HRP20020009A2 - Two-process rotary internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Description

The field to which the invention relates

Conversion of thermal energy into mechanical work in internal combustion engines.

Technical problem

Weak utilization of thermal energy of the fuel and too little obtained mechanical work.

In all previous designs of internal combustion engines, the energy utilization is relatively low. The four-stroke piston construction of the internal combustion engine, which is the most widely used today, is based on an inefficient mechanical and thermal concept.

A mechanical construction in which the direction of force action and the length of the force arm change from the value 0 in GMT and end at the value 0 in DMT is a very unfavorable mechanical construction that cannot use the achieved pressure values.

In today's piston constructions, all process cycles take place in one volume, which is thermally very unfavorable for achieving greater energy utilization.

THE BEST KNOWN theoretical process of heat utilization (Carnot) is thermally much better CONTROLLED.

In this process, heat is REMOVED from the medium at the time of compression, and SUPPLYED at the time of expansion. By supplying heat during isothermal expansion, at the time when work is obtained, in the Carnot circular process with T1= const., the internal energy of the medium achieved at the end of compression is MAINTAINED.

In today's reciprocating constructions, bringing heat and increasing internal energy to the medium takes place at an unfavorable time, when work cannot be obtained due to the mechanical construction. Work is mainly obtained by adiabatic expansion, by which at the time when work is obtained, the internal energy of the medium is DECREASED. This is the reason why piston constructions cannot give better thermal results.

Since internal combustion engines are heat engines in which thermal energy is converted into mechanical work, it is necessary to make maximum use of this heat.

With today's constructions, including the Wankel rotary engine, this is not the case.

During fuel combustion, a large part of the released heat passes to the walls of the system surrounding the combustion volume. If that part of the heat is immediately taken to the refrigerator with water and given to the environment, as is done in today's constructions, large irreversible heat losses occur. The following irreversible heat losses of today's constructions take place by removing part of the heat from the system via the large external surfaces of the system - by radiation. When the heat of exhaust gases is added to this, which is directly and irreversibly discharged into the environment, the use of heat in today's constructions is very poor.

Today's constructions use about 35% of the energy invested.

The remaining energy is lost through heat removal: water, radiation and exhaust gases.

It is necessary to reduce these losses to a smaller extent, which will also increase the utilization of energy.

State of the art

Disadvantages of today's piston designs of internal combustion engines

The piston construction has a large number of mechanical and thermal defects.

In the mechanical sense, it has a big disadvantage in converting the rectilinear motion of the piston into the circular motion of the crankshaft, so the direction of force action changes. At the time of reaching the highest pressure and temperature, thus achieving the highest internal energy of the medium, the direction of force action is almost perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so very little work and torque is obtained.

The change in volume takes place by the stroke of the piston from GMT to DMT, in which the piston literally stops to change the direction of the stroke, causing unpleasant inertial forces that cause restless operation.

A sudden change in volume that takes place in half a revolution of the crankshaft is also very unfavorable from the point of view of better utilization of energy. In addition to the reduced path of action of forces (during expansion), the times required to perform individual strokes are significantly shortened, which requires a high speed of the process.

The four-stroke construction which is the most widely used today in 720° rotation of the crankshaft gives work on a path of 180° (1 Pi). The development of the process in the cylinder in which the piston is moved in a straight line by the connecting rod connected to the crankshaft determines the dimensions of the machine, which means that in the case of designs with smaller dimensions, it is not possible to achieve a larger force arm and thereby achieve a higher torque.

The length of the force arm ranges from 0 to a length that is a maximum of half the stroke of the piston because it is the radius of the crankshaft. At the moment of reaching the maximum force arm, the pressures have already dropped significantly due to the expansion, and in the further rotation, the force arm drops again towards 0 and the direction of the force towards the axis of rotation, which is the reason that very little or almost nothing is gained with a longer expansion in the piston construction.

Due to the high temperatures of the medium at the end of compression, today's piston engines are designed with relatively low compression ratios.

The low pressure achieved by compression is raised by the combustion of fuel at a constant volume or with a very small increase in volume at the end of combustion. Thus, in the Otto process, due to the compression that ended with a high temperature and relatively low pressure, the introduction of heat by the combustion of fuel, the pressure and temperature, as well as the internal energy of the medium, increase at the time of a very small change in volume, i.e. at the time when NO WORK IS DONE . The heat released during combustion serves not only to increase the internal energy of the medium, but also to heat the relatively cold surrounding walls. Fuel combustion begins before the end of compression (about 30° before GMT and lasts approximately as long after GMT), and a later start of combustion (at the beginning of expansion - after GMT) would be even more unfavorable due to too short expansion and heat losses due to excessively high temperatures and exhaust gas pressures. In Diesel's or Sabhate's process, the change in volume during combustion is slightly larger, so the results are slightly better. Due to this increase in volume during combustion, higher pressures at the beginning of combustion are necessary and desirable, and in connection with this, higher compression ratios, and since air is compressed in these processes, the temperature at the end of compression is not limited. The high temperature and pressure at the end of compression in these processes, and due to the too short duration of the expansion, as well as the large mass of the medium, also results in heat losses due to the high temperature and pressure of the exhaust gases, so the initial effects are significantly reduced. In the mentioned processes, WORK is mainly obtained at the expense of the internal energy of the medium through adiabatic expansion, which lowers the temperature of the medium, thereby reducing the internal energy of the medium.

The harmful space inevitable in this construction retains the burnt gases from the previous revolution, reduces the volumetric degree of filling, which introduces a smaller mass of media into the process.

The structure works with the help of numerous valves (flow resistance) driven by camshafts and the necessary transmission and springs, so for the above, in addition to friction losses, a certain amount of work must be spent. By adjusting the opening and closing moments of the valves, the time for individual strokes was obtained.

The most important expansion stroke, i.e. the stroke in which work is obtained, is significantly shortened (exhaust valves open already after 130-135° expansion), which, despite the start of combustion during compression, removes a large part of the heat into the environment through exhaust gases. A loss of a few bars of pressure at the beginning of the exhaust is considered advantageous in order to achieve the highest possible exhaust speed. This proves the lack of time, because the loss cannot be advantageous in principle. However, due to the mechanical construction (the direction and arm of the force at the end of the expansion are again unfavorable, the change in volume is too small), so the high temperature of the burnt gases, which could maintain those few bars of pressure for longer and achieve a certain amount of work, is not used, but is given up into the environment, which directly causes large heat losses.

From the point of view of heat utilization, the development of the process in one volume is very unfavorable.

In heat engines, the pressure and temperature of the medium at the end of compression is as high as possible.

During the sudden suction of the medium into the single-volume piston engine, and the high speed of the flow of the medium during the suction, there is an intense transfer of heat from the hot walls to the medium, which raises the temperature of the medium already during the suction. The transfer of heat from the hot surrounding walls to the medium continues even at the beginning of compression, so a high temperature of the medium is soon created. This increases the internal energy of the medium before work is done on the medium, so more work needs to be invested for such compression.

