GB2621628A - Heat transfer fluids - Google Patents
Heat transfer fluids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2621628A GB2621628A GB2212107.3A GB202212107A GB2621628A GB 2621628 A GB2621628 A GB 2621628A GB 202212107 A GB202212107 A GB 202212107A GB 2621628 A GB2621628 A GB 2621628A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- heat transfer
- transfer fluid
- linear
- ester
- monocarboxylic acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)O SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000005069 Extreme pressure additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)=O MNWFXJYAOYHMED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- -1 4-octano1 Chemical compound 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical class O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprylic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 3
- NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-3-ol Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)CC NMRPBPVERJPACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CETWDUZRCINIHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-heptanol Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)O CETWDUZRCINIHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NGDNVOAEIVQRFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nonanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(C)O NGDNVOAEIVQRFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYSCXPVAKHVAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Nonanol Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CC GYSCXPVAKHVAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YVBCULSIZWMTFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Heptanol Natural products CCCC(O)CCC YVBCULSIZWMTFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZKSECIXORKHQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heptan-3-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(O)CC RZKSECIXORKHQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IXUOEGRSQCCEHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl-n-amyl-carbinol Natural products CCCCCC(O)CCC IXUOEGRSQCCEHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001638 boron Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- QNVRIHYSUZMSGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(C)O QNVRIHYSUZMSGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOCHHNOQQHDWHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-3-ol Chemical compound CCCC(O)CC ZOCHHNOQQHDWHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 2
- FBUKVWPVBMHYJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(O)=O FBUKVWPVBMHYJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCC(C)O JYVLIDXNZAXMDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AQIXEPGDORPWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-ol Chemical compound CCC(O)CC AQIXEPGDORPWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 2
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1O DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNVRIHYSUZMSGM-LURJTMIESA-N 2-Hexanol Natural products CCCC[C@H](C)O QNVRIHYSUZMSGM-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHTAIMJOUCYGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-n-(2-ethylhexyl)-n-[(4-methylbenzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]hexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(CN(CC(CC)CCCC)CC(CC)CCCC)N=NC2=C1C DHTAIMJOUCYGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIVPNOBLHXUKDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)CCOC(=O)CC(C)CC(C)(C)C UIVPNOBLHXUKDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMRPBPVERJPACX-QMMMGPOBSA-N 3-Octanol Natural products CCCCC[C@@H](O)CC NMRPBPVERJPACX-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDWVSAYEQPLWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 MDWVSAYEQPLWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXUOEGRSQCCEHB-SECBINFHSA-N 4-Nonanol Natural products CCCCC[C@H](O)CCC IXUOEGRSQCCEHB-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWBXQDNGHQLAMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-sulfanyl-3h-1,3-thiazole-2-thione Chemical class SC1=CSC(=S)N1 KWBXQDNGHQLAMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWQSAIIDOMEEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-Dimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC1CC(=O)OC1(C)C AWQSAIIDOMEEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical class N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004255 Butylated hydroxyanisole Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(trichloro)silane Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)CC1=CC=CC=C1 GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019282 butylated hydroxyanisole Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylated hydroxyanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1.COC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C(C)(C)C CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043253 butylated hydroxyanisole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010354 butylated hydroxytoluene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AIXMJTYHQHQJLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl210858 Chemical compound O1C(CC(=O)OC)CC(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)=N1 AIXMJTYHQHQJLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012990 dithiocarbamate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004659 dithiocarbamates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQZOPKMRPOGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyl methyl ketone Natural products CCCCC(C)=O QQZOPKMRPOGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexanoic acid Natural products CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FCBBRODPXVPZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonan-5-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(O)CCCC FCBBRODPXVPZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003873 salicylate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6567—Liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
Electrical apparatus comprises at least one electrical component in thermal contact with a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises by weight percent of the fluid >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol. A heat transfer fluid may comprise by weight percent >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid e.g. heptanoic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol e.g. 2-octanol and at least one functional additive selected from the group anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, detergents, extreme pressure additives, and anti-wear additives. Also shown is the use of the heat transfer fluid in an electrical component e.g. a lithium ion battery.
Description
Heat transfer fluids This invention relates to heat transfer fluids for use in transferring heat from one location to another, to electrical apparatus comprising such heat fluids, and to methods of using such heat transfer fluids in electrical apparatus.
The invention is particularly, although not exclusively, applicable to heat transfer fluids for use in environments where exposure to electricity may occur, and where low temperatures may exist.
