GB2575682A - Refuelling system and method for refuelling - Google Patents

Refuelling system and method for refuelling Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2575682A
GB2575682A GB1811868.7A GB201811868A GB2575682A GB 2575682 A GB2575682 A GB 2575682A GB 201811868 A GB201811868 A GB 201811868A GB 2575682 A GB2575682 A GB 2575682A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
fuel
vapour
tank
storage tank
dispensed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB1811868.7A
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GB201811868D0 (en
Inventor
David Eastwood Timothy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Calor Gas Ltd
Original Assignee
Calor Gas Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Calor Gas Ltd filed Critical Calor Gas Ltd
Priority to GB1811868.7A priority Critical patent/GB2575682A/en
Publication of GB201811868D0 publication Critical patent/GB201811868D0/en
Publication of GB2575682A publication Critical patent/GB2575682A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
    • F17C5/002—Automated filling apparatus
    • F17C5/007—Automated filling apparatus for individual gas tanks or containers, e.g. in vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
    • F17C5/02—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with liquefied gases
    • F17C5/04—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures for filling with liquefied gases requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. filling with helium or hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/03—Orientation
    • F17C2201/032—Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F17C2205/0326—Valves electrically actuated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/011—Oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/014—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/016—Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0169—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL subcooled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/04—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by other properties of handled fluid before transfer
    • F17C2223/042—Localisation of the removal point
    • F17C2223/043—Localisation of the removal point in the gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/04—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by other properties of handled fluid before transfer
    • F17C2223/042—Localisation of the removal point
    • F17C2223/046—Localisation of the removal point in the liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2225/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2225/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/03—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2225/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/03—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2225/035—High pressure, i.e. between 10 and 80 bars
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0107—Propulsion of the fluid by pressurising the ullage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
    • F17C2227/0369—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel
    • F17C2227/0374—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel in the liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/03—Control means
    • F17C2250/032—Control means using computers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/0426—Volume
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/043—Pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/0439—Temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/06—Controlling or regulating of parameters as output values
    • F17C2250/0605—Parameters
    • F17C2250/0621—Volume
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/06—Controlling or regulating of parameters as output values
    • F17C2250/0605—Parameters
    • F17C2250/0626—Pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/06—Controlling or regulating of parameters as output values
    • F17C2250/0605—Parameters
    • F17C2250/0631—Temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/06—Fluid distribution
    • F17C2265/065—Fluid distribution for refueling vehicle fuel tanks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0134—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed above the ground
    • F17C2270/0139—Fuel stations

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

A refuelling system comprises a storage tank 4 for liquid fuel such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), and two valves 12, 14, which respectively control release of fuel vapour and subcooled liquid fuel from outlets of the storage tank along conduits 6, 8 which lead to a fuel tank to be filled. By control of the valves, the vapour/liquid ratio of the dispensed fuel can be controlled, which in turn regulates the temperature of the dispensed fuel. In some embodiments, the fuel is subcooled by a cooling coil (not shown) using liquid nitrogen as coolant. In other embodiments, the pressure of the storage tank is controlled by a pressure build-up vaporiser 7. Also disclosed is a method of using such a system, by dispensing fuel via the two valves, then controlling the valves to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled fuel and thereby regulate the temperature of the dispensed fuel.

Description

Refuelling System and Method for Refuelling
The present invention relates to a the temperature of a fuel as it is associated method.
refuelling system which regulates dispensed from the system, and an
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) may be used as a fuel. Some vehicles require LNG to be delivered from a pressure decant refuelling station at a higher temperature and saturated pressure than is typical of the LNG stored in a refuelling station. The system herein disclosed enables the supply of saturated LNG from a storage tank that contains LNG, at a specified temperature and saturated pressure .
