GB2622994A - Method for controlling a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, fuel cell device, computer unit - Google Patents
Method for controlling a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, fuel cell device, computer unit Download PDFInfo
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- GB2622994A GB2622994A GB2319813.8A GB202319813A GB2622994A GB 2622994 A GB2622994 A GB 2622994A GB 202319813 A GB202319813 A GB 202319813A GB 2622994 A GB2622994 A GB 2622994A
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- fuel cell
- cell stack
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- method step
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 370
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 199
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 54
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 13
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004868 gas analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/0435—Temperature; Ambient temperature of cathode exhausts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method (50) for controlling a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack (12) in a fuel cell device (10), wherein the stack temperature is approximated from a cathode initial temperature in at least one method step. According to the invention, in at least one method step, the stack temperature is controlled by an air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12), wherein, in at least one method step, a required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least partially from an enthalpy flow rate of the air (42) to the fuel cell stack (12).
Description
Description
A method for regulating a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, fuel cell device and computing unit
Prior art
A method for regulating a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device has already been proposed, wherein in at least one method step, the stack temperature is approximated from a cathode output temperature.
Disclosure of the invention
The invention relates to a method for regulating a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, wherein in at least one method step, the stack temperature is approximated from a cathode output temperature.
It is proposed that in at least one method step, the stack temperature is regulated by means of an air supply rate to the fuel cell stack, wherein in at least one method step, a required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is determined at least in part from a, in particular molar, enthalpy flow rate of the air to the fuel cell stack.
A "fuel cell device" is to be understood in particular as at least one part, in particular a sub-assembly, of a fuel cell system, in particular a solid oxide fuel cell system. In particular, the fuel cell device can also comprise the entire fuel cell, in particular the entire fuel cell system. Preferably, the fuel cell device is configured at least as a part of a high-temperature fuel cell, in particular a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell, or SOFC, in particular as a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell system. Preferably, the at least one fuel cell device comprises at least one fuel cell stack configured to cause a fuel gas and oxygen to react to generate electrical energy. The at least one fuel cell device can comprise several, for example two, three, four or the like, of fuel cell stacks. Preferably, each fuel cell stack comprises at least one fuel cell, which in particular is provided for electrochemical conversion of fuel, in particular fuel gas, to generate electrical energy. Preferably, all fuel cells are of the same shape, in particular the same dimension. Preferably, each fuel cell comprises at least one anode. Preferably, each fuel cell comprises at least one cathode. Preferably, each fuel cell comprises at least one electrolyte arranged between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode. Preferably, the at least one electrolyte is connected to the at least one anode and the at least one cathode. Preferably, the fuel cell device comprises a computing unit provided for controlling and/or regulating components of the fuel cell device. Preferably, the fuel cell device comprises an airflow unit, which is provided for supplying air to the at least one fuel cell stack and supplying fuel, in particular fuel gas, to the at least one fuel cell stack. The term "provided" should be understood to mean specifically configured, specifically designed, specifically formed and/or specifically equipped. That an object is provided for a specific function should preferably be understood that an object fulfils and/or performs this specific function in at least one application and/or operational state. Preferably, the fuel cell device comprises a reformer unit. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the fuel is reformed.
Preferably, the method is designed to provide a stationary-feed-forward control model for the stack temperature of the at least one fuel cell stack. Preferably, the method is designed to regulate the stack temperature by determining, in particular calculating, in a first method section, an air supply rate of a specific temperature, such as, in particular, a preheated ambient temperature, such as 450°C, 500°C, 524°C, 550°C or the like, required for a specific, in particular desired, stack temperature, and setting the required air supply rate, in particular via the airflow unit, in a further method section. Preferably, in at least one method step, preferably in all method steps, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is approximately ten times greater than a fuel gas supply rate of the fuel to the at least one fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one process step, the stack temperature is regulated at least for the most part by means of the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack, in particular by setting the airflow unit.