The invention is illustrated in the following by reference to batteries, but the applicability of the invention is wider. For example, heat transfer fluids are used in transformers.
"Lithium plating' is a problem that can arise during the charging of lithium ion batteries. Lithium plating is the deposition of lithium on the anode surface, rather than the desired intercalation of lithium into the anode material. This occurs when lithium is deposited more rapidly than it can be intercalated into the anode, and so is dependent both on charging rate and the kinetics of intercalation of lithium into the anode material.
Lithium plating is exacerbated by operating batteries at low temperatures, as this results in reduced ion diffusion and electrolyte conductivity, increasing resistance, and slower kinetics of intercalation of lithium into the anode material. Lithium plating can lead to reduced battery capacity and, in the extreme, short circuiting.
Due to the increased internal resistance of cells at sub-zero temperatures and a slowing of the electro-chemical reactions it is therefore necessary to limit input current during battery charging. This in turn can lead to very long charging times for battery systems where the cell temperature is below 0°C.
To counteract this, it is beneficial to pre-heat battery cells during periods of cold ambient temperature to reach a more optimal temperature and to achieve a suitable fast charge rate.
Using an immersion cooled system provides an excellent thermal transfer between the preheating equipment and the battery cells. However the viscosity of sortie traditional thermal transfer liquids at sub-zero temperatures impedes the heat transfer due to excessive pressure drops in the system and a slowing of the liquid flow compared with higher temperatures. Extra energy is also required from pumping systems to circulate liquid at the higher viscosity experienced at low temperatures, and the pumps may need to be oversized to compensate.
A variety of heat transfer fluids are known and include for example hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, esters, and water/glycol mixtures. Water/glycol mixtures need to be kept separate from operating electrical components, adding a thermal barrier between components and heat transfer fluid. Hydrocarbons and fluorinated hydrocarbons do not have a good reputation for biodegradability. Esters are known to be biodegradable to varying degrees and to provide good dielectric properties. The esters that have been suggested to date for heat transfer fluids include diesters, but their viscosity at e.g. -40°C (-233°K) is too high to provide comparable performance to fluorinated hydrocarbons.
US2012/283162 Al proposed the use of oleyl esters having 23 or more of a total number of a terminal methyl group, a methylene group and an ether group in a main chain, as a base oil for cooling electric motors.
US2022/0131205 Al proposes the use of esters in a cooling composition for cooling, among other things, the battery and/or power electronics of an electric or hybrid vehicle. The only monoester exemplified is the highly branched 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate.
The heat transfer fluids used in the present invention provide heat transfer properties comparable to fluorinated hydrocarbons, viscosity much lower than diesters and commonly used hydrocarbons, and are biodegradable. Further the source materials for the esters described herein may be obtainable from biological sources providing environmental benefits to their manufacture and use.
Accordingly, the present invention provides electrical apparatus comprising at least one electrical component in thermal contact with a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises by weight percent of the fluid >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol.
By "C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid" is meant any of pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid or nonanoic acid.
By "CS-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol" is meant any of 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 4-heptanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol, 4-octano1,2-nonanol, 3-nonanol, 4-nonanol, or 5-nonanol.
The electrical apparatus may comprise a heat source in thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid to permit heat to be transferred by the heat transfer fluid from the heat source to the at least one electrical component.
The electrical apparatus may comprise a heat sink in thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid to permit heat to be transferred by the heat transfer fluid from the at least one electrical component to the heat sink.
The at least one electrical component may be immersed in the heat transfer fluid.
The apparatus may be configured to supply heat to the at least one electrical component when the at least one electrical component is below a first temperature, and to remove heat from the at least one electrical component when the at least one electrical component is above a second temperature.
The at least one electrical component may comprise a battery, which may be a lithium ion battery, a lithium metal battery, or any other battery.
The heat transfer fluid in the apparatus may comprise by weight percent of the fluid >95% one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol, and that one ester may be the only ester present Each at least one ester in the heat transfer fluid optionally has a carbon number of 17 or less, or 16 or less. Each at least one ester in the heat transfer fluid optionally has a carbon number of 11 or more, or 12 or more, or 13 or more.
The heat transfer fluid in the apparatus may comprise one or more components selected from the group anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, detergents, extreme pressure additives, anti-wear additives, and thermally conductive particles.
A method of operating the electrical apparatus comprises transferring heat from the heat transfer fluid to the at least one electrical component, and operating the electrical component once a threshold temperature is exceeded.
Specific heat transfer fluids are claimed comprising by weight percent:- >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol and at least one functional additive selected from the group anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, detergents, extreme pressure additives, and anti-wear additives.
