GB2567205A - Uses of an absorbent, and methods and apparatuses relating thereto - Google Patents

Uses of an absorbent, and methods and apparatuses relating thereto Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2567205A
GB2567205A GB1716347.8A GB201716347A GB2567205A GB 2567205 A GB2567205 A GB 2567205A GB 201716347 A GB201716347 A GB 201716347A GB 2567205 A GB2567205 A GB 2567205A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
engine
cartridge
scrubbing material
metal cation
exhaust system
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Granted
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GB1716347.8A
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GB2567205B (en
GB201716347D0 (en
Inventor
Hughes Timothy
Wilkinson Ian
Chi Tsang Shik
Banares-Alcantara Rene
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Siemens PLC
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Siemens PLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
    • B01D53/0415—Beds in cartridges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/58—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
    • B01J20/041—Oxides or hydroxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
    • B01J20/046—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium containing halogens, e.g. halides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
    • B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
    • B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
    • B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
    • C01F7/78—Compounds containing aluminium and two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen and hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
    • C01F7/78—Compounds containing aluminium and two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen and hydrogen
    • C01F7/784—Layered double hydroxide, e.g. comprising nitrate, sulfate or carbonate ions as intercalating anions
    • C01F7/785—Hydrotalcite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/10—Oxidants
    • B01D2251/108—Halogens or halogen compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
    • B01D2251/402—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of magnesium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/60—Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/604—Hydroxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
    • B01D2253/112—Metals or metal compounds not provided for in B01D2253/104 or B01D2253/106
    • B01D2253/1122—Metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/25—Coated, impregnated or composite adsorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D2257/406—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/40083—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption
    • B01D2259/40084—Regeneration of adsorbents in processes other than pressure or temperature swing adsorption by exchanging used adsorbents with fresh adsorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/62—In a cartridge

Abstract

The application relates to use of a scrubbing material of MgCl2 and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH) to remove ammonia from an exhaust gas stream. There is also a method of removing ammonia from an exhaust stream of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, the method comprising contacting the exhaust gas stream with a scrubbing material of MgCl2 and/or a layered double hydroxide. The LDH material may include compounds of the formula [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]x+(An-)x/n, where M2+ is a divalent metal cation, M3+ is a trivalent metal cation and An- is an anion, and x is from 0.001 to 0.99.The divalent metal cation may be Mg2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ or mixtures thereof. The trivalent metal cation may comprise Al3+, Cr3+, Ga3+, Mn3+, Fe3+ or mixtures thereof. The anion may be selected from OH-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, SeO42- or mixtures thereof. Also disclosed is a cartridge comprising a scrubbing material, the cartridge being adapted to fit within an exhaust system, an exhaust system fitted with a cartridge and an engine comprising the exhaust system.