Preferably, in at least one method step, an enthalpy flow equilibrium for the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular at least via the enthalpy flow of the air to the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular at least via an enthalpy flow of the fuel to the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular at least via an enthalpy flow of the exhaust air from the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular at least via an enthalpy flow of the fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular at least via an electrical power generated by the fuel cell and in particular at least via a heat loss power of the at least one fuel cell stack.
Preferably, in at least one method step, a current stack temperature is approximated by a measurement of the temperature of the exhaust air from the at least one fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one method step, the current stack temperature is set equal to the temperature of the exhaust air from the at least one fuel cell stack. Alternatively, in at least one method step, the current stack temperature can be set equal to the temperature of the burnt fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack.
Preferably, in at least one method step, the air is supplied to the at least one fuel cell stack at the at least one cathode. Preferably, in at least one method step, the fuel gas is supplied to the at least one fuel cell stack at the at least one anode.
Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of air to the fuel cell stack is determined from an enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen and an enthalpy flow rate for oxygen. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen (hN2in) of the air to the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0.99, wherein R2 is the sum of the squared residuals. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate (hozn) for oxygen of the air to the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0,99. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of the air to the fuel cell stack is determined by Hdot-Luft_Stack_inzVdOkutstack_in* (X02* h02in + -X02)* hN2in). Preferably, in at least one method step, the volume flow (Vdot..LUft_stacCin) Of the air to the fuel cell stack is measured, in particular at the airflow unit. Preferably, in at least one method step, the oxygen content (Xo2) and/or the nitrogen content (XN2) in the air are determined.
Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack via the at least one cathode is maintained. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0,99.
Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is not maintained, in particular reduced, via the at least one cathode. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0.99. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by HdotLUft_stack_out=Vdot,LUft_stack_in * (X02 * hO2out + (1 -X02) * hN2out) istack * ncells * VNorm * 60 / (4 * Faraday constant), wherein Vnorm is the molar volume for standard conditions of 22.41 liter/mol.
Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of the fuel from the fuel cell stack is determined from respective enthalpy flow rates for the main fuel constituents. Preferably, in at least one method step, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is determined, in particular measured, via the anode. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the hydrogen-carbon ratio is constant via the anode. Preferably, in at least one method step, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio is determined, in particular measured, via the anode. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the oxygen-to--carbon ratio is constant via the anode. Preferably, in at least one method step, a reformer temperature is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, the volume flow of burnt fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, the temperature of burnt fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of burnt fuel from the fuel cell stack is determined via a gas composition of the burnt fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one method step, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined for each molar concentration of the gas composition by quadratic regression equations, for example for methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or water, in particular with R2>0.964.
Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of the fuel to the fuel cell stack is determined from respective enthalpy flow rates for the main fuel constituents. Preferably, in at least one method step, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio downstream of the anode is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the water-carbon ratio downstream of the anode is constant. Preferably, in at least one method step, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio downstream of the anode is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio downstream of the anode is constant. Preferably, in at least one method step, a reformer temperature is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, the volume flow of fuel to the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular measured. Preferably, in at least one method step, the temperature of burnt fuel from the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular measured.
The configuration of the method according to the invention can advantageously reduce the risk of overheating or undercooling of the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular during temporary power phases, especially compared to classic closed-loop control models. An advantageously precise determination of the required supply rate for air to the at least one fuel cell stack can be achieved for an advantageously precise setting of the stack temperature, in particular independently of a state of the fuel cell stack, such as a current stack degradation, a current stack temperature or a current electrical power. An advantageously precise setting of the stack temperature can be achieved, in particular independent of a thermal mass of the fuel cell stack, in particular compared with classic feedback models. In particular, a precise setting of the stack temperature can be achieved that is advantageously matched to the dynamics of the fuel cell device.
Furthermore, it is proposed that in at least one method step, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is determined at least in part from one, in particular the already mentioned, in particular molar, enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined from an enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen and an enthalpy flow rate for oxygen. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is maintained via the at least one cathode. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0.99. Preferably, in at least one method step, in particular in all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is not maintained via the at least one cathode. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0.99. Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy rate of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by Hdot-Luft_Stack_our VdotLuft_Stack_in (X02 hO2out (1-Xo2) hN2out) -'stack hcells Worm * 60 / (4* Faraday constant). Preferably, in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2=0.99. An advantageously precise determination of the enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack can be achieved.