During compression, the temperature of the medium becomes higher than the temperature of the surrounding walls, so the heat transfer starts in reverse from the medium to the walls. Heat removal is too late and too weak to allow compression to higher compression ratios. Compression takes place with a high average exponent of polytropic compression, and due to the prematurely reached high temperature of the medium, the compression must be completed at low compression ratios, which results in a low pressure at the end of compression.

A high temperature at the end of compression can be achieved by cooling the medium during compression, by compressing the medium longer to higher compression ratios, which achieves a higher pressure at the end of compression, but this is impossible in a one-volume piston design.

Wankel's rotary construction in terms of a larger force arm and torque is somewhat better than piston constructions, but thermally it is designed similarly to piston constructions, because all strokes take place in one housing in which it is difficult to achieve the desired temperature conditions, the rotor moves planetary, compression ratios change and are structurally limited, there are problems with circumferential sealing, production is complex and expensive, and the use of energy is somewhat less than with piston structures.

For a more efficient use of energy and obtaining more work, it would be advantageous to perform compression as we see in the Carnot cycle process, with intense EXTRACTION of heat from the medium during the "first stage" of compression, which would achieve high pressures after this compression, with less work. This compression should take place between the EXTERNALLY INTENSIVELY COOLED walls surrounding the compression volume. Compression should be done more slowly so that the heat has time to dissipate. Cooling the media during compression enables compression to higher compression ratios. In the theoretical Carnot circular process, the temperature of the medium at the end of the isothermal compression theoretically remains the initial compression temperature (T2=const.). The required temperature in this process is reached by adiabatic compression, i.e. without removing heat to the medium during the "second stage" of compression, so this type of compression cannot be performed in a volume with intensively cooled surrounding walls.

Bringing heat to the medium by the transfer of heat from the cold surrounding walls or through the cold surrounding walls is impossible. Bringing heat to the medium by burning fuel in the volume surrounded by cold walls would be very unfavorable due to large losses due to the transfer of heat to the surrounding walls during combustion.

It is evident from this that the theoretically best process of heat utilization - the Carnot circular process, requires the process to take place in several volumes.

Due to the development of all strokes in one volume, the possibilities of accumulating heat provided by materials in today's internal combustion engine designs cannot be used.

When all the steps of the process take place in one volume, it is most advantageous to achieve the optimal "working temperature" of the surrounding walls. This results in a relatively low temperature of the surrounding walls, which means that during each combustion, there is a large transfer of heat to the surrounding walls, which on the other hand are cooled by water, which leads the heat to the refrigerator and then to the environment.

Heat transfer from the medium to the walls during combustion causes the greatest heat losses.

Due to the low energy utilization of today's internal combustion engine designs, relatively little work is achieved in one cycle (most often 2 revolutions). Due to the little work obtained in one revolution, power is achieved either by a large number of revolutions or by increasing the volume, which in both cases results in increased fuel and air consumption, excessive environmental pollution and global warming of the planet.

In the shortest objects, these are structural defects that prevent a more efficient process. These are the reasons for the poor use of energy in existing constructions.

Such defects can only be eliminated with a completely different construction.

Presentation of the essence of the invention

Better utilization of energy in internal combustion engines can be achieved according to the author's proposal

4a) With a new thermal process - (Krajnović's circular process)

4b) By accumulating heat in the system

4c) Using the accumulated heat of the system - (Carnot's circular process)

4d) By the mechanical construction of the rotary engine with internal combustion, which enables this, and is characterized by the following mechanical and thermal advantages:

1. There is no conversion of rectilinear to circular motion

2. The change in volume takes place in 360° rotation of the shaft

3. THE DIRECTION of the force is ALWAYS IDEAL - parallel to the axis of rotation. (constant)

4. FORCE ARM is always maximum - (constant)

5. The possibility of increasing the force arm without increasing the volume - increasing the engine power.

6. All beats take place SIMULTANEOUSLY

7. Intake, Exhaust and Expansion continue continuously

8. The construction enables a better volumetric degree of filling

9. The construction allows a much longer time for each cycle of the process to take place

10. The construction works without the use of valves and necessary transmissions

11. The engine has an extremely favorable relationship between mass and obtained work, i.e. power

12. There are no negative inertial forces in the rotary construction

13. The construction thermally enables high compression ratios

14. The construction reduces thermal losses through radiation

15. The construction enables the accumulation of heat and its use

16. The construction enables better utilization of the temperature and pressure of the burnt gases

17. The possibility of production for all propellant fuels

18. Simplicity of construction

19. Peaceful and quiet work.

The rotary engine is constructed on the well-known principle of operation: intake, compression, expansion and exhaust, but the HEAT PROCESS is conducted in a more efficient way than in today's constructions.

The essential difference of the process control compared to the previous one consists in the fact that all process cycles take place simultaneously in a larger number of volumes isolated from each other and from the environment, which enables more favorable thermal control of the process. Intake and compression take place in ONE cylinder, and in the SECOND cylinder, located on the same shaft, fuel combustion and heat accumulation take place during expansion.

The development of the thermal process in a system of several cylinders isolated from each other and from the environment allows the heat to be LEAVED during compression, and DELIVERED during expansion, as in the Carnot circular process, which results in better utilization of energy, and reduces radiation losses. The heat of the walls of these cylinders, which surround the volumes, can be used, that is, their temperature can be adjusted to the needs of the process. Large, internally, suitably surface-treated, round surfaces of the ring and rotor, which rotate together with the medium, a slower volume change, in which the opposite round walls are very close, as well as a much longer available time, are favorable factors for heat transfer. The biggest losses in today's engines occur during fuel combustion, because a large part of the released heat heats up the relatively cold surrounding walls. The temperature difference between the walls surrounding the combustion volume and the maximum temperature of the medium during the process should be as small as possible. The maximum temperature of the process can be reduced with a larger mass of air, and the material surrounding the combustion volume must withstand as high a working temperature as possible. This will reduce the total heat transfer from the medium to the walls during combustion.

For a better use of energy, it is necessary and desirable to achieve high compression ratios, which means high pressure at the end of compression, and this implies the process taking place at very high pressures.

The round, cylindrical construction is, in the mechanical sense, the strongest possible construction.

4a) New circular process (Author: Branko Krajnović)

The most efficient practically achievable thermal process can be achieved:

By REMOVING part of the heat by reducing the temperature of the medium during compression, which reduces the internal energy of the medium at the time when work is performed on the medium - for which work needs to be invested.

SUPPLYING heat with an increase in temperature to the medium during expansion INCREASES the internal energy of the medium realized at the end of compression, at the time when the medium does work, - thus work is obtained.

By adding heat DURING EXPANSION, work is obtained both at the time of increase and at the time of decrease of the internal energy of the medium. In comparison with the thermal processes that are most used today, the process conducted in this way both theoretically and practically achieves the greatest work in one revolution. The value of this process, in addition to the above, also consists in the fact that it enables the use of the Carnot circular process in a way and within the framework in which the Carnot process can be used practically and simply.

