanje jednom sekundarnom komorom (21, 22) za skladištenje i konfiguriran je da odvodi toplinu iz radnog fluida, u konfiguraciji punjenja, ili da prenosi toplinu radnom fluidu, u konfiguraciji pražnjenja, pri temperaturi ispod 100°C.
11. Proces skladištenja energija, koji obuhvaća: izvođenje zatvorene termodinamičke cikličke transformacije (TTC), prvo u jednom smjeru u konfiguraciji/fazi punjenja, a zatim u suprotnom smjeru u konfiguraciji/fazi pražnjenja, između kućišta (5) za skladištenje radnog fluida različitog od atmosferskog zraka, u plinovitoj fazi i u ravnoteži pritiska sa atmosferom, i rezervoara (9) za skladištenje navedenog radnog fluida u tekućoj i superkritičnoj fazi sa temperaturom blizu kritične temperature; pri čemu je navedena kritična temperatura blizu temperature okoline; pri čemu, u fazi punjenja, proces akumulira toplinu i pritisak i, u fazi pražnjenja, proizvodi energiju.
12. Proces prema zahtjevu 11, pri čemu faza punjenja obuhvaća: - komprimiranje navedenog radnog fluida, koji dolazi iz navedenog kućišta (5) izvana u kontaktu sa atmosferom i koje ograničava iznutra zapreminu konfiguriranu da sadrži radni fluid na atmosferskom pritisku ili suštinski atmosferskom, apsorbirajući energiju; - ubrizgavanje komprimiranog radnog fluida kroz primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline i sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline postavljenih u nizu kako bi se temperatura radnog fluida približila vlastitoj kritičnoj temperaturi; pri čemu primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline radi kao hladnjak za uklanjanje topline iz komprimiranog radnog fluida, njegovo hlađenje i skladištenje toplinske energije, pri čemu sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline radi kao hladnjak za odvođenje dalje topline iz komprimiranog radnog fluida i skladištenja dalje toplinske energije; - akumuliranje ohlađenog radnog fluida u navedenom rezervoaru (9); pri čemu sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline i primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline vrše superkritičnu transformaciju radnog fluida tako se navedeni radni fluid akumulira u rezervoaru (9) u superkritičnoj fazi ili pri čemu sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline i primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline vrše subkritičnu transformaciju radnog fluida tako da se radni fluid akumulira u rezervoaru (9) u tekućoj fazi; pri čemu je temperatura radnog fluid akumuliranog u rezervoaru (9) između 0 °C i 100 °C i pri čemu je pritisak radnog fluida akumuliranog u rezervoaru (9) između 10 bara i 150 bara.
13. Proces prema zahtjevu 11 ili 12, pri čemu navedeni radni fluid ima sljedeća fizičko-kemijska svojstva: kritičnu temperaturu između 0 °C i200 °C, gustoću na 25 °C između 0,5 kg/m3 i 10 kg/m3; i/ili je odabran iz grupe koja uključuje: CO2, SF6, N2O.
14. Proces prema zahtjevu 12 ili 13, pri čemu faza pražnjenja i proizvodnja energije obuhvaća: - prolazak radnog fluida iz rezervoara (9) kroz sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline i primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline; pri čemu sekundarni izmjenjivač (10) topline radi kao grijač da prenosi toplinu radnom fluidu koji dolazi iz rezervoara (9), pri čemu primarni izmjenjivač (7) topline radi kao grijač da prenese dalje toplinu radnom fluidu i zagrije ga; - polazak zagrijanog radnog fluida kroz turbinu (2), pri čemu se turbina (2) rotira zagrijanim radnim fluidom i pokreće generator koji proizvodi energiju, pri čemu se radni fluid širi i hladi u turbini (2); - ponovno ubrizgavanje radnog fluida koji dolazi iz turbine (2) u kućište (5) pri atmosferskom ili suštinski atmosferskom pritisku.
15. Proces prema zahtjevu 14, pri čemu u fazi pražnjenja i proizvodnje energije, između primarnog izmjenjivača (7) topline i turbine (2), predviđeno je dalje zagrijavanje radnog fluida kroz dodatni izvor (230) topline.
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