Furthermore, it is proposed that in at least one method step, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is determined at least in part from an electrical power, which is in particular generated from the fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one method step, the currently generated electrical power of the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular measured, preferably calculated. Preferably, in at least one method step, the currently generated electrical power of the at least one fuel cell stack is determined, in particular calculated, from the number of fuel cells of the at least one fuel cell stack, the voltage of the individual fuel cells of the at least one fuel cell stack, and the current of the single fuel cells of the at least one fuel cell stack. An advantageously precise determination of the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack can be achieved.
Furthermore, it is proposed that, in at least one method step, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is determined at least in part from a heat loss flow rate of the fuel cell stack. Preferably, in at least one method step, the heat loss flow rate of the fuel cell stack is determined by linear regression, particularly with respect to the ambient temperature of the at least one fuel cell stack. An advantageous correction of the enthalpy equilibrium of the at least one fuel cell stack can be achieved by the heat loss.
Furthermore, it is proposed that in at least one method step, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack is determined at least in part from a temperature change rate of the exhaust air from the fuel cell stack. Preferably, the method is designed to provide a dynamic-feed-forward control model for the stack temperature of the at least one fuel cell stack. An advantageous dynamic feed-forward control model for the stack temperature of the at least one fuel cell stack can be achieved.
Furthermore, it is proposed that in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of fuel to the fuel cell stack is determined via a gas composition, wherein in at least one method step, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition. Preferably, in at least one method step, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition of the fuel to the fuel cell stack, for example for methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or water, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2>0.994. Preferably, in at least one method step, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition of the burnt fuel from the fuel cell stack, for example for methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or water, in particular as a function of temperature, preferably with R2>0.964. An advantageously precise determination of the enthalpy flow rate of fuel to the fuel cell stack can be achieved and thus a particularly advantageously precise determination of the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack.
It is further suggested that, in at least one method step, a mass conservation equation is used as a boundary condition for determining the gas composition. An advantageous improvement in the quality of a regression, in particular a quadratic regression, in particular with R2>0.998, can be achieved. An advantageously rapid determination of the gas composition can be achieved when determining the enthalpy flow rate of the burnt fuel from the fuel cell stack and/or the fuel to the fuel cell stack.
Furthermore, it is proposed that in at least one method step, a molar enthalpy flow rate of burnt fuel from the fuel cell stack is determined by NASA polynomials or by linear regression. Advantageously, in at least one method step, a molar enthalpy flow rate of fuel to the fuel cell stack is determined by NASA polynomials or by linear regression. An advantageously rapid determination of the molar enthalpy flow rate can be achieved from the constituents of the burnt fuel and/or fuel.
In addition, a fuel cell device is proposed with at least one computing unit for carrying out a procedure according to the invention. Preferably, the computing unit is connected to the individual components of the fuel cell device, such as the airflow unit, the reformer unit and/or the at least one fuel cell stack, in particular for controlling and/or regulating the components. Preferably, the fuel cell device comprises a sensor unit, which in particular comprises temperature sensors, gas analysis sensors and/or airflow sensors. An advantageously controlled, in particular automated, fuel cell device can be achieved.
In addition, a computing unit of a fuel cell device according to the invention is proposed. In particular, the computing unit comprises a processor and/or a processor unit, a memory unit, and an operating, control and/or calculation programme stored in the memory unit. An advantageous feed-forward structure for regulating the stack temperature can be implemented.
The method according to the invention, the fuel cell device according to the invention and/or the computing unit according to the invention should not be limited to the application and embodiment described above. In particular, the method according to the invention, the fuel cell device according to the invention and/or the computing unit according to the invention can have a number of individual elements, components and units as well as method steps that differs from a number mentioned herein in order to fulfil a mode of operation described herein. In addition, in the case of the value ranges specified in this disclosure, values lying within the stated limits are also to be regarded as disclosed and as usable as desired.
