GB2616315A - An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste - Google Patents
An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2616315A GB2616315A GB2203065.4A GB202203065A GB2616315A GB 2616315 A GB2616315 A GB 2616315A GB 202203065 A GB202203065 A GB 202203065A GB 2616315 A GB2616315 A GB 2616315A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- chamber
- primary
- product stream
- pyrolysis chamber
- pyrolysis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 275
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 178
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 45
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 26
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 8
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002013 dioxins Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KVGZZAHHUNAVKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxin Chemical compound O1C=COC=C1 KVGZZAHHUNAVKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
- F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B57/00—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
- C10B57/02—Multi-step carbonising or coking processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B57/00—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
- C10B57/04—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general using charges of special composition
- C10B57/06—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general using charges of special composition containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/003—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for used articles
- F23G7/005—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for used articles cars, vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2202/00—Combustion
- F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages
- F23G2202/103—Combustion in two or more stages in separate chambers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
An apparatus 300 for thermally processing waste, comprising: a primary pyrolysis chamber 301, comprising an outlet 303; and a secondary pyrolysis chamber 310, which receives the product 305 of the primary chamber through an inlet 312. The temperature of the secondary chamber may be lower than the primary chamber, preferably between 450°C and 750°C whereas the primary chamber is preferably between 850°C and 1000°C. The primary chamber product stream may pass through a cyclone separator 320 before entering the secondary chamber. The product of the secondary chamber may subsequently pass through either a ceramic filter 330 or a quench vessel. The secondary chamber may be partially filled with inert gas and may be heated by a heat exchanger 316 which absorbs heat from the primary chamber. A method of thermally processing waste is also claimed.
Description
AN APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THERMALLY PROCESSING WASTE
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for thermally processing waste. In one example, the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for pyrolysis of waste, such as automotive shredder residue.
Backaround
There is an increasing desire and need to recycle waste products. At the same time, legislation is continually pushing for cleaner and more efficient processes for recycling waste products.
Products formed from a single material are typically clean, easy and efficient to recycle. However, complex products that are formed from multiple different materials pose a problem because such products must undergo a number of different separation processes to allow for recovery or reuse of their materials.
One example of a complex product is an automotive vehicle such as an automobile.
At the end of its useful life, an automotive vehicle is shredded into smaller pieces called automotive shredder residue. This automotive shredder residue is then processed to recover and recycle its constituent materials.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals can be easily recovered from automotive shredder residue. Other materials, such as plastics (which may contain flame retardant additives), fibres, glass, foam, rubber and wood etc. are more difficult to recover. Typically, some of these materials are thermally processed together using pyrolysis to create various solid, liquid and gas products.
Changes in legislation regarding end of life vehicle waste, increasing disposal costs, and tighter carbon reduction targets drive the need for enhanced methods of processing automotive shredder residue.
It would be desirable to improve pyrolysis of waste such as automotive shredder residue. In particular, it would be desirable to produce clean and higher quality products through pyrolysis of waste such as automotive shredder residue.
Summary
There is provided an apparatus for thermally processing waste, the apparatus comprising: a primary pyrolysis chamber, the primary pyrolysis chamber comprising an outlet through which a primary chamber product stream is output; and a secondary pyrolysis chamber, the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprising an inlet through which the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber is received. -2 -
There is also provided an apparatus for thermally processing waste. The apparatus may comprise a primary pyrolysis chamber. The primary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an outlet through which a primary chamber product stream is output. The apparatus may comprise a secondary pyrolysis chamber. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an inlet through which the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber is received.
There is provided a method for thermally processing waste, the method comprising: pyrolysing the waste in a primary pyrolysis chamber to form a primary chamber product stream; transferring the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber to a secondary pyrolysis chamber; and pyrolysing the primary chamber product stream in a secondary pyrolysis chamber to form a secondary chamber product stream.
There is also provided a method for thermally processing waste The method may comprise pyrolysing the waste in a primary pyrolysis chamber to form a primary chamber product stream. The method may comprise transferring the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber to a secondary pyrolysis chamber. The method may comprise pyrolysing the primary chamber product stream in a secondary pyrolysis chamber to form a secondary chamber product stream.
Pyrolysis of the primary chamber product stream within the secondary pyrolysis chamber may break down longer chain hydrocarbons within the primary chamber product stream, such as heavy oils, waxes and tars, into shorter chain hydrocarbons, such as light oils and gases. This may increase the quantity of, for example, C1 -C4 hydrocarbon gases and C2 -C6 hydrocarbon gases. One advantage of a product stream that includes a higher proportion of shorter chain hydrocarbons is that the secondary chamber product stream has a higher calorific value. This higher calorific value may make the secondary chamber product stream more suitable for use as a fuel.