A theoretical adiabat or isotherm is impossible to achieve in practice, but the process is indicated by theoretical frameworks, for the purpose of comparing the practically performed with the ideal theoretical evaluation of the process, as well as for the purpose of theoretical comparison with other thermal processes.

Figure 1 shows the theoretical pV diagram of Krajnović's circular process.

1 Start of process T1 and p1 state of the environment

1-2 Isothermal compression at T1 = cons.

2-3 Adiabatic compression

3-4 Isobaric suppression of media from compr. of the cylinder into the accumulation chamber at p = cons.

4-5 Isobaric transition of the medium from the chamber to the expansion cylinder at p = cons.

5-6 Isochoric heat supply at V = cons.

6-7 Isobaric heat supply at p = cons.

7-8 Isothermal heat supply at T = cons.

8-1 Adiabatic expansion

Figure 2 shows the pV diagram of a practically feasible Krajnović circular process

The process starts at point 1 with the state of the environment. The process is conducted by compressing the medium in the suction-compression cylinder, with PART of the heat being removed to the medium during compression. At the selected temperature and pressure, a connection is established between the compression cylinder and the storage chamber. At the moment of connection, the pressure in the compression cylinder is slightly higher than the pressure in the storage chamber. In the next few degrees of rotation of the shaft, the pressure is equalized, and the medium is pressed into the accumulation chamber. At a certain moment, by establishing a connection, the intended mass of medium under high pressure expands from the chamber into the corresponding volume of the bore in the rotor in the combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder. The rapid transition of the medium takes only a few degrees of rotation of the shaft (10-15° with T=cons. and a very small pressure drop), after which the connection with the chamber is broken, and heat is SUPPLIED to the medium by the transition of part of the heat from the hot surrounding walls, and increases pressure and temperature isochorically, BEFORE combustion begins. By injecting and igniting fuel, heat is supplied to the medium along - COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE DELTA. Fuel combustion - bringing in heat, takes place during expansion, with a gradual increase in volume. After the combustion is complete, the heat is supplied to the medium by the RETURN of part of the heat from the surfaces that took part of the heat during the combustion and turn together with the medium. Part of the heat released by combustion is ACCUMULATED in these walls.

The expansion takes place with an additional increase in the expansion volume. An additional increase in the expansion volume can be achieved with larger dimensions of the expansion cylinder, and it can also be achieved by conveniently adding another expansion-exhaust volume, which can use any pressure value.

1 Start of process T1 and p1 state of the environment

1-2 Compression with heat removal to the medium

2-3 Pressing the medium from the compression cylinder into the storage chamber

3-4 Expansion of the medium from the chamber into the expansion cylinder

4-5 Bringing heat to the medium from the surrounding walls - by heat transfer

5-6 Polytropy of heat supply to the medium by fuel combustion

6-7 Bringing heat to the medium from the surrounding walls - by heat recovery

7-1 Media expansion

4b) Accumulation of heat in the SYSTEM

In all thermal processes, heat must be SUPPLYED and DRAINED.

According to the author's proposal, it is necessary to ACCUMULATE the heat in the SYSTEM and USE the accumulation.

In a certain number of revolutions, by supplying and burning fuel, heat is SUPPLIED to both the MEDIA and the SYSTEM in which the process takes place. Part of the heat released by fuel combustion, which in internal combustion engines inevitably passes to the walls of the system surrounding the combustion volume, must be ACCUMULATED in these WALLS. When the temperature of the accumulated heat in the walls of the SYSTEM that immediately surrounds the medium at the time of combustion approaches the endurance limit of the material (hypothetically marked 1000°K in pV diagrams), it is necessary to start removing that heat and USE it.

The heat is mostly accumulated in the walls surrounding the rotor bore where combustion takes place, the peripheral part of the rotor mass and the inner part of the peripheral ring that are in direct contact with the medium, and the part of the side walls that surround the medium during combustion.

Using a smaller part of the accumulated heat of the system

Part of the accumulated heat of the system can also be used in the revolutions of the fuel combustion process by transferring heat to the medium BEFORE the fuel combustion begins, because the temperature of the medium at the end of compression is lower than the temperature of the surrounding walls in the combustion-accumulation cylinder.

4c) Utilization of the accumulated heat in the system is achieved by the Carnot circular process

Most of the accumulated heat is used when the temperature of the system approaches the limit of the working endurance of the material, so that, in a certain number of revolutions, the supply and combustion of fuel is interrupted.

This stops the further rise of the system temperature. Cooling of the system takes place by the flow of air through the system. BY REMOVING THE ACCUMULATED HEAT FROM THE SYSTEM (material), the heat is DELIVERED TO THE MEDIA, which during expansion maintains the internal energy of the medium reached at the end of compression.

Instead of cooling the system with water, the heat is removed from the system with air, which means NO FUEL IS CONSUMED in the cooling cycles of the system, and by using the ACCUMULATED heat of the SYSTEM - it gets a certain amount of work.

Figure 3 shows a theoretical pV diagram of a possible application of the Carnot circular process

1 Start of process T1 and p1 = T5 and p5 in Figure 1.

The state of the medium at this point in thermodynamic calculations is precisely defined by the values:

"pressure and temperature of the medium at the end of compression".

1-2 Isobaric supply of accumulated heat with p = cons.

2-3 Isothermal expansion with T = cons.

3-4 Adiabatic expansion

4-5 Identical to combustion process 1-2 Figure 1

5-6 Identical to combustion process 2-3 Figure 1

6-7 Identical to the combustion process 3-4 Figure 1

7-1 Identical to combustion process 4-5 Figure 1

Figure 4 shows a practical pV diagram in revolutions of utilizing the accumulated heat of the system by the Carnot cycle process.

Obtaining work at these revolutions is unachievable without the process of supplying and burning fuel (Figure 2), whereby part of the heat has accumulated in the system, so the process of removing heat from the system begins at the point of changing the way the process is conducted by not supplying and burning fuel (Figure 4 , point 1).

1 Start of the process T1 and p1 = T4 and p4 in Figure 2

1-2 Bringing heat - by heat transfer along the delta V

2-3 Bringing heat - by heat transfer along the delta T

3-4 Media expansion

4-5 Identical to combustion process 1-2 in Figure 2

5-6 Identical to combustion process 2-3 in Figure 2

6-1 Identical to combustion process 3-4 in Figure 2

Greater work gain in these revolutions, apart from the mass of air, depends on the highest possible temperature of the accumulated heat, the highest possible pressure and temperature of the air at the end of compression, which during expansion - due to the transfer of heat from the surrounding walls to the medium - needs to be maintained as long as possible.

In the theoretical Otto process, heat is supplied to the medium at constant volume. In Diesel's theoretical process at constant pressure. In Sabhate's theoretical process, heat is supplied partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure.

It is known that this is not the case in real processes.

In this way, the practically used Carnot process (as a real process) will also not take place at constant temperatures, but the energy utilization will still be the highest.