Drawing Further advantages arise from the following drawing description. In the drawing, an embodiment example of the invention is shown. The drawing, description and claims contain numerous features in combination. The person skilled in the art will expediently also consider the features individually and combine them into meaningful further combinations.
The figures show: Fig. 1. A fuel cell system with a fuel cell device according to the invention comprising a computing unit according to the invention in a schematic diagram, Fig. 2. the fuel cell device according to the invention in a schematic diagram, and Fig. 3. the method according to the invention in a schematic diagram.
Description of the embodiment example
Figure 1 shows a fuel cell device 10. The fuel cell device 10 is a sub-assembly 98 of a fuel cell system 100.
For example, the fuel cell device 10 comprises a fuel cell stack 12. The fuel cell stack 12 is configured to allow a fuel gas 24 and oxygen to react to generate electrical energy, in particular power 26. The fuel cell stack 12, by way of example, comprises only one fuel cell 14 here. The fuel cell 14 is provided for electrochemical conversion of fuel 22, in particular fuel gas 24, to generate electrical power 26.
The fuel cell 14 shown as an example comprises an anode 16. The fuel cell 14 comprises a cathode 18. The fuel cell 14 comprises an electrolyte 20. The electrolyte 20 is arranged between the anode 16 and the cathode 18. The electrolyte 20 is connected with the anode 16 and the cathode 18.
The fuel cell device 10 comprises an airflow unit 30. The airflow unit 30 is configured to supply air 42 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12. The airflow unit 30 is provided to supply fuel 22, in particular fuel gas 24, to the at least one fuel cell stack 12. For example, the airflow unit 30 comprises a pump, a blower, a fan, or the like, to move gases. The fuel cell device 10 comprises a reformer unit 32.
The reformer unit 32 is configured to reform the fuel 22, in particular the fuel gas 24. The fuel cell device 10 comprises a sensor unit 34, which in particular comprises temperature sensors, gas analysis sensors, and/or airflow sensors, in particular to measure temperatures, flow rates, and/or gas compositions.
The fuel cell device 10 comprises a heat exchange unit 36 to temper air 42 supplied to the fuel cell stack 12 and to temper fuel 22 supplied to the fuel stack 12.
The fuel cell device 10 comprises an afterburner unit 38 to combust fuel gas residues. The fuel cell device 10 comprises a recirculation line 40 to recirculate fuel gas residues into a fuel gas line.
The fuel cell device 10 comprises a computing unit 28. The computing unit 28 is provided for controlling and/or regulating components of the fuel cell device 10. The computing unit 28 is provided to perform a method 50 to be described below.
The computing unit 28 is connected to the individual components of the fuel cell device 10, such as the airflow unit 30, the reformer unit 32, the sensor unit 34 and/or the at least one fuel cell stack 12, in particular for controlling and/or regulating the components.
In particular, the computing unit 28 comprises a processor and/or a processor unit, a memory unit, and an operating, control and/or calculation programme stored in the memory unit.
Figure 2 schematically shows the fuel cell stack 12, in particular the fuel cell 14, as a diagram of the various energy flows, in particular enthalpy flow rates, electrical power 26, heat loss flow rate and gas currents. The air 42 flows into fuel cell 14, in particular the cathode 18.
The fuel gas 24 flows into the fuel cell 14, in particular the anode 16. A burnt fuel 44 flows from the fuel cell 14, in particular the anode 16. The exhaust air 46 flows from the fuel cell 14, in particular the cathode 18. Waste heat, in particular a heat loss power 48, escapes from the fuel cell 14.
The fuel cell 14 generates the electrical energy, in particular the electric power 26.
Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a method 50 for regulating a stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 12 in a fuel cell device 10.
Preferably, the method 50 is configured as a permanent method, in which the method steps of the method 50 are repeated and/or performed in parallel. The method 50 is designed to provide a stationary-feed-forward control model for the stack temperature of the at least one fuel cell stack 12. Figure 3 shows only one of the many possible sequences of individual method steps or method sections 52, 54 of method 50, as an example. Method sections 52, 54 are formed here, for example, by several, in particular closely linked, method steps.