The high temperature within the secondary pyrolysis chamber, and the overall increased residence time ultimately experienced by the waste, may break down persistent organic pollutants in the primary chamber product stream into non-hazardous compounds.
Acidic gases may be formed through pyrolysis of the waste in the first pyrolysis chamber. Advantageously, the second pyrolysis chamber may keep the acid gases in gaseous form. The acid gases can then be removed through, for example, filtration or quenching. The inlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be integral with the primary pyrolysis chamber. Alternatively, the inlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be a separate component to the primary pyrolysis chamber. The inlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be attached to the primary pyrolysis chamber. The inlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be an aperture. -3 -
The outlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be integral with the primary pyrolysis chamber. Alternatively, the outlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be a separate component to the primary pyrolysis chamber. The outlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be attached to the primary pyrolysis chamber. The outlet of the primary pyrolysis chamber may be an aperture.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may include a heater. The heater may comprise a burner. The heater may comprise a plurality of burners.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an inert gas inlet. The inert gas inlet may allow the primary pyrolysis chamber to be filled at least partially filled with an inert gas. The primary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an inert gas.
The inert gas may be nitrogen.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an outlet through which a secondary chamber product stream is output.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an inert gas inlet. The inert gas inlet may allow the secondary pyrolysis chamber to be filled at least partially filled with an inert gas.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may comprise an inert gas.
The inert gas may be nitrogen.
The inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be integral with the secondary pyrolysis chamber. Alternatively, the inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be a separate component to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be attached to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be an aperture.
The outlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be integral with the secondary pyrolysis chamber. Alternatively, the outlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be a separate component to the primary pyrolysis chamber. The outlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be attached to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The outlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be an aperture.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may include a heater. The heater may comprise a burner. The heater may comprise a plurality of burners.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be heated using excess combustion heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be heated by a heat exchanger. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be heated by a heat exchanger using excess combustion heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber.
The primary pyrolysis chamber and the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at different temperatures. Alternatively, The primary pyrolysis chamber and the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at approximately the same temperature. -4 -
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a lower temperature than the primary pyrolysis chamber. Alternatively, the secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a higher temperature than the primary pyrolysis chamber.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 850°C.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 900°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 950°C.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of less than 1000°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of less than 950°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of less than 900°C.
The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 850°C and 1000°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 900°C and 1000°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 900°C and 950°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 850°C and 950°C. The primary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 850°C and 900°C.
For the avoidance of doubt, when used in the specification, the term "between a and b" includes values a and b.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 450°C. A temperature of 450°C is above the reformation temperature for dioxin and furan formation. Advantageously, operating the secondary pyrolysis chamber at a temperature of at least 450°C may reduce dioxin and furan formation.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 500°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 550°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 600°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 650°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of at least 700°C.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of less than 750°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may 700°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated be operated be operated be operated be operated at a temperature of less at a temperature of less at a temperature of less at a temperature of less at a temperature of less than than than than than 650°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may 600°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may 550°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may 500°C.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 450°C and 750°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 450°C and 700°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of -5 -between 500°C and 750°C. The secondary pyrolysis chamber may be operated at a temperature of between 500°C and 700°C.
Advantageously, operating the secondary pyrolysis chamber at a temperature of between 500°C and 700°C may reduce the amount of persistent organic pollutants that are formed within the secondary pyrolysis chamber. This is because these temperatures are above the reformation temperature for persistent organic pollutants such as furans and dioxins.
Advantageously, operating the secondary pyrolysis chamber at a temperature of between 500°C and 700°C may keep all gases in the vapour phase, which reduces condensation.
The apparatus may comprise one or more filters. The apparatus may comprise a plurality of filters.
The one or more filters may be operated at a temperature of 300°C.
The apparatus may comprise a cyclone separator. The apparatus may comprise a plurality of cyclone separators. The cyclone separator may receive the primary chamber product stream and output a cyclone separator stream to the inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The cyclone separator may be configured to receive the primary chamber product stream and output a cyclone separator stream to the inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The cyclone separator may filter the primary chamber product stream so as to remove particulates from the primary chamber product stream. The cyclone separator may be configured to filter the primary chamber product stream so as to remove particulates from the primary chamber product stream. The cyclone separator may remove char from the primary chamber product stream. The cyclone separator may remove substantially all of the char from the primary chamber product stream.
Particulate matter such as char, or a metal, within a pyrolysis chamber may act as a catalyst point for the formation of persistent organic pollutants. Advantageously, extracting particulate matter such as char from the primary chamber product stream before it is fed into the secondary pyrolysis chamber may reduce the formation of persistent organic pollutants inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber.