The functional additives may comprise by weight percent of the fluid:-0.1% anti-oxidant 11001% metal deactivator and optionally the functional additives may comprise by weight percent of the fluid:-0.1-1.0% anti-oxidant 0.001-0.05% metal deactivator Further features of the invention will be apparent from the appended claims and the following description exemplifying, but not limiting, the scope of the invention claimed. Reference is made to Fig. 1 which shows schematically apparatus showing aspects of the invention as claimed.
In Fig. 1 apparatus 1 houses several electrical components 2 (batteries for example) that are immersed in and so in thermal contact with heat transfer fluid 3 that fills the apparatus. The apparatus comprises heat source 4 and heat sink 5.
Heat source 4 can provide heat to the heat transfer fluid 3, and thereby to the electrical components 2. The heat source can be any convenient source, for example an electrical heater, or a heat exchanger with a heating circuit carrying the same or different heat transfer fluid.
Heat sink 5 may absorb heat from the heat transfer fluid 3 to remove the heat from the apparatus. Heat may be removed in any convenient way, for example by radiation to ambient, heat exchange with a cooling circuit carrying the same or different heat transfer fluid.
The apparatus 1 is shown as a closed unit, with movement of the heat transfer fluid being by convection, but normally a pumped system will be required.
The heat transfer fluid is thus capable of transferring heat both to and from a part of the electrical apparatus.
The apparatus may be configured to transfer heat to the electrical components when the temperature of said part is below a threshold temperature. For example, a temperature sensor may be used to detect temperature in the apparatus and heat supplied as required to elevate the electrical components to the threshold temperature.
For batteries, having a dielectric liquid with a very low viscosity at -40°C allows more effective transfer of heat from the pre-heating equipment to the battery cells, lower energy demand from pumps and the capability to specify smaller, lighter pumping equipment. This will speed preheating of the battery system and allow fast charging current to be applied sooner, as well as making the battery charging more efficient overall. This in turn has the potential to significantly reduce fast charging times under low ambient temperature conditions which brings significant advantages to consumers.
Potential applications include, but are not limited to:- * batteries in vehicles (including without limitation land, air, and marine vehicles); * stationary battery storage, e.g. batteries for storing renewable energy. Storage units are usually charged with surplus energy at night when it is colder and therefore the batteries may require preheating; * non-battery applications requiring a low viscosity, dielectric heat transfer fluid. Performance as a heat transfer fluid depends upon a number of factors, and the Mouromtseff number (Mo) can give an indication of the heat transfer capabilities of fluids.
Mo - pakbcpd Where p is the density, k is the thermal conductivity, Cp is the specific heat and u. is the dynamic viscosity of the heat transfer fluid.
The exponents a, b, d and care system dependent and will differ according to whether there is turbulent flow or laminar flow; but for a defined system provide a means of comparison between heat transfer fluids. The higher the Mo number the better the heat transfer capabilities of the fluid in that system.
Of note, the denominator is a function of dynamic viscosity which (over a short range of temperatures and absent any phase changes) can be expected to vary more with temperature than the other factors.
Table 1 below shows properties for a range of fluids including:- * the linear monoesters of the present invention; * branched monoesters not in accordance with the present invention; * diesters, not in accordance with the present invention; and * known non-ester heat transfer fluids.
The properties shown are * Carbon number (for esters) * Density at 20°C * Specific Heat at 20°C * Thermal Conductivity at 40°C * Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C * Kinematic Viscosity at -30°C * Kinematic Viscosity at -40°C * Pour Point * Flash Point Methods used are indicated. Where values are shown with an asterisk *values are estimated or from commercial product data.