In order to dispense LNG from the storage tank of a conventional pressure decant refuelling station, pressure in the storage tank is elevated by removing LNG from a lower region of the storage tank, heating the LNG, and reinserting the resulting LNG vapour into an upper region of the storage tank. This is conventionally done using a pressure build-up vaporiser. The greater the quantity and/or temperature of the vapour reinserted into the storage tank, the greater the resulting pressure within the storage tank. Provided the pressure within the storage tank exceeds the pressure within a fuel tank to which it is connected, flow of LNG from the storage tank to the fuel tank is then generated.
Removing LNG from a lower region, heating the LNG, and reinserting the resulting LNG vapour into an upper region results in a temperature differential in the storage tank: LNG liquid exists at a lower saturated pressure in a subcooled state in a bottom region of the storage tank and LNG vapour exists at a higher saturated pressure and temperature in an upper region of the storage tank. The system of the present invention utilises the presence of this temperature differential in order to regulate the temperature of the
LNG as it is being delivered to a fuel tank.
A pressure decant refuelling system does not necessarily comprise an additional cryogenic pump, as is commonly used with conventional refuelling systems that regulate the temperature of LNG as it is being delivered to a fuel tank. The present invention improves on a conventional pressure decant refuelling system by incorporating a system to regulate the temperature of the LNG as it is being delivered to a fuel tank using a minimal number of equipment items and mechanical parts. This allows for a simpler operation and limits undesirable heat-in-leak which would otherwise lead to increased gas venting.
US 5325894A discloses an apparatus for, and a method of, withdrawing liquefied natural gas stored in a primary insulated storage tank at a low pressure and at a temperature close to its boiling point; increasing the pressure of the withdrawn LNG and then feeding the pressurised LNG through a heat exchanger to warm the LNG to a subcooled or near saturated liquid condition at a temperature of about -220°F (133K) to -126°F (185K) when at a pressure of about 50psig (345kPa) to 550psig (3.79MPa); and feeding the said warmed and pressurised LNG to an insulated tank on a vehicle.
According to a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a refuelling system, the system comprising: a storage tank for liquid fuel, the tank comprising subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour; an outlet for dispensing subcooled liquid fuel; an outlet for dispensing fuel vapour; and at least two valves; wherein each outlet is connected to a fuel tank via a valve, the valves functioning to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank.
The refuelling system described above is designed to deliver fuel to a separate fuel tank (e.g. a fuel tank on a vehicle), however, the fuel tank may form part of the system of the present invention.
The storage tank may be suitable for holding cryogenic fluids. The storage tank may be vacuum-insulated.
Cryogenic fluids suitable for the present invention include liquefied natural gas, liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid argon and mixtures of these fluids. Other fluids and fluid mixtures, such as ethylene, while not typically classed as cryogenic are also suitable for use with the present invention.
The outlet for dispensing liquid fuel and the outlet for dispensing fuel vapour may each comprise one or more conduits which extend from a lower region of the storage tank and an upper region of the storage tank respectively. There may be a single outlet for dispensing fuel vapour extending directly from the storage tank. Alternatively, a single outlet for dispensing fuel vapour might extend directly from a pressure build-up vaporiser (as described below) or there may be an outlet for dispensing fuel vapour which extends from a pressure build-up vaporiser and an outlet for dispensing fuel vapour which extends from the storage tank. In embodiments comprising two outlets for dispensing fuel vapour, the outlet which extends from the pressure build-up vaporiser may feed into the outlet which extends from the storage tank such that fuel vapour can pass both into and out of the storage tank, and directly into the outlet which extends from the storage tank such that the fuel vapour from the pressure build-up vaporiser does not pass into the storage tank but can mix with the fuel vapour dispensed from the storage tank. Alternatively, the outlet which extends from the pressure build-up vaporiser may only feed into the outlet which extends from the storage tank such that the fuel vapour from the pressure build-up vaporiser does not pass into the storage tank but can only mix with the fuel vapour dispensed from the storage tank.