Advantageously, extracting solid residues from the primary chamber product stream before it is fed into the secondary pyrolysis chamber may help to keep the secondary pyrolysis chamber residue free, which may help to improve the efficiency of the secondary pyrolysis chamber.
The apparatus may comprise a ceramic filter. The ceramic filter may receive the secondary chamber product stream and output a filtered stream. The ceramic filter may be -6 -configured to receive the secondary chamber product stream and output a filtered stream. The ceramic filter may be an activated ceramic filter.
Advantageously, the ceramic filter may remove entrained fine particulate matter from the secondary chamber product stream. Removal of fine particulate matter from the secondary chamber product stream may provide a higher quality product stream. Removal of fine particulate matter from the secondary chamber product stream may increase the overall efficiency of the apparatus.
Advantageously, the ceramic filter may remove acid gases from the secondary chamber product stream.
The apparatus may comprise a quench vessel. The quench vessel may receive the secondary chamber product stream and output a quenched stream. The quench vessel may be configured to receive the secondary chamber product stream and output a quenched stream. The quench vessel may comprise sodium bicarbonate. The quench vessel may use sodium bicarbonate to remove acid gases present in the secondary chamber product stream.
Advantageously, the quench vessel may remove persistent organic pollutants such as furans and dioxins from the secondary chamber product stream. Advantageously, the quench vessel may remove acid gases, such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide.
Advantageously, the quench vessel may remove acid gases from the secondary chamber product stream.
The apparatus may comprise a ceramic filter and a quench vessel. The secondary chamber product stream may be received in the ceramic filter before it is received in the quench vessel. The secondary chamber product stream may be received in the quench vessel before it is received in the ceramic filter.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber may comprise a heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger may be a static heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be a plate heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may comprise heat exchange media.
The heat exchanger may be arranged to provide heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may provide heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber The heat exchanger may be arranged to absorb heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may be arranged to absorb heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber and transfer the heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may absorb heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may absorb heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber and transfer the heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may be configured to exchange heat between the primary pyrolysis chamber and the secondary pyrolysis chamber. The heat exchanger may exchange heat between the primary pyrolysis chamber and the secondary pyrolysis chamber. -7 -
Advantageously, recovering heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber and using the recovered heat to heat the secondary pyrolysis chamber improves the overall thermal efficiency of the apparatus.
The apparatus may be arranged to operate as a continuous process.
The method of thermally processing waste may include any feature described above with respect to the apparatus.
The method may comprise heating the primary pyrolysis chamber to a first temperature. The method may comprise heating the secondary pyrolysis chamber to a second chamber. The method may comprise heating the primary pyrolysis chamber to a first temperature; and heating the secondary pyrolysis chamber to a second chamber. The second temperature may be lower than the first temperature.
The first temperature may be between 850°C and 1000°C. The first temperature may be between 900°C and 950°C.
The second temperature may be between 400°C and 750°C. The second temperature 15 may be between 500°C and 700°C.
The method may comprise filtering the primary chamber product stream and/or the secondary chamber product stream.
The method may comprise filtering the primary chamber product stream with a cyclone separator.
The method may comprise filtering the secondary chamber product stream with a ceramic filter.
The method may comprise filtering the secondary chamber product stream with a quench vessel.
The method may comprise using a heat exchanger to heat the secondary pyrolysis chamber with heat absorbed from the primary pyrolysis chamber.
Brief Description of Drawings
Figure 1 illustrates schematically an example of apparatus for thermally processing waste according to the prior art; Figure 2 illustrates schematically a first example of apparatus for thermally processing waste according to the invention; and Figure 3 illustrates schematically a second example of apparatus for thermally processing waste according to the invention. -8 -
Detailed Description
There is an increasing desire and need to recycle waste products. At the same time, legislation is continually pushing for cleaner and more efficient processes for recycling waste products.
Products formed from a single material are typically clean, easy and efficient to recycle.
However, complex products that are formed from multiple different materials pose a problem because such products must undergo a number of different separation processes to allow for recovery or reuse of their materials.
One example of a complex product is an automotive vehicle such as an automobile.
At the end of its useful life, an automotive vehicle is shredded into smaller pieces called automotive shredder residue. This automotive shredder residue is then processed to recover and recycle its constituent materials.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals can be easily recovered from automotive shredder residue. Other materials, such as plastics (which may contain flame retardant additives), fibres, glass, foam, rubber and wood etc. are more difficult to recover. Typically, some of these materials are thermally processed together using pyrolysis to create various solid, liquid and gas products.
Changes in legislation regarding end of life vehicle waste, increasing disposal costs, and tighter carbon reduction targets drive the need for enhanced methods of processing automotive shredder residue.
