GB628881A - Improvements in or relating to methods of sizing or finishing textile materials or yarns, and the finishing composition for use in said method - Google Patents
Improvements in or relating to methods of sizing or finishing textile materials or yarns, and the finishing composition for use in said methodInfo
- Publication number
- GB628881A GB628881A GB3312146A GB3312146A GB628881A GB 628881 A GB628881 A GB 628881A GB 3312146 A GB3312146 A GB 3312146A GB 3312146 A GB3312146 A GB 3312146A GB 628881 A GB628881 A GB 628881A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- condensates
- methylol
- copolymer
- urea
- condensation products
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 2
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 abstract 7
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 abstract 6
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 6
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- VGGLHLAESQEWCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(hydroxymethyl)urea Chemical compound NC(=O)NCO VGGLHLAESQEWCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- -1 amine salt Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 abstract 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 abstract 2
- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 240000008564 Boehmeria nivea Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920002433 Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- MBHRHUJRKGNOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]methanol Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(NCO)=N1 MBHRHUJRKGNOKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Substances O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- CALBDOUFMLLGQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymethylthiourea Chemical compound NC(=S)NCO CALBDOUFMLLGQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 abstract 2
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical class ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 abstract 1
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 abstract 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 abstract 1
- PBZROIMXDZTJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-1,6-dien-4-one Chemical compound C=CCC(=O)CC=C PBZROIMXDZTJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 abstract 1
- DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-1-amine Chemical class CCCCCN DPBLXKKOBLCELK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- HADKRTWCOYPCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 HADKRTWCOYPCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/39—Aldehyde resins; Ketone resins; Polyacetals
- D06M15/423—Amino-aldehyde resins
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
- D06M15/233—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated aromatic, e.g. styrene
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/39—Aldehyde resins; Ketone resins; Polyacetals
- D06M15/41—Phenol-aldehyde or phenol-ketone resins
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2402—Coating or impregnation specified as a size
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
Abstract
A solution or dispersion for stiffening textile materials is made from an aqueous mixture of an ammonium or amine salt of a copolymer of styrene or substituted styrene with maleic anhydride or partial ester of maleic acid and a substantially unpolymerized aldehyde condensation product of urea, thiourea, melamine, or dicyandiamide, or allyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl or butyl) ether derivatives of such condensation products, or unpolymerized aldehyde condensates with phenols, such as phenol, cresol or resorcinol. The textile is heated to form an insoluble resin. Condensation products specified are methylol melamine, methylol urea, methylol thiourea, phenol-formaldehyde condensates, dicyandiamide-formaldehyde condensates and alkyl ethers of methylol urea. Phenolaldehyde condensates are preferably used on heavy materials such as tenting and duck. Polymer salts specified are those of guanidine, methyl-, butyl- and amyl-amines, and phenyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide. As substituted styrenes methyl-, butyl- or chlorostyrenes, and as partial maleic ester monoisopropyl maleate are specified. Minor amounts of vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl ethyl ether, indene, vinyl methyl ketone and acrylic esters, may be present in the copolymer salts. Fibres, yarns or fabrics of cotton, viscose- or acetate-rayons, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, wool, silk, cuprammonium rayon, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer or the substance known as Aralac may be so treated. Solutions of the copolymer salts and of the condensation products may be used separately or in one solution.ALSO:Textile fibres, yarns and fabrics are sized or finished with an aqueous solution or dispersion of an ammonium or amine salt of a copolymer of styrene or substituted styrene with maleic anhydride or partial esters of maleic acid, and a substantially unpolymerized aldehyde condensation product of urea, thiourea, melamine or dicyandiamide, or alkyl ether derivatives of such condensates or unpolymerized aldehyde condensates with phenols, and the material is then heated to form an insoluble resin. Condensation products specified are methylol melamine, methylol urea, methylol thiourea, phenol-formaldehyde condensates, dicyandiamide-formaldehyde condensates and alkyl ethers of methylol urea. Phenol-aldehyde condensates are preferably used on heavy materials such as tenting and duck. Fibres, yarns and fabrics of cotton, viscose or acetate rayon, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, wool, silk, cuprammonium rayon, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, or the substance known as Aralac, may be so treated. Solutions of the copolymer salts and the condensation products may be used separately or in one solution.