When the system in the area of combustion cools down to the intended temperature, heat is supplied again to both the medium and the system - by supplying and burning fuel, and so alternately in the SAME SYSTEM, HEAT IS SUPPLIED TO THE MEDIUM in a certain number of revolutions (1 or more) by burning fuel, and in a certain number revolutions by heat transfer, i.e. using the accumulated heat of the system.

By alternating the Krajnović process (which achieves the greatest work in one revolution) and the Carnot process (which in the next revolution achieves work by utilizing the accumulated part of the heat introduced in the previous revolution), the most efficient thermal process is achieved.

In the revolutions in which the fuel is supplied and burned, more work is achieved, greater forces, and with them, a greater torque, than in the revolutions of cooling the system. For better torque equalization, TWO or MORE SYSTEMS can work on the same shaft. Here, the most important thing to emphasize is that both ways of bringing heat can take place SIMULTANEOUSLY. While in the FIRST system, heat is SUPPLYED, (in a certain number of revolutions, fuel is injected and burned) to obtain "high work", at the same time, in the SECOND system, on the same shaft, heat is REMOVED (not by supplying fuel), while obtaining "low work" and so alternately . In this way, processes can be conducted with multi-system engines of larger dimensions, where there are requirements for extremely high power and torque (ship engines, etc.).

The process is carried out in ONE system by FREQUENT alternating supply and removal of heat in a smaller temperature range of the surrounding walls, (1 rotation of heat supply to the system and 1 rotation of heat removal from the system), and the torque equalization will be done by the flywheel.

By conducting the process in this way, it is possible to make better use of that part of the heat (energy) that is drained away by water in today's constructions. (about 30%)

By isolating the system from the environment, part of the heat that is currently lost through radiation (about 5%) will be better used.

The system can be made with one expansion cylinder, where an exhaust opening should be provided in it. The volume of the expansion cylinder can be larger than the volume of the suction-compression cylinder due to its construction (dimensions). Due to the installation of the exhaust opening (in one or both side walls), the volume and expansion time are reduced, so combustion should start as early as possible at the time of the small initial volume change. By using a larger mass of media in the process, as well as a longer combustion time, despite the increased expansion volume, the process could end with a certain loss of temperature and pressure at the beginning of the exhaust.

This loss of pressure can be avoided by conveniently adding an ADDITIONAL expansion-exhaust cylinder, so that the start of combustion can start later with a larger increase in volume, and the combustion can last longer. Due to the additional transfer of the medium to that additional expansion cylinder, this variant is more complex, so in the following text the process will be described in the version with two expansion cylinders.

Figure 5 (page 8/11) visually shows the isolation of one system. The picture shows two expansion cylinders of identical volume isolated from the environment. The first expansion cylinder in which combustion takes place is called the combustion-accumulation cylinder, and the second expansion-exhaust cylinder.

1. Suction-compression cylinder

AK. Accumulation chamber

2. Combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder

3. Expansion-exhaust cylinder

4. Heat and sound insulation of expansion cylinders from the environment

5. Shaft

Thermal conditions for the process

The suction-compression cylinder is structurally separated and isolated from the rest of the structure due to the passage of heat. This cylinder is exposed to heat exchange with the environment. The walls of the cylinder can be air-cooled by a fan, and in case of need for more intense cooling, the heat from the walls of this cylinder can be removed by water cooling. The heat in the walls of this cylinder is generated by the transfer of a part of the heat from the medium, whose temperature rises due to compression, and this heat is not supplied by the fuel. This heat needs to be removed.

In order to perform compression, work must be invested, which is obtained by using the heat (energy) of the fuel.

Due to the low temperature of the surrounding walls of this cylinder, the slower volume change during suction, and the lower speed of the medium during suction, the temperature of the medium at the end of suction, i.e. at the beginning of compression, will not significantly increase compared to the ambient temperature, which will also increase the mass of the medium sucked in.

Due to a slower volume change during compression, in a narrow volume, which surrounds large heat removal surfaces, and a much longer duration of compression, which takes place on a longer path, by turning the shaft more than 180°, the average exponent of polytropic compression will be smaller, so the compression it can and must be done longer, thus reaching the required temperature with a high compression ratio. This results in a much higher pressure at the end of compression, i.e. at the beginning of combustion. Achieving the most favorable average exponent during compression is the main task for achieving excellent results in this construction. Such an exponent should be achieved by adequate removal of heat from the medium during compression.

Since the structure has not been tested, there are no measured temperature values of heat accumulation and transfer. Due to the savings that can be achieved, it is necessary to determine the optimal temperature of the medium at the end of compression. If the transfer of heat from the walls to the medium in the expansion cylinder in the initial stages of expansion is absent (?), compression can be carried out even with cooling, with a large compression ratio, up to the usual high temperatures at the end of compression. (In that case, the pV diagrams should also be slightly corrected.) If the heat transfer in the rotor bore in the expansion cylinder is expected to be intense enough, the compression can be ended so that the temperature of the medium at the end of the compression in the compression cylinder is slightly lower than usual.

The combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder is structurally ISOLATED from the ENVIRONMENT, which prevents the removal of heat by radiation, and it is also separated and isolated from the intake-compression cylinder. This reduces the heat transfer to the suction-compression cylinder, which needs to be cooled. During the operation of the engine, the walls surrounding the volume of the bore in the rotor as well as the large round surfaces of the rotor and ring in the combustion-accumulation cylinder will accumulate part of the heat released during combustion and become increasingly hot. The temperature of this accumulated heat in the material should be several hundred degrees higher than the temperature of the medium at the end of compression.

In the practical design of this cylinder, it is desirable to use multi-layer materials of various heat conductivity in order to accumulate the greatest heat in the layer that is in contact with the medium and slow down the passage of heat to other parts of the structure. The walls of the bore volume where the combustion takes place could be made of a material that can withstand a hundred degrees higher accumulation temperature (ceramics).

ADDITIONAL heating to the medium BEFORE the start of combustion and at the very beginning of expansion will be achieved as soon as the system heats up. By bringing heat, the internal energy of the medium is additionally increased, but at the time when the medium begins to do work. The volume change in the expansion cylinder in these stages is very small. Heat is supplied to the medium in the hot volume of the bore in the rotor, in the combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder. The walls of the bore volume are extremely hot because fuel combustion takes place in that volume, so the heat transfer increases the temperature and pressure, and the surrounding walls as well as the walls of the bore volume cool down to some extent. This part of the system is the thermally the hottest part of the system, and greater heat transfer in the borehole can be accelerated by the turbulence of the medium.

With this, part of the accumulated heat in the walls of the system can be used for less work.

In Figure 6 (left), the drawn circle indicates the transfer of heat from the medium to the walls during combustion in the combustion-accumulation cylinder. This part of the heat accumulates in the surrounding walls and is used in several ways. The gray arrows on both schemes indicate heat transitions from the walls to the medium. Figure 6 (right) shows the transfer of heat from the medium to the walls and vice versa in today's piston constructions. The removed heat in today's constructions is not accumulated or used.