Figure 1 shows an example of conventional apparatus for thermally processing waste. The apparatus 100 includes a pyrolysis chamber 101. The pyrolysis chamber 101 has an inlet 102 and an outlet 103. A feedstock stream 104 enters the pyrolysis chamber 101 through the inlet 102. In this example, the feedstock stream 104 is automotive shredder residue. In another example, the feedstock stream 104 may be a different type of waste.
The pyrolysis chamber 101 is heated to between 900°C and 950°C. At such temperatures, the automotive shredder residue within the pyrolysis chamber 101 is broken down into products such as heavy oils, waxes, light oils, and gases. These products are removed from the pyrolysis chamber 101 through the outlet 103 as a pyrolysis chamber product stream 105. The pyrolysis chamber product stream 105 may then be further processed to separate its components.
Heavy oils and waxes are not particularly valuable or useful. One problem with the apparatus shown in Figure 1 and described above is that the proportion of heavy oils and waxes is too high.
Plastics may contain additives that are deemed to be persistent organic pollutants.
Persistent organic pollutants, such as durans and dioxins, are organic compounds that are -9 -resistant to environmental degradation, and as therefore subject to strict regulations. One problem with the apparatus and method shown in Figure 1 and described above is that they may not break down all of the persistent organic pollutants in the waste.
It would be desirable to improve pyrolysis of waste such as automotive shredder residue. In particular, it would be desirable to produce cleaner and higher quality products through pyrolysis of waste such as automotive shredder residue.
Figure 2 shows a first example of apparatus for thermally processing waste according to the invention.
The apparatus 200 includes a primary pyrolysis chamber 201. In this example, the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 is a pyrolysis reactor. The primary pyrolysis chamber 201 has a primary chamber inlet 202 and a primary chamber outlet 203. A feedstock stream 204 enters the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 through the primary chamber inlet 202. In this example, the feedstock 204 is automotive shredder residue. In another example, the feedstock stream 204 may be a different type of waste. In this example, the primary chamber inlet 202 and the primary chamber outlet 203 are integral with the structure of the primary pyrolysis chamber 201. The feedstock stream 204 is transported to the primary chamber inlet 202 through a pipe. In this example, the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 includes a heater.
A primary chamber product stream 205 is output from the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 through the primary chamber outlet 203. The primary chamber product stream 205 is the product of pyrolysis of the feedstock stream 204 in the primary pyrolysis chamber 201. The primary chamber product stream 205 may comprise one or more of solids, liquid and gases. The apparatus 200 includes a secondary pyrolysis chamber 210. In this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 is a pyrolysis reactor. The secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 has a secondary chamber inlet 212 and a secondary chamber outlet 213. In this example, the secondary chamber inlet 212 and the secondary chamber outlet 213 are integral with the structure of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210. In this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 includes a heater.
The primary chamber product stream 205 is transported from the primary chamber outlet 203 of the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 to the secondary chamber inlet 212 of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 via a pipe. The primary chamber product stream 205 enters the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 through the secondary chamber inlet 212.
A secondary chamber product stream 214 is output from the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 through the secondary chamber outlet 213. The secondary chamber product stream 214 is the product of pyrolysis of the primary chamber product stream 205 in the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210. The secondary chamber product stream 214 may comprise -10 -one or more of solids, liquid and gases. In this example, the secondary product stream 214 comprises gas and liquid.
In use, the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 is heated to between 900°C and 950°C. The feedstock stream 204 enters the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 through the primary chamber inlet 202. At the high temperature inside the primary pyrolysis chamber 201, the feedstock stream 204 is broken down inside the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 into components such as heavy oils, waxes, light oils and gases. These components form the primary chamber product stream 205. The primary chamber product stream 205 leaves the primary pyrolysis chamber 201 through the primary chamber outlet 203.
The primary chamber product stream 205 includes longer chain hydrocarbons such as heavy oils and waxes. The primary chamber product stream 205 may also include small amounts of persistent organic pollutants.
The secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 is heated to between 500°C and 700°C. Therefore, in this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 is operated at a lower temperature than the primary pyrolysis chamber 201.
The primary chamber product stream 205 enters the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 through the secondary chamber inlet 212. At the temperature inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210, the primary chamber product stream 205 is further broken down inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 into components such as light oils and gases. These components form the secondary chamber product stream 214. The secondary chamber product stream 214 leaves the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 through the secondary chamber outlet 213.
Pyrolysis of the primary chamber product stream 205 within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210 breaks the longer chain hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils, waxes and tars, into shorter chain hydrocarbons, such as light oils and gases. This may increase the quantity of, for example, CI -C4 hydrocarbon gases and C2 -C6 hydrocarbon gases. One advantage of a product stream that includes a higher proportion of shorter chain hydrocarbons is that the product stream is deemed as higher quality because of its higher calorific values. In one example, the secondary chamber product stream 214 is processed into syngas, for use as a fuel.