In embodiments in which an outlet for dispensing fuel vapour extends from a pressure build-up vaporiser, the refuelling system may comprise a storage tank for containing liquid fuel, the tank comprising subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour; a pressure buildup vaporiser connected to the storage tank; an outlet connected to the storage tank for dispensing subcooled liquid fuel; an outlet connected to the pressure build-up vaporiser for dispensing fuel vapour; and at least two valves; wherein each outlet is connected to a fuel tank via a valve, the valves functioning to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank. Such embodiments may comprise two outlets for dispensing fuel vapour, as described above, with the outlet which extends from the pressure build-up vaporiser feeding into the outlet which extends from the storage tank such that fuel vapour can pass both into and out of the storage tank or such that the fuel vapour from the pressure build-up vaporiser does not pass into the storage tank.
The conduits may comprise a tubular flow path. The diameter of each of the tubular flow paths may be equal to or different from one another and may vary along their length.
At least one valve may be disposed within each conduit. The valves may be a modulating valve or an on/off valve. A trim valve or fixed orifice may be disposed in series with a modulating or on/off valve to further restrict flow through the conduit. The flow through the conduit could be restricted by a fixed orifice or a valve with a reduced diameter or a mechanical stop. The opening of the valves may be controlled electronically, pneumatically or manually.
In the instance where a modulating valve is disposed within each conduit, the modulating valves may be adjustable to vary the amount of fluid flow passing through each conduit, thereby determining the ratio of liguid fuel to fuel vapour released by the system. Alternatively, in the instance where an on/off valve is disposed within one conduit and a modulating valve disposed within the other conduit, the on/off valve may be opened to permit a constant stream of liquid fuel/fuel vapour through one conduit and the modulating valve may be adjusted to alter the amount of liquid fuel/fuel vapour passing through the other conduit, thereby controlling the ratio of liquid fuel to fuel vapour released by the system.
The fuel vapour and subcooled liquid fuel dispensed via the valves may be mixed before being dispensed to the fuel tank. The liquid fuel conduit and fuel vapour conduit may be connected so that the flow of liquid fuel and the flow of fuel vapour combine before being dispensed to the fuel tank, which allows the liquid fuel and fuel vapour to mix. Optionally, this mixing may occur in a baffled section of a conduit. Alternatively or additionally, the fuel vapour and subcooled liquid fuel may be mixed in a separate chamber which encourages mixing of the liquid fuel and fuel vapour before being dispensed to the fuel tank. The separate chamber may form part of the refuelling system, hence, the refuelling system of the present invention may comprise a separate chamber.
The valves may be controlled as a result of an operator inputting the desired temperature/density/saturated pressure required by the vehicle into a control panel which is communicably connected with the valves to thereby control their opening. The control panel may contain a number of pre-set options configured for different vehicle types which control the opening of the valves to achieve the desired output temperature/density/saturated pressure for the specified vehicle. The opening of the valves may be controlled in response to a measured temperature of the fuel as it is being dispensed by the system, thereby correcting for any deviation from the desired temperature. Alternatively, the opening of the valves may be controlled based on the density of the fuel (for a given pressure) as it is being dispensed to the vehicle fuel tank, which may be measured by a mass flowmeter. This may be a convenient method of control as a mass flow meter is often present in a refuelling station to measure the amount of liquid dispensed.
The ratio of LNG liquid to LNG vapour determines the temperature and saturated pressure of the LNG being dispensed to a vehicle tank. The claimed system utilises the vaporiser typically present within conventional pressure decant refuelling systems to supply the required LNG vapour, thereby omitting the requirement for an additional vaporiser. An advantage of the claimed system is that, since the LNG is stored in the storage tank as subcooled LNG until it is dispensed by the system, the quantity of LNG vapour which accumulates undesirably as a result of natural heat-in-leak from the atmosphere is significantly reduced. This increases the storage time of the LNG and reduces the frequency with which natural gas must be vented from the storage tank. This is particularly advantageous as venting results in a loss of valuable product and the release of natural gas into the atmosphere poses significant environmental challenges due to the gas' status as a greenhouse gas.