The method 50 is designed to regulate the stack temperature by determining, in particular calculating, in a first method section 52, an air supply rate of air 42 of a specific temperature, such as, in particular, an increased ambient temperature, such as 550°C, required for a specific, in particular desired, stack temperature, and setting the required air supply rate, in particular via the airflow unit 30, in a further method section 54.
Across all method steps, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is approximately ten times greater than a fuel gas supply rate of the fuel 22 to the fuel cell stack 12. Across all method steps, the fuel 22 is continuously reformed. Across all method steps, the stack temperature is continuously regulated, at least for the most part, by means of the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12, in particular by setting the airflow unit 30.
Across all method steps, the air 42 is supplied to the fuel cell stack 12 at the cathode 18. Across all method steps, the fuel 22, in particular the fuel gas 24, is supplied to the fuel cell stack 12 at the anode 16. Across all method steps, the stack temperature is regulated by means of the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method section 52, in particular, a calculation section 56, an enthalpy flow equilibrium for the fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular, via an enthalpy flow of air 42 to the fuel stack 12, via an enthalpy flow of the fuel 22 to the fuel stack 12, via an enthalpy flow of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12, via an enthalpy flow of the fuel 22 from the fuel cell stack 12, via an electrical power 26 generated by the fuel cell 14 and via a heat loss power 48 of the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, a required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined at least in part from the enthalpy flow rate of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by the enthalpy flow equilibrium for the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular in a measurement step 58, the cathode output temperature, in particular the temperature of the exhaust air 46, in particular from the at least one fuel cell stack 12, is measured.
In at least one method step, in particular in an approximation step 60, the stack temperature is approximated from a cathode output temperature.
In at least one method step, in particular in the approximation step 60, a current stack temperature is approximated by a measurement of the temperature of the exhaust air 46 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12. In at least one method step, in particular in the approximation step 60, the current stack temperature is set equal to the temperature of the exhaust air 46 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular in a supply air enthalpy step 62, the enthalpy flow rate of air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined from an enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen and an enthalpy flow rate for oxygen. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the supply air enthalpy step 62 or the measurement step 58, the oxygen content (X02) and/or the nitrogen content (XN2) in air 42, in particular the supply air, is determined. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the supply air enthalpy step 62, an enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen (hN2in) of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, in particular in a range of about 40°C, for example between 520°C and 560°C, in particular with R2=0.99.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the supply air enthalpy step 62, an enthalpy flow rate (hozin) for oxygen in the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by linear approximation, in particular as a function of temperature, in particular in a range of about 40°C, for example between 520°C and 560°C, in particular with R2=0.99. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the supply air enthalpy step 62 or the measurement step 58, a current volume flow (VdotLUft_stack_in) of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 can be measured, in particular at the airflow unit 30. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the supply air enthalpy step 62, the enthalpy flow rate of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by Hdot -LUft_stack_in =VdOt.LUft_stack_in * (X02 * hO2in + (1 -X02) * hN2in).
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in an exhaust air enthalpy step 64, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined at least in part from an enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12, in particular the enthalpy flow rate already mentioned. In at least one method step, in particular of the calculation section 56, in particular in an exhaust air enthalpy step 64, the enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined from an enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen and an enthalpy flow rate for oxygen.
Across all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for nitrogen of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is maintained via the at least one cathode 18. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in the exhaust enthalpy step 64, the enthalpy rate for nitrogen of the exhaust 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by linear proximity, in particular in a range of about 40°C, for example between 590°C and 630°C, in particular with R2=0.99.
Across all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust gas 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is not maintained, in particular reduced by electrolyte transport, via the at least one cathode 18. Across all method steps, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen in the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is equal to the current generated by the fuel cell stack 12 multiplied by the number of fuel cells in the fuel cell stack 12 multiplied by the molar volume under standard conditions multiplied by thirty divided by the Faraday constant.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in an exhaust air enthalpy step 64, the enthalpy flow rate for oxygen of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by linear proximity, in particular in a range of about 40°C, for example between 590°C and 630°C, in particular with R2=0.99.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in an exhaust air enthalpy step 64, the enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by HdotLUft_stack_out=VdOtLUft_stack_in * (X02 * hO2out + (1 -X02) * hNaiiit) -'stack * ncells * VNorm * 60 1(4 *Faraday constant).