The high temperature within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 210, and the overall increased residence time ultimately experienced by the feedstock stream 204, may break down persistent organic pollutants in the primary chamber product stream 205 into nonhazardous compounds. In some examples, the amount of persistent organic pollutants in the secondary chamber product stream 214 is substantially reduced compared to the primary chamber product stream 205. In some examples, persistent organic pollutants are completely eliminated from the secondary chamber product stream 214.
Figure 3 shows a second example of apparatus for thermally processing waste according to the invention.
The apparatus 300 includes a primary pyrolysis chamber 301. In this example, the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 is a pyrolysis reactor. The primary pyrolysis chamber 301 has a primary chamber inlet 302 and a primary chamber outlet 303. A feedstock stream 304 enters the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 through the primary chamber inlet 302. In this example, the feedstock stream 304 is automotive shredder residue. In another example, the feedstock stream 304 may be a different type of waste. In this example, the primary chamber inlet 302 and the primary chamber outlet 303 are integral with the structure of the primary pyrolysis chamber 301. The feedstock stream 304 is transported to the primary chamber inlet 302 through a pipe.
A primary chamber product stream 305 is output from the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 through the primary chamber outlet 303. The primary chamber product stream 305 is the product of pyrolysis of the feedstock stream 304 in the primary pyrolysis chamber 301. The primary chamber product stream 305 may comprise one or more of solids, liquid and gases. The apparatus 300 includes a heater 306. In this example, the heater 306 is a plurality of burners. The heater 306 includes an exhaust gas stream 307. The exhaust gas stream 307 may be transported via a pipe.
The apparatus 300 includes a secondary pyrolysis chamber 310. In this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 is a pyrolysis reactor. The secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 has a secondary chamber inlet 312 and a secondary chamber outlet 313. In this example, the secondary chamber inlet 312 and the secondary chamber outlet 313 are integral with the structure of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310.
In one example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 may be at least partially filled with nitrogen. At least partially filling the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 with nitrogen may ensure that the pyrolysis process uses heat without a flame.
In this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 includes a heat exchanger 316.
The heat exchanger 316 is arranged to provide heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310.
The heat exchanger 316 receives the exhaust gas stream 307 from the heater 306. The heat exchanger 316 is configured to transfer heat between the exhaust gas stream 307 and the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310. In this way, heat from the exhaust gas stream 307 may be used to supply heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310. The heat exchanger 316 outputs a return gas stream 317. In this example, the heater 306 receives the return gas stream 317.
-12 -The apparatus may include a first filter. In this example, the apparatus 300 includes a cyclone separator 320. A cyclone separator such as the cyclone separator 320 uses the method of cyclonic separation to remove particulates from a gas or liquid stream. In this example, the cyclone separator 320 is arranged to remove particulates from the primary chamber product stream 305. The cyclone separator 320 may remove substantially all of the particulates from the primary chamber product stream 305.
The cyclone separator 320 includes a cyclone inlet 322, a cyclone outlet 323, and a cyclone waste outlet 324. In this example, the cyclone inlet 322, the cyclone outlet 323, and the cyclone waste outlet 324 are integral with the structure of the cyclone separator 320.
The primary chamber product stream 305 enters the cyclone separator through the cyclone inlet 322. The primary chamber product stream 305 is transported from the primary chamber outlet 303 of the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 to the cyclone inlet 322 of the cyclone separator 320 via a pipe.
The primary chamber product stream 305 undergoes cyclonic separation inside the cyclone separator 320. A waste stream 325 of solids removed from the primary chamber product stream 305 is output from the cyclone separator 320 through the cyclone waste outlet 324. The waste stream 325 contains mostly solids and may be further processed. A separated primary chamber product stream 326 is output from the cyclone separator 320 through the cyclone outlet 323. The separated primary chamber product stream 326 is substantially free of particulate matter.
The separated primary chamber product stream 326 is transported from the cyclone outlet 323 of the cyclone separator 320 to the secondary chamber inlet 312 of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 via a pipe. The separated primary chamber product stream 326 enters the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 through the secondary chamber inlet 312.
A secondary chamber product stream 314 is output from the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 through the secondary chamber outlet 313. The secondary chamber product stream 314 is the product of pyrolysis of the primary chamber product stream 305 in the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310. The secondary chamber product stream 314 may comprise one or more of solids, liquid and gases. In this example, the secondary product stream 314 comprises gas and liquid.