Monoesters Diesters Non-ester heat transfer fluids Linear Branched General Properties Units -a -ci. 0 a.0 -a -6. N..P.,, 6 Method 7c N 75 + u.:t, P. c, +-* ,r0 C a, S CS -a a ri N a r^I t "E' ue 0 0 Fr): 2.0 It To u a. .0 -8 u + '0 re O o 1... o a -2 re x cu 2 S O re 0 0 t., u 4, + -0 a a 0,-a o + 1 n r-i "a + '4. + U co."' 0 ft -- ."' u.0,.t -8 0,...-U + 0 N 0, ti + .4 s.), ti >, 3 --a a Y I) a ? EN 0 N 0 _ a, >, PE.c " x rs 0 4 9 z *-* , 72:' e 1.) a P. " + ez + - I) 00 -9: ^ "0 7 N N /, cc
M
Carbon number C14 C15 C15 1 C16 C16 C17 C16 1 C18 C21 C22 1 i 1 Density at 20°C kg/dint 3ISO675 0.86 0.86 0.85 1 91* 3.2 4.2 N/A N/A -9 174 i 0.916 0.93 57* 1.42 0.811 l- J/kg K ASTM 2.3 1764 2.7 1 0.85 N/A 139 1 1 1 1 5 1907 0.13 1220 2129 1 Specific Heat at W/m.K D2766 16 0.136 23 3,1 1 1 1 0.128 7.7 0.068 0.138 1 20°C mm2/s ASTM 29 2.6 43 30 1 7.7 808* 0.36 5.1 Thermal min2/s D7896 -90 21 -B7 58 1 664 1600 -B1 1.57* -13B N/A 250* Conductivity at mm2 /s ISO 140 40 148 -96 1 1 -75 203 t D 40°C °C 3104 -96 154 1 194 166 i ISO 150 i Kinematic 3104 1 182 Viscosity at 40°C ISO 1 Kinematic 3104 Viscosity at -30T ISO 3016 ISO 2719 Kinematic Viscosity at -40°C Pour Point Flash Point It can be seen that the linear C5-C9/C5-C9 monoesters of the present invention:- * show much lower viscosities at -40°C than the diesters, or poly-alphaolefins * show much lower viscosities at -40°C than the branched monoesters (for the ethylhexanol + 2-ethylhexanoic acid monoester the viscosity at -40°C could be expected to be much higher than the 91 mm2/s shown at -30°C).
Although having comparable viscosity to a water/glycol mixture the esters claimed are dielectric materials permitting direct contact with electrical components.
Although having viscosities higher than the exemplified fluorinated material, the esters claimed have higher thermal conductivity and specific heat (beneficial for heat transfer as can be seen from the Mouromtseff number equation given above]; are environmentally safer, being biodegradable; and further the alcohols and acids from which the esters are made are obtainable from renewable sources.
The above shows the utility of esters as claimed as heat transfer fluids.
The environment in which the heat transfer fluid is used may require the provision of additives to protect the fluid or components in which it is in contact.
Additives may include any of antioxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, thermally conductive particles or combinations thereof.
Antioxidants limit degradation of the ester. Antioxidants may include, but are not limited to: * Phenol antioxidants, for example, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tertbutylphenol; 4,4'-Methylenebis (2,6-di-tertbutylphenol); pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) and butylated hydroxyanisole * Aromatic amines, for example phenyl alpha naphthylamines and alkylated diphenylamines Metal deactivators limit degradation of the ester or attack on components. Metal deactivators may include but are not limited to triazole-based deactivators, for example Irgamet 30, Irgamet 39, Irgamet BTZ and Irgamet TTZ (commercially available from BASF).
Friction modifiers limit surface effects with surfaces in contact with the heat transfer fluid. Friction modifiers may include but are not limited to: high hydroxyl esters" boron derivatives, cyclic and acyclic amides.
Corrosion inhibitors limit corrosion of surfaces in contact with the heat transfer fluid. Corrosion inhibitors may include but are not limited to: dimercaptothiazoles, mercaptobenzothiazole, triazoles, imidazoles, alkyl amines, amine phosphates, and sulphonates Antifoam additives limit foaming of the heat transfer fluid. Antifoam additives may include but are not limited to: polyacrylates, and alcohols.
Detergents may limit separation of components in the heat transfer fluid or assist in the suspension of any particulate matter. Detergents may include but are not limited to: phosphate esters, sulphonates, phenates and salicylates In some applications extreme pressure additives may be required. Extreme pressure additives may include but are not limited to: graphite, carbon-based nanomaterials, molybdenum disulphide, olefin sulphides, and dithiocarbamates.
In some applications anti-wear additives may be required to prevent mechanical damage to surfaces that the heat transfer fluid is in contact with.. Anti-wear additives include but are not limited to: metal alkylthiophosphates, ashless dithiophosphates, ashless phosphorothioates, ashless thiophosphates, amine phosphates, triarylphosphates, high hydroxyl esters" sulphurised esters, cyclic and acyclic amides, dimer acids and boron derivatives.
In some systems heat transfer may be improved by including thermally conductive particles in the heat transfer fluid. Thermally conductive particles may include, but are not limited to: graphite, carbon-based nanomaterials, and boron nitride Esters are commonly known compounds and can be manufactured by any suitable process fit for producing esters.