Description

The present invention relates to absorbent materials, and to methods, uses and apparatuses relating thereto.
In particular the present invention relates to absorbent materials which have desirable properties as an absorbent of ammonia. The present invention relates especially to the use of such materials to remove ammonia form the exhaust gas streams of internal combustion (IC) engines or gas turbine (GT) engines.
In the modern day, combustion provides the basis for a vast range of energy applications, from electricity generation to heating and transportation. However, widespread use of fossil fuels means that combustion is also associated with significant carbon emissions, and negative consequences for the environment.
Ammonia shows promise as a sustainable, carbon-free fuel. Where ammonia is synthesised using nitrogen extracted from the air, hydrogen obtained from the electrolysis of water, and renewable energy, then ammonia may be produced with zero carbon emissions. As an energy vector, ammonia is energy dense, and may be readily transported using existing infrastructure. A further advantage of ammonia is that it can be used to fuel conventional internal combustion (IC) and gas turbine (GT) engines, where the ultimate combustion products are nitrogen and water. However, if the combustion using ammonia fuel is incomplete, unburned ammonia may carry through into the exhaust stream. Ammonia can be unpleasant, even at very low concentrations (up to a few tens of ppm), and toxic at higher concentrations (above a few hundreds of ppm). Thus it would be desirable to provide a means of removing unburned ammonia from the exhaust streams of IC engines and GT engines.
The use of ammonia as a fuel for IC and GT engines is not widespread and is generally found only at centres of research into this technology. Usually, the risk of ammonia in the exhaust stream of IC and GT engines is mitigated by venting a stack at a sufficiently remote location, and by using air to dilute the ammonia to a lower concentration. Both of these solutions are impractical for commercial applications.
As such, there is a need for alternative means of removing (otherwise known as scrubbing) unburned ammonia from the exhaust streams of IC engines and GT engines.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride (MgCI2) and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH), to remove ammonia from an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion (IC) engine ora gas turbine (GT) engine.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of removing ammonia from an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, the method comprising contacting the exhaust gas stream with a scrubbing material selected from Magnesium Chloride (MgCI2) and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH).
Preferred features of the first and second aspects will now be described.
In some embodiments, the scrubbing material comprises MgCI2.
In some embodiments, the scrubbing material comprises an LDH material.
In some embodiments, the scrubbing material comprises a mixture of MgCI2 and an LDH material.
In some embodiments the scrubbing material may comprise a mixture of two or more different LDH materials.
When a mixture is used the molar ratio of MgCI2 to LDH materials may be from 99:1 to 1:99.
LDH materials are well known materials and their structures and properties will be known to the person skilled in the art. For example, compounds of this type are described by Evans and Slade in “Structural Aspects of Layered Double Hydroxides” in “Layered Double Hydroxides” edited by: X.Duan and D.G. Evans, Volume 119 of the series Structure and Bonding, pp 1-87, Springer, 2005. Any of the LDH materials described herein may be useful in the present invention.
The basic structure of LDH materials is based on that of brucite [Mg(OH)2]. Brucite consists of magnesium ions surrounded approximately octahedrally by hydroxide ions. The octahedral units edge-share to form infinite layers which stack upon one another to form a three dimensional structure.
The basic structure of a LDH material may be derived by substituting a fraction of the divalent cations of a brucite lattice with trivalent cations. The layers thereby acquire a positive charge. Intercalation of anions between the layers balances this charge. Water may also be intercalated. Many different types of LDH materials may be provided by varying the nature of the divalent and trivalent species and the relative quantities thereof.
Preferred LDH materials for use in the present invention include compounds of formula (1):
[M2+1_xM3+x(OH)2]x+(An’)x/n (1) wherein M2+ is a divalent metal cation, M3+ is a trivalent metal cation, An' is an anion; and x is from 0.001 to 0.99.
M2+ may be selected from any divalent cation.
Suitably the divalent metal cation M2+ is selected from Mg2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ or mixtures thereof. Preferably the divalent metal cation comprises Mg2+.
M3+ may be selected from any trivalent cation.
Suitably the trivalent metal cation M3+ is selected from Al3+, Cr3+, Ga3+, Mn3+, Fe3+ or mixtures thereof. Preferably the trivalent metal cation comprises Al3+.
Any suitable anion may be used as An'. Suitable anions will be known to the person skilled in the art.
Preferred anions for use herein include OH', Cl , Br, NO3 , CO3 2', SO42 , SeO42 or mixtures thereof.
x is from 0.001 to 0.99. Preferably x is from 0.01 to 0.90, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.80.
In some embodiments x is from 0.07 to 0.50, suitably from 0.20 to 0.33.
As the skilled person will appreciate, the value of n will vary depending on the nature of the anion. Suitably n is from 1 to 4. Preferably n is 1 or 2.
In some embodiments the LDH materials may further comprise neutral molecules that are intercalated between the layers of the material.
Suitable neutral molecules for use herein include formic acid, methanol, water, nitrophenol or mixtures thereof.
The LDH materials may include water of crystallisation in the structure. Depending on the temperature at which the invention is carried out, this water may be driven off.
The inventors have advantageously found that the LDH materials are able to readily absorb ammonia at temperatures of up to 350°C, suitably up to 400°C, suitably up to 450°C, for example up to 500°C.
It is believed that the open structure of the LDH materials due to the interlayer galleries allows a high rate of diffusion of ammonia into the material. Thus as well as having a high absorption capacity, absorption of ammonia is quickly achieved.
MgCI2 and LDH materials are solid materials. They are suitably provided in a form which facilitates diffusion of gases into the material.
In some embodiments the MgCI2 and/or LDH materials may be provided in powdered form.
In use the scrubbing material removes by absorption a portion of ammonia from the exhaust gas stream of an IC engine or a GT engine.
The exhaust gases may be directly contacted with the scrubbing material or may first pass through a heat exchanger.
The scrubbing material may be fitted within an exhaust system of an IC engine or a GT engine. Suitably the scrubbing material is arranged such that the exhaust gas stream of an IC engine or a GT engine may pass around or through the material. Suitably the scrubbing material is fitted at a position within the engine before the exhaust gas stream is released into the atmosphere.
In some embodiments the scrubbing material may be coated onto the interior surface of the exhaust system.
In preferred embodiments the scrubbing material is retained on a solid support fitted within the exhaust system.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cartridge adapted to fit within an exhaust system of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, wherein the cartridge comprises a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride (MgCI2) and/or a layered double hydroxide.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exhaust system of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, wherein the exhaust system is fitted with a cartridge comprising a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride and/or a layered double hydroxide.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided an engine comprising an exhaust system wherein the exhaust system is fitted with a cartridge comprising a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride and/or a layered double hydroxide.
The engine is suitably an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine engine.
Preferred features of the first and second aspects also apply as appropriate to the third, fourth and fifth aspects. Further features of the invention as defined in relation to the third, fourth and fifth aspects may also apply to the first and second aspects.
Further preferred features of the invention will now be described.
The exhaust system guides exhaust gases from an engine, for example an IC engine or a GT engine, away from the combustion site of the engine. Exhaust gases typically pass through the exhaust system and are then released into the atmosphere.
The inventors have found that the introduction of a cartridge comprising the scrubbing material removes residual ammonia from the exhaust gas stream of IC engines and GT engines.
The cartridge of the third aspect comprises the scrubbing material.
The cartridge is suitably a solid component. The cartridge may be made from (i.e. consist of) the scrubbing material.
Preferably the cartridge comprises an inert solid support on which the scrubbing material is loaded.
The cartridge is suitably provided a component that can be replaced with another similar or identical component.
The cartridge is suitably shaped to fit within the exhaust system of the engine such that all of the exhaust stream gases have to pass through the cartridge.
The cartridge suitably comprises a support of an inert solid material. The support may be a lattice, a folded system, a plurality of overlapping plates, a honeycomb shape or a mesh system.
Suitably the inert solid support is configured to present a high surface area of the LDH material to the exhaust gases.
The scrubbing material may be coated onto or held within the support.
The inert solid support may comprise a ceramic material or a metal material.
The skilled person will appreciate that the inert solid support must not significantly restrict the flow of the exhaust gas stream through the exhaust system. Thus the inert solid support suitably does not introduce an appreciable pressure drop across the cartridge.
Suitably the support is shaped and the scrubbing material is arranged on the support in a manner to ensure maximum absorption of ammonia from the exhaust gases as they pass through the cartridge.
The cartridge is suitably adapted to fit within the exhaust system. Thus different sized cartridges may be provided for use in different engines. A significant advantage of the present invention is that saturated cartridges may be readily removed and replaced.
After the used cartridge has been removed from the gas exhaust stream, the ammonia can be released and thus the cartridge is regenerated. This may be achieved, for example, by heating the material in a reduced atmosphere.
The present invention involves removing ammonia from the exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine ora gas turbine engine.
Suitably the invention reduces the ammonia concentration in the exhaust stream by at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, suitably at least 40%, for example at least 50%.
In some embodiments the present invention may reduce the ammonia concentration in an exhaust gas stream by more than 60%, suitably by more than 70%, preferably by more than 80%, more preferably by more than 90%, for example by more than 95% or more than 99%.
The present invention overcomes a disadvantage associated with the use of ammonia as a fuel is IC and GT engines and thus provides environmental benefits.