The apparatus may include a second filter. In this example, the apparatus 300 includes a ceramic filter 330. A ceramic filter such as the ceramic filter 330 uses the method of filtration to remove fine particulates from a gas or liquid stream. In this example, the ceramic filter 330 is arranged to remove fine particulates from the secondary chamber product stream 314. The ceramic filter 330 may remove substantially all of the fine particulates from the secondary chamber product stream 314. The ceramic filter 330 may operate at around 300°C.
-13 -The ceramic filter 330 includes a filter inlet 332, a filter outlet 333, and a filter waste outlet 334. In this example, the filter inlet 332, the filter outlet 333, and the filter waste outlet 334 are integral with the structure of the ceramic filter 330.
The secondary chamber product stream 314 enters the ceramic filter 330 through the filter inlet 332. The secondary chamber product stream 314 is transported from the secondary chamber outlet 313 of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 to the filter inlet 332 of the ceramic filter 330 via a pipe.
The secondary chamber product stream 314 undergoes filtration as it passes through the ceramic filter 330. A waste stream 335 removed from the secondary chamber product stream 314 is output from the ceramic filter 330 through the ceramic filter 330. The waste stream 335 may contain mostly solids and may be further processed. In one example, the waste stream 335 may include one or more of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide. A filtered secondary chamber product stream 336 is output from the ceramic filter 330 through the filter outlet 333. The filtered secondary chamber product stream 336 is substanfially free of fine particulate matter.
The filtered secondary chamber product stream 336 is transported from the outlet 333 of the ceramic filter 330 via a pipe.
In use, the heater 306 heats the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 to a temperature of between 900°C and 950°C. The feedstock stream 304 enters the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 through the primary chamber inlet 302. At the high temperature inside the primary pyrolysis chamber 301, the feedstock stream 304 is broken down inside the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 into components such as heavy oils, waxes, light oils and gases. These components form the primary chamber product stream 305. The primary chamber product stream 305 leaves the primary pyrolysis chamber 301 through the primary chamber outlet 303.
The exhaust gas stream 307 absorbs waste heat from the heater 306 and flows to the heat exchanger 316.
The primary chamber product stream 305 includes longer chain hydrocarbons such as heavy oils and waxes. The primary chamber product stream 305 may also include small amounts of persistent organic pollutants.
The primary chamber product stream 305 enters the cyclone separator 320 through the cyclone inlet 322. Inside the cyclone separator 320, particulates such as char are removed from the primary chamber product stream 305. The particulates leave the cyclone separator 320 through the cyclone outlet 324 as a waste stream 325. The separated primary chamber product stream 326 leaves the cyclone separator 320 through the cyclone outlet 323. At this stage, the separated primary chamber product stream 320 is substantially free from particulates.
-14 -The heat exchanger 316 is heated by the exhaust gas stream 307. In this way, the heat exchanger 316 is indirectly heated by the heater 306. In this example, the heat exchanger 316 provides sufficient heat to increase the temperature of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 to between 500°C and 700°C. In another example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 includes a supplementary heater.
In this example, the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 is operated at a lower temperature than the primary pyrolysis chamber 301.
The separated primary chamber product stream 326 enters the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 through the secondary chamber inlet 312. At the temperature inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310, the separated primary chamber product stream 326 is further broken down inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 into components such as light oils and gases. These components form the secondary chamber product stream 314. The secondary chamber product stream 314 leaves the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 through the secondary chamber outlet 313.
Pyrolysis of the separated primary chamber product stream 326 within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 breaks the longer chain hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils, waxes and tars, into shorter chain hydrocarbons, such as light oils and gases. This may increase the quantity of, for example, Cl -C4 hydrocarbon gases and C2 -C6 hydrocarbon gases. One advantage of a product stream that includes a higher proportion of shorter chain hydrocarbons is that the product stream is deemed as higher quality because of its higher calorific values.
In one example, the secondary chamber product stream 314 is processed into syngas, for use as a fuel.
The high temperature within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310, and the overall increased residence time ultimately experienced by the feedstock stream 304, may break down persistent organic pollutants in the separated primary chamber product stream 326 into non-hazardous compounds. In some examples, the amount of persistent organic pollutants in the secondary chamber product stream 314 is substantially reduced compared to the primary chamber product stream 305. In some examples, persistent organic pollutants are completely eliminated from the secondary chamber product stream 314.
The secondary chamber product stream 314 enters the ceramic filter 330 through the filter inlet 332. Inside the ceramic filter 330, fine particulates such as entrained carbonaceous material are removed from the secondary chamber product stream 314. The fine particulates leave the ceramic filter 330 through the filter outlet 333 as a waste stream 335. The filtered secondary chamber product stream 336 leaves the ceramic filter 330 through the filter outlet 333. At this stage, filtered secondary chamber product stream 336 is substantially free from fine particulates.