The claimed system is suitable for refuelling vehicles, but may also be used for the supply of cryogenic fluids to applications that would otherwise require bulk saturation of the fluid in the storage tank to achieve a delivery temperature required by the end process. Examples include refrigeration systems where the temperature of the fluid in the storage tank can be regulated as it is delivered to better match the cooling requirements (cooling curve in the exchanger) for the process fluid being cooled.
The refuelling system may comprise a cooling coil disposed within a lower region of the storage tank, submerged within the liquid fuel. The function of the cooling coil is to maintain the liquid fuel at a consistent subcooled temperature. The cooling coil may use liquid nitrogen as a cooling medium, or any other cryogenic fluid, or any other heat transfer fluid cooled by other means.
The refuelling system may further comprise a pressure build-up vaporiser which functions by removing cold fuel from a lower region of the storage tank, heating the fuel, and reinserting the resulting fuel vapour into an upper region of the storage tank (as described above). The pressure build-up vaporiser has a dual purpose of raising and maintaining pressure in the storage tank and supplying fuel vapour to alter the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed from the system.
According to a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for refuelling a fuel tank using fuel from a storage tank comprising subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour, the method comprising: dispensing subcooled liquid fuel to the fuel tank via a first valve; dispensing fuel vapour to the fuel tank via a second valve; controlling the first and second valves to dispense fuel to the fuel tank, wherein controlling the valves functions to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank.
The subcooled liquid fuel may be dispensed directly from the storage tank to the fuel tank or from the storage tank to the fuel tank via a separate chamber.
The fuel vapour may be dispensed directly from the storage tank to the fuel tank or from the storage tank to the fuel tank via a separate chamber. In embodiments comprising a pressure build-up vaporiser, fuel vapour may be dispensed directly from the pressure build up vaporiser to the fuel tank or directly from the pressure build up vaporiser to the separate tank instead of or in addition to fuel vapour dispensed directly from the storage tank to the fuel tank or separate chamber. Alternatively, in embodiments comprising a pressure build-up vaporiser, fuel vapour may feed into the storage tank from the pressure build-up vaporiser and then be dispensed directly from the storage tank to the fuel tank or separate chamber.
In embodiments in which an outlet for dispensing fuel vapour extends from a pressure build-up vaporiser, the method may comprise dispensing subcooled liquid fuel from a storage tank to the fuel tank via a first valve, dispensing fuel vapour from a pressure build-up vaporiser to the fuel tank via a second valve; controlling the first and second valves to dispense fuel to the fuel tank; wherein controlling the valves functions to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank. Such embodiments may comprise two outlets for dispensing fuel vapour, as described above in connection with the method of the present invention, with the outlet which extends from the pressure build-up vaporiser feeding into the outlet which extends from the storage tank such that fuel vapour can pass both into and out of the storage tank or such that the fuel vapour from the pressure build-up vaporiser does not pass into the storage tank.
The method may further comprise inputting the required fuel temperature or density, e.g. into a control panel. The fuel vapour valve may then be opened the required amount to enable the appropriate quantity of vapour to flow through the fuel vapour conduit to achieve a desired temperature or density.
The method may comprise opening the first valve before the second valve is opened. For example, the first valve may be partially opened during offtake to introduce a pressure drop in the liquid fuel conduit, thereby encouraging fuel vapour to discharge from the system when the second valve is opened. The second valve may then be opened to enable discharge of fuel vapour. The liquid fuel and fuel vapour mix to achieve the desired temperature. This mixing may take place in one or more of the conduits or in a separate chamber (as described above).