The accumulated heat in the combustion-accumulation cylinder can be used multiple times. The removal of the heat accumulated in the walls of this cylinder is carried out by transition - the return of heat from the walls to the medium, which:

1. brings heat to the medium before the start of combustion,

2. does not remove heat to the medium at the very beginning of combustion,

3. reduces the total transfer of heat from the medium to the walls during combustion,

4. accelerates the combustion process,

5. returns part of the heat to the medium after the combustion is complete.

6. brings heat to the medium in the system's cooling revolutions, when there is no fuel combustion.

Accumulated heat can be used partly for less input and partly for more obtained work.

Greater utilization of energy can be achieved by better utilization of the heat of the burnt gases.

In piston constructions, this loss also accounts for more than 30% of the introduced energy.

The temperature of the burnt gases at the moment IO (exhaust open) in piston structures is around 1000°K. The high temperature of the burnt gases can be used with a different expansion than what is possible with the piston construction. In the piston construction, the force direction and the force arm at the end of the expansion are too unfavorable to be able to take advantage of the relatively low pressure.

In the rotary construction, due to the constant ideal direction and force arm, by increasing the expansion volume by conveniently adding an additional expansion-exhaust volume, an "extended" and "extended" expansion can be achieved, which can use the temperature of the burnt gases and make maximum use of the relatively low pressure, to obtain of work.

The expansion-exhaust cylinder is located next to the combustion-accumulation cylinder and together with it is isolated from the environment.

Its purpose is to increase the expansion volume during expansion and prevent the direct removal of heat by burnt gases from the combustion-accumulation cylinder to the environment. This expansion and extension of the expansion volume enables heat to be supplied to the medium with a later start of combustion with a larger increase in volume. An additional expansion-exhaust volume is also needed to enable the greatest possible accumulation of heat in the walls of the combustion-accumulation cylinder, and to keep the heat longer in the system. This concentrates the high temperature of the accumulated heat on a smaller area, which makes it possible to achieve faster accumulation.

As the construction still needs to be thermally tested, the measured data could indicate other possibilities.

An additional expansion-exhaust cylinder gives the theoretical possibility of adjusting the dimensions and volume of the combustion-accumulation cylinder.

It is possible to connect the additional expansion-exhaust volume at the most convenient moment.

In this construction, the dimensions and thus the volumes of all cylinders can be mutually different.

In the pictures shown, the dimensions of all cylinders are identical, so the volume in all cylinders is almost identical. They differ only in the bore volumes.

By rotating the housing, they can be connected at the most convenient moments, and in order to achieve a gradual increase in volume, the pusher (5/3) must be at its initial stage.

Figure 7 shows the connection method:

combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder (5/2 pusher at its 180°) with

by the expansion cylinder of the expansion - exhaust (thruster 5/3 at its 0°).

The pushers match each other, and the housings are rotated and fixed by 180°

In the initial consideration, the joining of volumes was performed at the indicated degrees.

In Figure 8, stylized surfaces visually show the same volumes by INCREASE (volume delta - dependent on the alpha angle - shown by the surface).

With this volume display, it is easier to visualize the joining of two expansion volumes.

On the path marked with = 180°, expansion takes place simultaneously in two cylinders with constant ideal force direction, constant force arm, constant volume increase or constant area (a) of two pushers (5/2 and 5/3), high temperature of combustion gases slow down will be the pressure drop and each pressure value will be used to obtain work.

4d) Mechanical construction of a rotary engine with internal combustion

The subject of the invention is the construction of a rotary engine with internal combustion, which on the same shaft has a suction-compression cylinder and at least one, and may have (described below) two expansion cylinders. Suction and compression take place in the suction-compression cylinder. Between the suction-compression cylinder and the combustion-accumulation cylinder is a stationary accumulation chamber. In the first expansion cylinder, fuel combustion and accumulation of part of the released heat takes place during expansion. The second expansion cylinder is an additional expansion-exhaust cylinder. The strokes that occur in the volumes of all cylinders occur simultaneously.

In the stators of all three cylinders are placed rotating congruent and coaxial: rings, rotors and pushers. Each cylinder has a circumferential part of the casing (1) (Figures 9 and 10) in the geometric center of which the circumferential ring (2) is located. Each cylinder has a rotor (3) which is located eccentrically in relation to the geometric center of the housing and ring, and is fixedly connected to the shaft (4) in its geometric center. The rotor and the ring are placed in such a way that they constantly touch at one point (0), and they are connected by a radially movable pusher (5), which is inserted into the rotor gap on one side, and on the other side is hingedly placed in a circular opening in the ring. In this way, the pusher in each cylinder forms two variable volumes. Considering the direction of rotation, the volume in front of it (A) and the volume behind it (B). Each cylinder also contains side walls (9) centered with the peripheral casing, so together they form a closed volume in the stator. Bearings (10) in which the shaft (4) is mounted are installed in the side walls, and openings for intake (6), exhaust (12) or medium flow (11) are located in these walls. The contact point of the rotor and the ring (0) is marked with 0° as the initial degree of rotation of the pusher, as well as 0° of the housing in relation to the rotating parts, i.e. the mutual position in relation to the other two housings. 0° of the first intake-compression cylinder housing and 0° of the second combustion-accumulation housing coincide with each other (Figure 18).

The third housing of the expansion-exhaust cylinder is rotated and fixed by an angle of 180° in relation to the housings of the previous two cylinders. If in the first cylinder the pusher is at its initial 0°, the pusher in the second housing is rotated 180° and is at its 180°. The third pusher is comparable to the pusher in the second cylinder, because compared to the pusher in the first cylinder, it is also rotated by 180°, but the third pusher at that moment, since its housing is also rotated, is at its initial 0° (Figures 17 and 18).

During rotation, the rotating parts rest tightly on the inner walls of the cylindrical housing as well as on the side walls of the housing. In order to reduce the circumferential friction of the ring and the circumferential part of the casing, cylindrical rollers (8) are installed in the side walls in the corners of the circumferential casing.

These are the main parts of each cylinder.

They are identical in all cylinders, but differ in the holes and channels for the medium flow.

These differences will be specially described and visually presented in 3D.

In Figure 9, the pusher is at 180° to show volumes A and B.

Figure 10 shows the connection of the hole in the rotor (7) and the segmental hole in the side wall (11), so the pusher is in a different position.

Figure 11 shows a simplified three-dimensional representation of the rotating parts of each cylinder: ring (2), rotor (3) fixed to the shaft (4), pusher (5) and peripheral rollers (8).

Media flow and construction sealing

There are no valves in this rotary construction, so the medium flow through the system is ensured by holes in the rotors, segmental grooves in the rotors and segmental holes in the side walls.

Self-sealing of the "touch point", due to the curved volume and the suitably processed round surfaces of the rotor and ring, can be achieved by the turbulence of the medium. The sealing of the peripheral ring (except for the classic method of sealing with links) can be achieved with a labyrinth-non-contact design of the side surfaces, and self-sealing can also be achieved with the turbulence of the medium. The sealing of the holes in the rotors and the holes in the side walls is done by the surfaces themselves and the links located in the side walls.