-15 -If particulate matter such as char is present within a pyrolysis chamber then it may act as a catalyst point for the formation of persistent organic pollutants. Removal of particulate matter such as char from the primary chamber product stream 305 before it is fed into the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 may therefore reduce the formation of persistent organic pollutants inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310. As such, the provision of a cyclone separator may advantageously reduce the amount of persistent organic pollutants formed within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310.
Advantageously, extracting solid residues from the primary chamber product stream 305 before it is fed into the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 may help to keep the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 residue free, which may help to improve the efficiency of the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310.
Pyrolysis of the separated primary chamber product stream 326 within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 breaks the longer chain hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils, waxes and tars, into shorter chain hydrocarbons, such as light oils and gases. This may increase the quantity of, for example, Ci -04 hydrocarbon gases and C2 -C6 hydrocarbon gases. One advantage of a product stream that includes a higher proportion of shorter chain hydrocarbons is that the product stream is deemed as higher quality because of its higher calorific values. In one example, the secondary chamber product stream 314 is processed into syngas, for use as a fuel.
The high temperature within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310, and the overall increased residence time ultimately experienced by the feedstock stream 304, may break down persistent organic pollutants in the separated primary chamber product stream 326 into non-hazardous compounds. In some examples, the amount of persistent organic pollutants in the secondary chamber product stream 314 is substantially reduced compared to the separated primary chamber product stream 326. In some examples, persistent organic pollutants are completely eliminated from the secondary chamber product stream 314.
Advantageously, any organic material attached to lighter solids in the separated primary product stream 326 may be volatilised inside the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310.
The ceramic filter 330 removes entrained fine particulate matter that may remain in the secondary chamber product stream 314 after pyrolysis, such as volatilised organic material.
Advantageously, removal of fine particulate matter from the secondary chamber product stream 314 may provide a higher quality product stream. Advantageously, removal of fine particulate matter from the secondary chamber product stream 314 may increase the overall efficiency of the apparatus 300. 16 -
Solid by-products C H2 N2 S Cl (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) Ceramic Filter waste stream 78.04 1.42 0.61 0.27 1.39 Standard error 3.53 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.89 Cyclone waste stream 48.36 0.71 0.46 0.87 2.53 Standard error 1.69 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.81
Table 1
Table 1 shows the concentration of carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl) in the solid residue removed by the cyclone separator 320 and the ceramic filter 330. The "Cyclone waste stream" in Table 1 is the waste stream 325 of the cyclone separator 320. The "Ceramic Filter waste stream" in Table 1 is the waste stream 335 of the ceramic filter 330.
As is shown in Table 1, there is more hydrogen in the ceramic filter waste stream 330 than in the cyclone separate waste stream 320. This may mean that there is more hydrogen present in the secondary chamber product stream 314 than in the primary chamber product stream 305. The presence of an increased amount of hydrogen in the secondary chamber product chamber 314 may indicate that long chain molecules in the primary chamber product stream have undergone further decomposition into short chain molecules.
As is also shown in Table 1, there is less sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl) in the ceramic filter waste stream 330 than in the cyclone separate waste stream 320.
CO CH C21-16 H2S H2 (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) (%vol) Primary Pyrolysis Chamber Product Stream 17.3 6.0 0.5 2.9 19.7 Secondary Pyrolysis Chamber Product Stream 22.8 14.8 1.9 0.8 25.5
Table 2
Table 2 shows the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the primary chamber product stream 305 and in the secondary chamber product stream 314. As is shown in Table 2, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) and hydrogen (H2) is -17 -much higher in the secondary chamber product stream 314 than in the primary chamber product stream 305. This is because pyrolysis within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310 breaks longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons, such as light oils and gases, which increases the quantity of shorter chain hydrocarbons. One advantage of a product stream that includes a higher proportion of shorter chain hydrocarbons is that the product stream is deemed as higher quality fuel because of its higher calorific values.
As is also shown in Table 2, the concentration of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is much lower in the secondary chamber product stream 314 than in the primary chamber product stream 305. This is because the high temperature within the secondary pyrolysis chamber 310, and the overall increased residence time ultimately experienced by the feedstock stream 304, breaks down pollutants such as hydrogen sulphide into non-hazardous compounds. The examples described above are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Other examples consistent with the exemplary examples described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Features described in relation to one example may also be applicable to other 15 examples.
Claims (25)
- -18 -CLAIMS1. An apparatus for thermally processing waste, the apparatus comprising: a primary pyrolysis chamber, the primary pyrolysis chamber comprising an outlet through which a primary chamber product stream is output; and a secondary pyrolysis chamber, the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprising an inlet through which the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber is received.
- 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber is operated at a lower temperature than the primary pyrolysis chamber.
- 3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the primary pyrolysis chamber is operated at a temperature of between 850°C and 1000°C.