On a laboratory scale, alcohol and carboxylic acid (1 equivalent) may be added to a round bottom flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap and a condenser. The reaction mixture may be heated up to 240°C under nitrogen, held there for 4 hours and water collected in the Dean-Stark trap. Any excess alcohol or carboxylic acid can then be removed using reduced pressure fractional distillation.
Modifications and variants to the above disclosure will be evident to the person skilled in the art, yet still remain within the appended claims.
Claims (22)
- Claims 1. Electrical apparatus comprising at least one electrical component in thermal contact with a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises by weight percent of the fluid >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol.
- 2. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in Claim 1, further comprising a heat source in thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid to permit heat to be transferred by the heat transfer fluid from the heat source to the at least one electrical component
- 3. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, further comprising a heat sink in thermal contact with the heat transfer fluid to permit heat to be transferred by the heat transfer fluid from the at least one electrical component to the heat sink.
- 4. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the at least one electrical component is immersed in the heat transfer fluid.
- 5. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the apparatus is configured to supply heat to the at least one electrical component when the at least one electrical component is below a first temperature, and to remove heat from the at least one electrical component when the at least one electrical component is above a second temperature.
- 6. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any ofClaims 1 to 5, wherein the at least one electrical component comprises a battery.
- 7. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the battery is a lithium ion battery.B.
- Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises by weight percent of the fluid >95% one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol.
- 9. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol is the only ester of a CS-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol present in the heat transfer fluid.
- 10. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 9, wherein each at least one ester has a carbon number of 17 or less, or 16 or less, and/or, wherein each at least one ester has a carbon number of 11 or more, or 12 or more, or 13 or more.
- 11. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 10, wherein the linear secondary monoalcohol is a C6-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol and/or, wherein the linear monocarboxylic acid is a C6-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid.
- 12. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claim 11, wherein the C6-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid is heptanoic acid and the C6-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol is 2-octanol.
- 13. Electrical apparatus, as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 12, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises at least one functional additive selected from the group anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, detergents, extreme pressure additives, anti-wear additives, and thermally conductive particles.
- 14. A method of operating electrical apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising transferring heat from the heat transfer fluid to the at least one electrical component, and operating the at least one electrical component once a threshold temperature is exceeded.
- 15. A heat transfer fluid comprising by weight percent:- >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol and at least one functional additive selected from the group anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antifoam additives, detergents, extreme pressure additives, and anti-wear additives.
- 16. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in Claim 15 in which the functional additives comprise by weight percent of the fluid:- 0.10/0 anti-oxidant 0.001% metal deactivator optionally, in which the functional additives comprise by weight percent of the fluid:-0.1-1.0% anti-oxidant 0.001-0.05% metal deactivator.
- 17. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in any of Claims 15 to 16 wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises >95% one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol.
- 18. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in Claim 17 wherein the one ester of a CS-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol is the only ester of a CS-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol present.
- 19. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in any of Claims 15 to 18, wherein each at least one ester has a carbon number of 17 or less, or 16 or less and/or.wherein each at least one ester has a carbon number of 11 or more, or 12 or more, or 13 or more.
- 20. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in any of Claims 15 to 19, wherein the linear secondary monoalcohol is a C6-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol and/or, wherein the linear monocarboxylic acid is a C6-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid.
- 21. A heat transfer fluid, as claimed in Claim 20, wherein the C6-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid is heptanoic acid and the C6-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol is 2-octanol.
- 22. Use of a heat transfer fluid comprising by weight percent of the fluid >95% at least one ester of a C5-C9 linear monocarboxylic acid and a C5-C9 linear secondary monoalcohol to deliver heat to at least one electrical component at a temperature between 0°C and -40°C, optionally between -30°C and -40°C.
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| GB2212107.3A GB2621628A (en) | 2022-08-19 | 2022-08-19 | Heat transfer fluids |
| GB2309679.5A GB2621687A (en) | 2022-08-19 | 2023-06-27 | Heat transfer fuids |
| PCT/EP2023/072630 WO2024038121A1 (en) | 2022-08-19 | 2023-08-16 | Heat transfer fluids |
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| CN113745586A (en) * | 2021-07-27 | 2021-12-03 | 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 | Automobile battery cold starting device and control method |
| CN113771699B (en) * | 2021-09-10 | 2023-07-18 | 大连理工大学 | Two-phase immersed liquid cooling electric automobile cold start system based on vortex heating |
| CN115548508A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-12-30 | 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） | Electric vehicle battery cooling system based on mixed nanofluid and application |
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