To maintain the liquid fuel at a consistently subcooled temperature, a cooling coil may be disposed within a lower region of the storage tank. Rather than using a cooling coil the storage tank may be supplied frequently with subcooled fuel which would maintain the liquid fuel at a low saturated pressure and subcooled temperature. If, for any reason the pressure in the tank was too high, a second cooling coil could be used in the upper region of the storage tank, within the vapour space, to thereby reduce the pressure.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a refuelling system 2. The refuelling system 2 comprises a vacuum-insulated cryogenic storage tank 4 containing liquefied natural gas. The volume of liquefied natural gas contained within the storage tank 4 is less than that of the tank itself, providing space for vapour in the upper most region of the storage tank 4. As is conventional for cryogenic storage tanks, pressure within the cryogenic storage tank 4 is regulated by a pressure build-up vaporiser 7. The pressure build-up vaporiser functions to raise or maintain pressure in the storage tank by removing cryogenic liquid from a lower region of the storage tank, heating the liquid, and returning the resulting vapour to a higher region of the storage tank 4. A valve 5 controls the flow of cryogenic fluid from the storage 4 tank to the pressure build-up vaporiser 7. A conduit 9 returns liquid fuel vapour from the pressure build-up vaporiser 7 to the storage tank 4. A pressure gauge 22 may be connected to the storage tank to measure the pressure therein. Alternatively the pressure gauge may be connected to the conduit 6 to measure the pressure of the storage tank 4. A cooling coil (not shown) may be housed within a lower region of the storage tank 4, and submerged within the liquefied natural gas; the cooling coil functioning to maintain the liquefied natural gas at a subcooled temperature and at a saturated pressure lower than that of the saturated vapour present in the higher region of the storage tank 4.
Extending from, and in fluid communication with, the upper most region of the storage tank 4, is a first conduit 6. The function of the first conduit 6 is to deliver LNG vapour from the storage tank
4. Extending from, and in fluid communication with, the lower most region of the storage tank 4 is a second conduit 8. The function of the second conduit 8 is to deliver LNG from the storage tank 4. The free ends of the first and second conduits 6, 8 are in fluid communication with one another so as to enable mixing of the natural gas vapour and LNG, for subsequent delivery to a fuel tank (not shown).
The ratio of LNG vapour to LNG liquid determines the temperature of the LNG which is subsequently delivered to the fuel tank. In order to control the quantity of LNG liquid being delivered to the fuel tank, a modulating control valve 14 is disposed within the second conduit 8. The modulating control valve 14 is used to control the flow rate of LNG liquid through the conduit 8. In order to control the guantity of LNG vapour being delivered to the fuel tank, two separate valves are disposed within the first conduit 6: a manual trim valve 12 and an on/off valve 10. The manual trim valve 12 functions to restrict the flow of LNG vapour through the on/off valve 10 when the on/off valve 10 is open, and the on/off valve 10 functions to selectively permit flow of LNG vapour through the first conduit 6. It will be readily appreciated that this valve configuration may be reversed such that a modulating control valve 14 is disposed within conduit 6 and the manual trim valve and on/off valve are disposed within conduit 8.
The valves 10,12,14 may be controlled either electronically, pneumatically or manually. In this embodiment, the trim valve 12 is manually operated and a control unit 16 is connected to both the on/off valve 10 and modulating control valve 14. The control unit 16 functions to vary the opening of the modulating control valve 14 and on/off valve 10 in accordance with the requirements of the vehicle being refuelled. The control unit 16 may be communicably connected with a temperature gauge 18 which records the temperature of the LNG as it is dispensed to the fuel tank. The control unit 16 may then react to any temperature reading which is outside the range required by the vehicle being fuelled by adjusting the opening of the on/off valve 10 and modulating control valve 14 accordingly, thereby altering the temperature of the fuel dispensed by the system. Alternatively the control unit 16 may be connected to a mass flow meter 20, conventionally used to measure the amount of fuel dispensed, and may measure the density of liquefied natural gas for a given pressure and adjust the opening of the on/off valve 10 and modulating control valve 14 accordingly.