- 4. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber is operated at a temperature of between 400°C and 750°C.
- 5. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising one or more filters. 20
- 6. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising a cyclone separator.
- 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the cyclone separator receives the primary chamber product stream and outputs a cyclone separator stream to the inlet of the secondary pyrolysis chamber.
- 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the cyclone separator filters the primary chamber product stream so as to remove particulates from the primary chamber product stream.
- 9. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising a ceramic filter.
- 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprises an outlet through which a secondary chamber product stream is output, and the ceramic filter receives the secondary chamber product stream.
- 11. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising a quench vessel.
- 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprises an outlet through which a secondary chamber product stream is output, and the quench vessel receives the secondary chamber product stream.
- 13 The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprises an inert gas inlet to allow the secondary pyrolysis chamber to be filled at least partially filled with an inert gas.
- 14. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the secondary pyrolysis chamber comprises a heat exchanger.
- 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the heat exchanger is arranged to provide heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber.
- 16. The apparatus according to claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the heat exchanger is arranged to absorb heat from the primary pyrolysis chamber and transfer the heat to the secondary pyrolysis chamber.
- 17. A method for thermally processing waste, the method comprising: pyrolysing the waste in a primary pyrolysis chamber to form a primary chamber product stream; transferring the primary chamber product stream from the primary pyrolysis chamber to a secondary pyrolysis chamber; and pyrolysing the primary chamber product stream in a secondary pyrolysis chamber to form a secondary chamber product stream.
- 18. The method according to claim 17, comprising: heating the primary pyrolysis chamber to a first temperature; and heating the secondary pyrolysis chamber to a second chamber, wherein the second temperature is lower than the first temperature.
- 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first temperature is between 850°C and 35 1000°C.-20 -
- 20. The method according to claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the second temperature is between 400°C and 750°C.
- 21. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 20, comprising filtering the primary chamber product stream and/or the secondary chamber product stream.
- 22. The method according to claim 21, comprising filtering the primary chamber product stream with a cyclone separator.
- 23. The method according to claim 21 or claim 22, comprising a filtering the secondary chamber product stream with a ceramic filter.
- 24. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 23, comprising filtering the secondary chamber product stream with a quench vessel.
- 25. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, comprising using a heat exchanger to heat the secondary pyrolysis chamber with heat absorbed from the primary pyrolysis chamber.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2203065.4A GB2616315A (en) | 2022-03-04 | 2022-03-04 | An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste |
| PCT/GB2023/050513 WO2023166319A1 (en) | 2022-03-04 | 2023-03-03 | An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2203065.4A GB2616315A (en) | 2022-03-04 | 2022-03-04 | An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste |
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| GB2616315A true GB2616315A (en) | 2023-09-06 |
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| GB2203065.4A Pending GB2616315A (en) | 2022-03-04 | 2022-03-04 | An apparatus and method for thermally processing waste |
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| WO (1) | WO2023166319A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994007088A1 (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1994-03-31 | Studsvik Radwaste Ab | Waste processing |
| KR20170041024A (en) * | 2015-10-06 | 2017-04-14 | 서울시립대학교 산학협력단 | Pyrorlysis apparatus for disposal of scrap tire and disposal method and system of scrap tire using the same |
| WO2017127034A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Ogul Hamdi Nezihi | System generating energy from waste materials |
| US20170218284A1 (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2017-08-03 | Barry Liss | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING LOW NOx AIR EMISSIONS FROM GASIFICATION POWER PLANTS |
| CN111288473A (en) * | 2020-02-14 | 2020-06-16 | 河海大学 | Pyrolysis treatment system for removing organic matters in chemical waste salt |
-
2022
- 2022-03-04 GB GB2203065.4A patent/GB2616315A/en active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-03-03 WO PCT/GB2023/050513 patent/WO2023166319A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994007088A1 (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1994-03-31 | Studsvik Radwaste Ab | Waste processing |
| KR20170041024A (en) * | 2015-10-06 | 2017-04-14 | 서울시립대학교 산학협력단 | Pyrorlysis apparatus for disposal of scrap tire and disposal method and system of scrap tire using the same |
| WO2017127034A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Ogul Hamdi Nezihi | System generating energy from waste materials |
| US20170218284A1 (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2017-08-03 | Barry Liss | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING LOW NOx AIR EMISSIONS FROM GASIFICATION POWER PLANTS |
| CN111288473A (en) * | 2020-02-14 | 2020-06-16 | 河海大学 | Pyrolysis treatment system for removing organic matters in chemical waste salt |
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| GB202203065D0 (en) | 2022-04-20 |
| WO2023166319A1 (en) | 2023-09-07 |
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