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in a burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined at least in part from an enthalpy flow rate of the burnt fuel 44 from the fuel cell stack 12, in particular the enthalpy flow rate already mentioned. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, the enthalpy flow rate of the burnt fuel 44 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined from respective enthalpy flow rates for the main constituents of the burnt fuel 44. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, the enthalpy flow rate of burnt fuel 44 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined via a gas composition of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio 16 is determined, in particular measured, via the anode. Across all method steps, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is constant via the anode 16. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio is determined, in particular measured, via the anode 16.
Across all method steps, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio is constant via the anode 16. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, a reformer temperature, in particular a temperature of the reformed fuel 22, is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the volume flow of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel stack 12 to the afterburner unit 38 is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the volume flow of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel stack 12 through the recirculation line 40 is determined, in particular measured. A recirculation ratio can also be known from the outset. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the temperature of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the temperature of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66 or the measurement step 58, the gas composition of the burnt fuel 44 from the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition, in particular of the burnt fuel 44, for example for methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or water, in particular with R2>0.964. The quadratic regression for methane can be omitted.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, a mass conservation equation is used as a boundary condition for quadratic regression equations, in particular for determining the gas composition of the burnt fuel 44.
Across all method steps, the anode 16 brings the fuel 22, in particular the burnt fuel 44, into chemical equilibrium, in particular due to the temperature of the anode 16.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the burnt fuel enthalpy step 66, the enthalpy flow rate of the burnt fuel 44 from the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by regression, for example by NASA polynomials or by linear regression In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in a fuel enthalpy step 68, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined at least in part from an enthalpy flow rate of the fuel 22 to the fuel cell stack 12, in particular the enthalpy flow rate already mentioned. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular the fuel enthalpy step 68, the enthalpy flow rate of the fuel 22 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined from respective enthalpy flow rates for the main constituents of the fuel 22.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the enthalpy flow rate of fuel 22 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined via a gas composition of the fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the gas composition of the fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step68 or the measurement step 58, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is determined, in particular measured, via the anode 16. Across all method steps, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is constant via the anode 16. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio is determined, in particular measured, via the anode 16, Across all method steps, the oxygen-to-carbon ratio is constant via the anode 16. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, a reformer temperature, in particular a temperature of the reformed fuel 22, is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the volume flow of fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the volume flow of fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured, by the recirculation line 40. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the temperature of fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68 or the measurement step 58, the gas composition of the fuel 22 to the at least one fuel cell stack 12 is measured.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition, in particular of the fuel 22, for example for methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or water, in particular with R2>0.964. The quadratic regression for methane can be omitted.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68, a mass conservation equation is used as a boundary condition for quadratic regression equations, in particular for determining the gas composition of the fuel 22. Across all method steps, the anode 16 brings the fuel 22 into chemical equilibrium, in particular due to the temperature of the anode 16.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the fuel enthalpy step 68, the enthalpy flow rate of the fuel 22 to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by regression, for example by NASA polynomials or by linear regression.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in an electrical step 70, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined in part from an electrical power 26, in particular generated by the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the electrical step 70 or the measurement step 58, the currently generated electrical power 26 of the fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular measured, preferably calculated.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the electrical step 70, the currently generated electrical power 26 of the fuel cell stack 12 is determined, in particular calculated, from the number of fuel cells 14 of the fuel cell stack 12, the voltage of the individual fuel cells 14 of the fuel cell stack 12 and the current of the individual fuel cells 14 of the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, in particular in a loss step 72, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 is determined in part from a heat loss flow rate of the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the loss step 72, the heat loss flow rate of the fuel cell stack 12 is determined by linear regression, in particular with respect to the ambient temperature of the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular an optional dynamic, step 74, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack 12 can be determined in part from a temperature change rate of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12. In the optional dynamic step 74, the enthalpy flow equilibrium the fuel cell stack 12 can be determined from the temperature change rate of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12.