Rotors

In the rotors, holes (7) are drilled at a certain angle from the side to the peripheral side of the rotor (picture 12). The holes in the rotors have the task of transferring the medium from the front side of the rotor to the side or vice versa. By rotating the rotor at precisely defined moments, the connection between the holes (or segmental grooves) in the rotor is established or broken with the segmental holes in the side walls (Figure 15), thus establishing or breaking the connection between the volumes through which the medium flows. All holes and grooves must be adequately dimensioned and smooth in order to provide as little resistance as possible to the flow of the medium.

Differences between the holes in the rotors according to their tasks, performance and location

In the rotor of the suction-compression cylinder, there is one hole (marked 1R in the drawings - the first rotor) immediately in front of the pusher in the direction of rotation (pictures 12). In that bore, after the medium has been pushed into the chamber, a certain amount of medium under high pressure will remain, which in further rotation, when the peripheral opening of the bore moves to the suction side, will expand through contact point 0 (pictures 9 and 10) into the suction volume in front of the pusher and accelerate the "filling" of the suction volume with a larger mass of medium and predictably raise the initial pressure (Figure 16 f). This rotor is located between side walls I and II.

There are two holes in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation cylinder (Figure 13). Due to the direction of rotation, one is located in front and the other behind the pusher. The hole behind the pusher in the rotor in the combustion-accumulation cylinder (in the drawings marked 2R/B - second rotor, volume behind the pusher - B), has a cylindrical shape and is drilled parallel to the peripheral surface of the rotor. This parallel bore has the task of periodically joining the segmental volumes in both side walls (III and IV). The volume of the cylindrical bore is connected by an additional peripheral bore, so together they have the shape of the letter T (Figure 13/2). The rotor is located between the side walls III and IV (Figure 15). At a certain moment, the hole 2R/B establishes a connection with the segmental hole in the side wall III, so the medium from the chamber expands into the hole 2R/B in the initial stages of expansion. In bore 2R/B, fuel combustion takes place as in the main combustion volume. The walls surrounding this bore must be made of materials that can withstand the high temperature of the reservoir.

After the combustion is complete, during expansion, at the predicted moment, the hole 2R/B connects to the segmental hole IV/B on the side wall IV and establishes a connection with the hole 3R/B, so the medium expands into the expansion-exhaust cylinder (Figure 17e). The bore behind the pusher in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation cylinder 2R/B connects the higher pressure volumes by establishing a connection with the bore behind the pusher in the rotor of the expansion-exhaust cylinder for the duration of 180° of shaft rotation. The bore in front of the pusher in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation cylinder (marked 2R/A in the drawings) has the task of establishing a low-pressure volume connection by establishing a connection with the bore in front of the pusher in the expansion-exhaust cylinder. The bore is connected from the front side to the side wall of the rotor, where the segmental groove is made (Figure 13). Segmental bores were made in the intended places in the partition wall IV to connect the volume between these two cylinders. The partition wall (IV) between these two cylinders is shared (Figures 15 and 18). With this design of the channel, the volumes of low pressure in the cylinders are connected by 360° rotation of the shaft, which ensures a continuous exhaust.

There are also two holes in the rotor of the expansion-exhaust cylinder.

The hole behind the pusher (3R/B) in the rotor in the expansion-exhaust cylinder is designed like the hole 1R and is shown in Figure 14. The task of this hole is to connect the volume for the flow of higher pressure media with the combustion-accumulation cylinder. The circumferential bore in front of the pusher (3R/A) in the expansion-exhaust rotor is located 180° in advance connected by a segmental groove in the side wall of the rotor as shown in Figure 14 and its task is to connect the volume of low pressure exhaust gases. This connection via a segmental bore in the side wall is also established in all 360° revolutions of the shaft.

Side walls

Figure 15 shows the side walls labeled I - V in order of media flow. The dashed lines show the volumes that the rotors and rings form next to these walls. Walls I and II surround the compression volume. Suction openings (6) are made in them. A segmental bore is made in wall II, through which the medium is pushed at the end of compression into the accumulation chamber. This hole will be marked (II) in the following text. Between walls II and III, the location of the cylindrical storage chamber is visually shown. Walls III and IV surround the combustion-accumulation expansion volume. In wall III, a segmental hole (III) is made, through which the medium expands from the chamber into the volume of the hole in the rotor 2R/B. An expansion-exhaust volume was formed between walls IV and V, so wall IV is common and larger than the others. Dashed lines on wall IV show the volumes that form on both sides of the wall. Two segmental boreholes were made in wall IV. The segmental hole for the establishment of the volume connection behind the pusher marked IV/B and the segmental hole for establishing the volume connection in front of the pusher marked IV/A. Wall V together with its peripheral casing is rotated by 180° and has an exhaust opening (12).

Process development

For the sake of clarity, the drawings that show the geometric change in volume and the flow of media through the holes in the characteristic positions of the pusher in all working volumes have been maximally simplified. The thermal part of the process management was mostly already described earlier.

Development of the process in the suction-compression cylinder.

Figures 16 show the change in volume only in the suction-compression cylinder. As the compression takes place in the storage chamber, the other volumes are not shown here. Figure 16 shows the suction openings (6) one above the other, as well as the segmental hole II in the side wall II (Figure 15), through which the medium is pushed into the accumulation chamber. The pusher in the suction-compression cylinder (5/1) is moved in relation to the pushers in the expansion cylinders (5/2 and 5/3) by 180°. (picture 18)

Figure 16a shows the pusher (5/1) in the intake-compression cylinder at its 90° at the beginning of compression at the moment INTAKE CLOSED. The pusher begins to compress the medium in the volume (A) in front of it, and at the same time in the volume behind it (B) through the suction openings (6) in the side walls I and II. The vacuum suctions the medium for a new cycle during all 360° revolutions of the shaft (Fig. 16 a, b, c, d, e, f).

Using the inertia of the medium, the suction lasts 360° rotation of the shaft (by rotating the pusher (5/1) from 90° - 90°).

The compression of the medium lasts up to a certain temperature and pressure when the connection of the hole 1R in the compression rotor with the segmental hole in the side wall II is established. On the other side of the side wall II (picture 15) next to the suction-compression cylinder, there is a stationary accumulation chamber. The beginning of the segmental bore in the sidewall II can be made at the desired degree of rotation, which means that the length of the segmental bore can be adjusted to the needs. The beginning of pushing the compressed medium into the storage chamber is shown in Figure 16d. In the volume of the segmental bore in the side wall II, which is in constant connection with the volume of the chamber, at the moment of connection with the bore in the rotor 1R, the pressure is the same as the pressure in the chamber, but a little lower - in the bore 1R of the suction-compression rotor. The pressure is equalized in the next few degrees, and then the pushing of the medium into the chamber continues with constant pressure and temperature.

In Figure 16e, the pushing of the medium into the chamber is completed and the connection between the bores is broken. This connection must be broken before the circumferential outlet of the bore 1R passes over the contact point 0 so as not to establish a circumferential connection of the high pressure volume with the low pressure intake volume. The amount of medium that remained in the bore 1R under compression pressure will expand into the suction side in front of the pusher as soon as the circumferential outlet of the bore crosses the contact point 0 and predictably increase the initial mass and initial pressure of the medium (Figure 16f). When the pusher at its 90° again crosses the suction opening and closes the medium in front of it, a new cycle of compression starts in front of the pusher and suction behind the pusher.