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US63228545 US2469408A (en) | 1945-12-01 | 1945-12-01 | Treatment of textile material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB628881A true GB628881A (en) | 1949-09-07 |
Family
ID=24534887
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB3312146A Expired GB628881A (en) | 1945-12-01 | 1946-11-07 | Improvements in or relating to methods of sizing or finishing textile materials or yarns, and the finishing composition for use in said method |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2469408A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE469564A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR937468A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB628881A (en) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2499653A (en) * | 1946-10-17 | 1950-03-07 | American Cyanamid Co | Treatment of protein-containing textile materials and products thereof |
| US2609350A (en) * | 1946-12-21 | 1952-09-02 | Gen Aniline & Film Corp | Textile finishing agent |
| US2651587A (en) * | 1947-06-02 | 1953-09-08 | Monsanto Chemicals | Treatment of textile materials |
| US2553524A (en) * | 1947-12-20 | 1951-05-15 | Monsanto Chemicals | Reaction of aminotriazine-aldehyde with vinyl acetate-maleic copolymer |
| US2650172A (en) * | 1949-01-21 | 1953-08-25 | American Viscose Corp | Moistureproofing of nonfibrous cellulosic material |
| US2620316A (en) * | 1949-08-20 | 1952-12-02 | American Cyanamid Co | Soya protein paper coating containing methylated melamine formaldehyde resin |
| DE906685C (en) * | 1950-08-16 | 1954-03-15 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for improving the properties of textiles |
| BE513957A (en) * | 1951-09-08 | |||
| US2804442A (en) * | 1953-04-07 | 1957-08-27 | Monsanto Chemicals | Aminoplasts |
| DE1027630B (en) * | 1954-02-10 | 1958-04-10 | Bayer Ag | Process for the production of textile fabrics ready for use |
| US2952564A (en) * | 1956-02-10 | 1960-09-13 | Monsanto Chemicals | Protective coating composition containing (1) a volatile nitrogenous base salt of an interpolymer of a conjugated 1, 3-diene and acrylic or methacrylic acid and (2) a water-soluble aminoplast resin and method of protecting steel therewith |
| US3001899A (en) * | 1956-04-16 | 1961-09-26 | Kimberly Clark Co | Stereotype mat |
| US2906724A (en) * | 1957-03-21 | 1959-09-29 | American Cyanamid Co | Composition containing polymethylol melamine and an ammonium salt of a copolymer of an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and an alkyl ester of such an acid |
| US3262897A (en) * | 1960-06-27 | 1966-07-26 | Catalin Corp | Thermosetting resins modified with glycolic ester derivatives and method of producing the same |
| US3381054A (en) * | 1964-01-02 | 1968-04-30 | Monsanto Co | Thermosetting mixture of a melamine-formaldehyde condensate and an interpolymer of astyrene monomer and a maleic monomer |
| US3381055A (en) * | 1967-07-03 | 1968-04-30 | Monsanto Co | Thermally stable and thermally flexible thermosetting resin composition |
| US4604221A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1986-08-05 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Nitrogen-containing esters and lubricants containing them |
| US4594378A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1986-06-10 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric compositions, oil compositions containing said polymeric compositions, transmission fluids and hydraulic fluids |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB486926A (en) * | 1936-12-09 | 1938-06-09 | Tootal Broadhurst Lee Co Ltd | Improvements in producing textile materials containing synthetic condensation products |
| US2245491A (en) * | 1937-09-25 | 1941-06-10 | Plaskon Co Inc | Production of urea-formaldehyde resins |
| US2227200A (en) * | 1939-10-30 | 1940-12-31 | Carbourndum Company | Abrasive product |
| US2301959A (en) * | 1940-09-10 | 1942-11-17 | Du Pont | Moistureproof sheet wrapping material |
| US2374767A (en) * | 1942-09-02 | 1945-05-01 | Du Pont | Grease-resistant film |
-
0
- BE BE469564D patent/BE469564A/xx unknown
-
1945
- 1945-12-01 US US63228545 patent/US2469408A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1946
- 1946-11-07 GB GB3312146A patent/GB628881A/en not_active Expired
- 1946-11-20 FR FR937468D patent/FR937468A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US2469408A (en) | 1949-05-10 |
| BE469564A (en) | 1900-01-01 |
| FR937468A (en) | 1948-08-18 |
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