Method 50 is designed with the optional dynamic step 74 to provide a dynamic feed-forward control model for the stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 12.
Generally, it can be suitable to start with a fixed temperature of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12, which is less than the measured temperature of the exhaust air 46 from the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example a final calculation step 76, the enthalpy flow equilibrium for the fuel cell stack 12 is released after the volume flow of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12. In at least one method step, in particular the calculation section 56, for example the final calculation step 76, the volume flow of air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is released from the enthalpy flow equilibrium for a required temperature of the fuel cell stack 12.
In at least one method step, in particular a setting section 78, in particular a setting step 80, a current volume flow of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is set, in particular by the airflow unit 30.
In at least one method step, in particular a setting section 78, in particular a setting step 82, a current volume flow of the air 42 to the fuel cell stack 12 is measured, in particular by the airflow unit 30.
In particular, the first calculation section 56 proceeds prior to the first setting section 78. In particular, the calculation section 56 and the adjustment section 78 repeatedly run in succession and/or in parallel to each other.
Claims (10)
- Claims 1. A method (50) for regulating a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack (12) in a fuel cell device (10), wherein in at least one method step, the stack temperature is approximated from a cathode output temperature, characterised in that in at least one method step, the stack temperature is regulated by means of an air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12), wherein in at least one method step, a required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least in part from an, in particular molar, enthalpy flow rate of the air (42) to the fuel cell stack (12).
- The method (50) according to claim 1, characterised in that in at least one method step, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least in part from an, in particular molar, enthalpy flow rate of the exhaust air (46) from the fuel cell stack (12).
- The method (50) according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that in at least one method step, the required air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least in part from an electrical power (26), which is particular generated from the fuel cell stack (12).
- The method (50) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in at least one method step, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least in part from a heat loss flow rate of the fuel cell stack (12).
- 5. The method (50) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in at least one method step, the air supply rate to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined at least in part from a temperature change rate of the exhaust air (46) from the fuel cell stack (12).
- 6. The method (50) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that in at least one method step, the enthalpy flow rate of fuel (22) to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined via a gas composition, wherein in at least one method step, a thermodynamic chemical equilibrium is determined by quadratic regression equations for each molar concentration of the gas composition.
- 7. The method (50) according to claim 6, characterised in that in at least one method step, a mass conservation equation is used as a boundary condition for determining the gas composition.
- 8. The method (50) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in at least one method step, a molar enthalpy flow rate of the air (42) to the fuel cell stack (12) is determined by NASA polynomials or by linear regression.
- 9. A fuel cell device (10) having at least one computing unit (28) for performing a method (50) according to one of claims 1 to 8.
- 10. A computing unit (28) of a fuel cell device (10) according to claim 9.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE102021208636.5A DE102021208636A1 (en) | 2021-08-09 | 2021-08-09 | Method for regulating a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, fuel cell device, computing unit |
| PCT/EP2022/072778 WO2023017187A1 (en) | 2021-08-09 | 2022-08-15 | Method for controlling a stack temperature of a fuel cell stack in a fuel cell device, fuel cell device, computer unit |
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| EP (1) | EP4385084A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2012185924A (en) * | 2011-03-03 | 2012-09-27 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system |
| JP6790509B2 (en) * | 2016-07-01 | 2020-11-25 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell system and control method of fuel cell system |
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| DE102006042107A1 (en) | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-27 | Enerday Gmbh | Fuel cell system and method for influencing the heat and temperature balance of a fuel cell stack |
| CN111029625B (en) | 2019-12-04 | 2022-12-27 | 西南交通大学 | Output power and temperature control method for solid oxide fuel cell |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2012185924A (en) * | 2011-03-03 | 2012-09-27 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system |
| JP6790509B2 (en) * | 2016-07-01 | 2020-11-25 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell system and control method of fuel cell system |
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| WO2023017187A1 (en) | 2023-02-16 |
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| GB202319813D0 (en) | 2024-02-07 |
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