The storage chamber is necessary for several reasons. The filling of the volume of the bore 2R/B in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation cylinder is done after the connection with the chamber is established almost instantly, by the expansion of the medium into that volume, because the medium in the chamber is under high pressure. Adequate volume of this chamber achieves a very small pressure drop during "filling". In order to reduce as much as possible the passage of heat through the walls, from the part of the system that accumulates heat to the intake-compression cylinder, which needs to be cooled from the outside, it is the simplest and most efficient for the intake-compression cylinder to be moved away, so an accumulation chamber is necessary. The task of this accumulation chamber is to accumulate a certain amount of medium under high pressure and temperature. The storage chamber is in constant connection with the segmental openings in the side walls II and III, i.e. the volumes of these segmental holes are included in the calculation of the volume of the chamber. The connection is established and broken at convenient (predicted) moments by establishing the connection of the segment openings with the holes in the rotors of both the compression cylinder and the expansion cylinder. The storage chamber is also thermally insulated from the environment.

Development of the process in the combustion-accumulation cylinder

Figure 17 shows the segmental holes in walls III and IV (Figure 15).

At the same time, the holes in both expansion rotors and the moments of their mutual connection are shown (in levels). The housing of the expansion-exhaust cylinder is rotated by 180° in relation to the housings of the other two cylinders. Volumes of higher pressure are marked with a darker shade, and volumes of lower pressure are marked with a lighter shade.

In Figure 17a, the pusher in the combustion-accumulation cylinder (5/2) is at its initial stage. At the same time, in the expansion-exhaust housing, the pusher (5/3) is at its 180°, because the pushers are constantly matching each other. The holes in the rotors behind the pushers (2R/B and 3R/B) also always coincide, and the connection between them is established by the segmental hole IV/B in the side wall IV.

Figure 17b shows the moment of establishing the connection of the combustion bore 2R/B with the segmental bore III in the side wall III. The compressed high-pressure medium from the chamber, at a convenient moment, through the segmental hole in the side wall III at the moment of establishing a connection with the hole 2R/B in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder, suddenly expands into the hot volume of the hole 2R/B. The most suitable moment to establish the connection between the chamber and the volume of the bore 2R/B in the combustion-accumulation cylinder is while the circumferential opening of the 2R/B bore in the rotor is still a few degrees on the exhaust side, that is, before the circumferential opening has crossed the contact point (0). This washes the bore of burnt exhaust gases from the previous revolution, so these gases will be forced into the exhaust side (Figure 17b). Thus, an excellent volumetric degree of filling is achieved. The filling of the hole 2R/B in the rotor of the combustion-accumulation cylinder is completed already after a few degrees of rotation of the rotor, the connection with the segmental hole in the side wall III and thus with the chamber is broken (Fig. 17c). By breaking the connection, the transfer of heat from the hot surrounding surfaces and the increase in temperature and pressure of the medium at the beginning of the expansion at the time of a very small change in volume are enabled, without this increase in pressure affecting the pressure in the chamber. Fuel is injected into the 2R/B rotor bore, which is also the main combustion volume, through the side wall or chamber in the first stages of expansion. This injection can be carried out simultaneously with the filling of the borehole with the medium or immediately after. Self-ignition or a spark plug starts its combustion. After the combustion of the fuel is complete, part of the heat from the large surrounding surfaces, which took part of the heat during the combustion, turning together with the medium, returns part of that heat to the medium, and then, at the appropriate moment, a connection is established with the expansion-exhaust cylinder and the extended expansion begins.

Figure 17d shows the combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder at the time of combustion - heat supply.

Development of the process in the expansion-exhaust cylinder

Partition wall IV between the two expansion cylinders is shared (Figure 15). At a certain moment, the connection of the higher pressure volume is established through the holes and channels - behind the pusher. The drawings show the joining of these volumes at the moment when the pusher in the combustion-accumulation cylinder (5/2) is at its 180° (Figure 17e). At that moment, the pusher in the expansion-exhaust cylinder (5/3) is at its initial stage because the housings are mutually rotated by 180°. By rotating the housing of the expansion-exhaust cylinder, the connection of the volume can be performed at another moment, and the pusher in the expansion-exhaust cylinder (5/3) must be at its initial stage at the time of connection so that the increase in volume is gradual. In these descriptions and schematic representations, the thickness of the pusher is not taken into account, so the housing of the expansion-exhaust cylinder will be rotated about 170° in the real version.

Figure 17e shows the moment of connection of the hole 2R/B with the segmental hole in the side wall IV/B through which the medium flows into the hole of the rotor 3R/B behind the pusher (5/3) in the expansion-exhaust cylinder, which at that time is located on to its initial stage, so expansion continues simultaneously in both expansion cylinders as shown in darker shade in Figure 17f. At that time, in the combustion-accumulation cylinder, a new cycle of bringing the medium into the combustion volume 2R/B begins, and in the expansion-exhaust cylinder behind the pusher, the expansion continues until the moment IO. The volumes in front of both thrusters with low pressure are connected continuously to the exhaust port during all 360° revolutions of the shaft. The exhaust opening (12) in the side wall V (picture 15) is indicated by dashed lines only in pictures 17a and 17f, but this opening is always in the same position and for the sake of clarity it is not drawn in all pictures.

Figure 18 shows the volumes of three working cylinders, accumulation chamber, side walls and pushers: 1. Suction-compression cylinder, AK. Accumulation chamber 2. Combustion-accumulation expansion cylinder 3. Expansion-exhaust cylinder. The volumes of segmental bores II and III are in constant mutual connection with the accumulation chamber AK and together make up the volume of the accumulation chamber. Segmental bores in the side walls IV/A and IV/B establish a connection with the bore volumes in the rotors at certain moments. Dashed lines show pushers (5/1, 5/2 and 5/3) in mutual positions.

All drawings are significantly simplified in order to show the basic idea of the engine in the simplest way possible. Many details are missing that make schematic representations complicated and unclear. The widths of the rotors differ in Figures 10 and 18. For the sake of easier machining of the slots in the rotors as well as these illustrations and descriptions of the operation of the engine, the rotors are shown in unfinished form. In the real version, they are wider than the pushers because a plate is added on the side before the holes are made, which seals the rotor groove in order to prevent the connection with the segmental holes in the side walls. Figure 19 shows the side wall of the rotor with a plate added on one side and the position of the links indicated.

Thermodynamic calculations

The pressure and temperature values that are reached at the end of compression in the Otto process in today's piston designs are shown in Figures 20 and 21.

Figure 20 above shows the compression temperature delta with an average exponent of 1.35 up to a temperature of 700°K. Figure 20 below shows the corresponding compression polytrope, which at the moment of fuel ignition (700°K) reached a pressure value of 16.27 bar.