An alternative embodiment of the invention is illustrated in figure
2. Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a refuelling system 3 which is similar to the refuelling system 2 illustrated in figure 1; identical elements found in figures 1 and 2 are labelled with identical reference numerals. The refuelling system of figure 2 differs from that of figure 1 in that it comprises a conduit 11 which feeds into conduit 6. This arrangement allows for vapour to both flow directly from the pressure build-up vaporiser 7 into conduit 6 to be dispensed to the fuel tank, and flow in to and out of the storage tank 4. Alternatively conduit 6 may connect directly with the pressure build-up vaporiser 7 so that fuel vapour is dispensed directly from the pressure build-up vaporiser 7.
Although the embodiments herein described refer to the storing and dispensing of liquefied natural gas, the invention would also be applicable for use with other cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid argon, ethylene and mixtures of these fluids.

Claims (21)

1. A refuelling system, the system comprising:
a storage tank for liquid fuel, the tank comprising subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour;
an outlet for subcooled liquid fuel;
an outlet for fuel vapour; and at least two valves;
wherein each outlet is connected to a fuel tank via a valve, the valves functioning to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the outlet for subcooled liquid fuel and the outlet for fuel vapour are directly connected to the storage tank.
3. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the system is suitable for refuelling vehicles.
4 . The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid fuel is liquefied natural gas (LNG).
5. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the valves are automatically controlled.
6. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the system further comprises a cooling coil, wherein, in use, the cooling coil subcools the liguid fuel.
7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the cooling coil uses liquid nitrogen as a cooling medium.
8. The system according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the cooling coil is housed within the storage tank and positioned in the bottom half of the storage tank.
9. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the system further comprises a pressure build-up vaporiser, and wherein, in use, the pressure build-up vaporiser heats the subcooled liquid fuel to produce fuel vapour.
10. The system according to claim 9 wherein the outlet for fuel vapour is directly connected to the pressure build-up vaporiser .
11. The system according to claim 10 wherein a first outlet for fuel vapour is directly connected to the storage tank and a second outlet for fuel vapour is directly connected to the pressure build-up vaporiser.
12. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the fuel vapour and subcooled liguid fuel dispensed via the valves is mixed before being dispensed to the fuel tank.
13. The system according to any preceding claim, wherein the fuel vapour and subcooled liquid fuel are mixed in a conduit and/or in a separate chamber.
14. A method for refuelling a fuel tank using fuel from a storage tank comprising subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour, said method comprising:
dispensing subcooled liguid fuel to the fuel tank via a first valve;
dispensing fuel vapour to the fuel tank via a second valve;
controlling the first and second valves to dispense fuel to the fuel tank;
wherein controlling the valves functions to determine the ratio of fuel vapour to subcooled liquid fuel dispensed to the fuel tank, thereby regulating the temperature of the fuel as it is dispensed to the fuel tank.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein fuel vapour is dispensed directly from the storage tank to the fuel tank.
16. The method according to claim 14 or 15, wherein fuel vapour is dispensed directly from a pressure build-up vaporiser to the fuel tank.
17. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, further comprising inputting the required fuel temperature o density.
18. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, further comprising increasing the pressure in the storage tank.
19.
The method according to any one of claims 14 to 18 wherein the first valve is opened before the second valve.
20. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein the subcooled liquid fuel and fuel vapour dispensed via the valves is mixed on the fly as it is dispensed to the fuel tank.
21. The method according to wherein the subcooled liquid via the valves is mixed in a dispensed to the fuel tank. any one of claims 14 to 19, fuel and fuel vapour dispensed separate chamber before being
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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5228295A (en) * 1991-12-05 1993-07-20 Minnesota Valley Engineering No loss fueling station for liquid natural gas vehicles
US20120060935A1 (en) * 2010-09-13 2012-03-15 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Fuel Tank Temperature and Pressure Management Via Selective Extraction of Liquid Fuel and Fuel Vapor

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5228295A (en) * 1991-12-05 1993-07-20 Minnesota Valley Engineering No loss fueling station for liquid natural gas vehicles
US20120060935A1 (en) * 2010-09-13 2012-03-15 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Fuel Tank Temperature and Pressure Management Via Selective Extraction of Liquid Fuel and Fuel Vapor

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