Figure 21 shows the same compression polytrope which, with the same average exponent (1.35), reached a temperature of 800°K by the end of compression and reached a pressure value of 28.4 bar. For better visibility, the compression polytrope is shown with lower numerical values on the scale on the left, so the temperature could not be shown on this scale. Compression was performed by 180° rotation of the shaft.

These end-of-compression values were achieved with a compression ratio of 11.8:1.

Values of pressure and temperature at the end of compression that can be achieved in a rotary construction by removing part of the heat to the medium during compression.

Figure 22 above shows the compression temperature delta with an average exponent of 1.18 up to a temperature of 700°K. Figure 22 below shows the compression polytrope, which reached a value of 112.6 bar at that temperature. The compression lasted 220° of shaft rotation to a compression ratio of 54.8:1.

Figure 23 shows the same polytrope for better clarity with the same numerical values on the left scale as in Figure 21. This value of the average exponent (1.18) was chosen hypothetically. Testing and measurement of the structure will show with what intensity of cooling the surrounding walls during compression, the corresponding exponent is achieved, which will enable high pressures at the end of compression to be achieved with a higher compression ratio with an appropriate temperature at the end of compression.

Figure 24 shows a realistic pV diagram from a thermodynamic calculation. In this calculation, compression is terminated at a lower compression ratio, at lower pressures and at a lower temperature.

With this, the calculation was not performed on the maximum possible, which allows for the possibility of deviation in reaching the value of the average exponent.

The accumulated pressure in the accumulation chamber is realized in a higher number of revolutions, so the plotted surface shows the accumulated compression work. In this pV diagram, the volumes of both expansion cylinders are the same, but larger than the compression one. This pV diagram was chosen for clarity of those volumes.

The areas under the curves written with thinner lines (depending on the angle alpha) show the compression volume, as well as the two connected expansion volumes. The joining of these volumes was performed at 180° rotation of the pusher 5/2.

Thermodynamic calculations show that from a volume of 400 cm3, in one revolution with fuel combustion, about 900 J of work can be achieved, a maximum torque of about 500 Nm, an average torque in one revolution of about 150 Nm. These results were achieved by filling the cylinder with a mass of 0.000472 kg of medium in one revolution. Combustion calculations were made using the VIBE method, according to Otto's principle, with a stoichiometric ratio of air and fuel of 15:1, lambda 1. Duration of combustion is 60° of shaft rotation.

With the specified values at 2400 rpm, the engine produces about 50 hp.

As the combustion takes place in conditions of higher temperature of the surrounding walls (than today's constructions have), the total transfer of heat during combustion will be lower, so higher peak temperatures of the process can be expected. In this construction, air is compressed, so temperatures in the process can be influenced by a larger mass of air.

Here, the work obtained in cooling revolutions of the system in which no fuel is supplied is not added up. The work obtained in these revolutions depends on the maximum possibilities of heat accumulation in the material, i.e. the maximum "working temperature" of the material (including lubricants), the pressure and temperature of the medium at the end of compression, the mass of the medium in the process, as well as the intensity of heat transfer.

These calculations confirm that with better mechanical construction and better process management, much greater mechanical work can be achieved in the rotation with fuel supply and combustion.

The unused part of the introduced heat in this revolution is accumulated and used to obtain certain work in the next revolution, which results in a much greater utilization of fuel energy.

Claims (4)

1. A two-process rotary engine with internal combustion in which thermal energy is converted into mechanical work, indicated by the fact that: - on the same shaft there is an intake-compression cylinder and one or two expansion cylinders, with an accumulation chamber stationarily located between the intake-compression cylinder and the combustion-accumulation cylinder; - in the first expansion cylinder, fuel combustion and accumulation of part of the released heat takes place during expansion, and in the second expansion cylinder, expansion-exhaust; - each cylinder consists of a peripheral part of the housing (1) and a peripheral ring (2) whose geometric center is located in the geometric center of the peripheral part of the housing (1); - in each cylinder there is a rotor (3) located eccentrically in relation to the geometric center of the casing and the ring, where it is attached to the shaft (4) in its geometric center; - in each cylinder there is a radially movable pusher (5), which is inserted into the rotor gap on one side, and on the other side is hingedly placed in a circular opening in the ring, whereby the pusher in each cylinder forms two variable volumes, depending on the direction of rotation, volume in front (A) and volume behind (B); - the rotor (3) and the circumferential ring (2) constantly touch at one point (0); - each cylinder closes with side walls (9) in which bearings (10) are installed for housing the shaft (4); - in the side walls (9) there are openings for intake (6), exhaust (12) or medium flow (11); - all parts inside the cylinder differ from each other in the holes and channels for media flow; - with this construction, it avoids turning rectilinear into circular motion; - the change in volume takes place in 360 degrees of rotation of the shaft; - thermal radiation losses are reduced by construction; - the construction enables the accumulation of heat and its utilization; - the rotating parts rest tightly on the inner walls of the cylindrical housing and the side walls of the housing; - embedded in the side walls, and located in the corners of the peripheral part of the housing (1), there are cylindrical rollers (8) to reduce the peripheral friction of the ring and the peripheral part of the housing - the housings of the intake-compression cylinder and the combustion-accumulation cylinder coincide with each other, and the housing of the expansion-exhaust cylinder is turned and fixed for the most favorable angle in relation to the housings of the previous two cylinders; - all process cycles take place simultaneously in a larger number of volumes isolated from each other and from the environment, which enables more favorable thermal management of the process, i.e. heat removal during compression, and supply during expansion, whereby by supplying heat to the medium during expansion, work is obtained both during the increase and during reduction of the internal energy of the medium; - media flow through the system is ensured by holes (7) in the rotors (3), segmental grooves in the rotors (3) and segmental holes in the side walls (9). 2. Rotary engine according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that all process cycles take place simultaneously in a large number of volumes isolated from each other and from the environment, whereby intake and compression take place in one cylinder, and expansion in another, which is located on the same shaft . 3. A rotary engine according to claims 1 and 2, characterized by the fact that the engine construction enables a thermal process to take place in which heat is LEFT during compression and INDURED during expansion, whereby heat accumulates in the walls surrounding the rotor bore in which combustion takes place, the peripheral part of the rotor mass and the inner part of the peripheral ring that are in direct contact with the medium, and the part of the side walls that surround the medium at the time of combustion. 4. Rotary engine according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized by the fact that the engine construction enables the use of two thermal processes alternating in the same system, whereby the unused part of the introduced heat in one revolution is accumulated and used to obtain certain work in the second revolution, which achieves a greater use of fuel energy, so that; - in a certain number of revolutions (1 or more), heat is brought to the medium by the combustion of fuel with an increase in the internal energy of the medium during the expansion at the time when the medium performs work, by the development of the Krajnović circular process; - when the temperature of the system approaches the limit of the working endurance of the material, in a certain number of revolutions (1 or more), heat is brought to the medium through the transfer of heat accumulated in the walls of the system, which maintains the internal energy of the medium during the time when the medium performs work, by the Carnot circular process.