Claims (15)

1. The use of a scrubbing material selected from MgCI2 and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH), to remove ammonia from an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion (IC) engine ora gas turbine (GT) engine.
2. A method of removing ammonia from an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, the method comprising contacting the exhaust gas stream with a scrubbing material selected from MgCI2 and/or a layered double hydroxide (LDH).
3. A use or method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scrubbing material comprises magnesium chloride.
4. A use or method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the scrubbing material comprises a layered doubled hydroxide (LDH).
5. A use or method according to claim 4 wherein the LDH materials include compounds of formula (1):
[M2+1_xM3+x(OH)2]x+(An’)x/n (1) wherein M2+ is a divalent metal cation, M3+ is a trivalent metal cation, An' is an anion; and x is from 0.001 to 0.99.
6. A use or method according to claim 5 wherein the divalent metal cation M2+ is selected from Mg2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ or mixtures thereof.
7. A use or method according to claim 6 wherein the divalent metal cation comprises Mg2+.
8. A use or method according to any of claims 4 to 7 wherein the trivalent metal cation is selected from Al3+, Cr3+, Ga3+, Mn3+, Fe3+ or mixtures thereof.
9. A use or method according to claim 8 wherein the trivalent metal cation comprises Al3+.
10. A use or method according to any of claims 4 to 9 wherein An' is selected from OH', Cl, Br, NO3, CO32', SO42-, SeO42- or mixtures thereof.
11. A use or method according to any of claims 4 to 10 wherein x is from 0.07 to 0.50.
12. A cartridge adapted to fit within an exhaust system of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, wherein the cartridge comprises a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride (MgCI2) and/or a layered double hydroxide.
13. An exhaust system of an internal combustion (IC) engine or a gas turbine (GT) engine, wherein the exhaust system is fitted with a cartridge comprising a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride and/or a layered double hydroxide.
14. An engine comprising an exhaust system wherein the exhaust system is fitted with a cartridge comprising a scrubbing material selected from magnesium chloride and/or a layered double hydroxide.
15. A cartridge, exhaust system or engine according to claim 12, 13 or 14 wherein the scrubbing material is as defined in any of claims 1 to 11.
GB1716347.8A 2017-10-06 2017-10-06 Uses of an absorbent, and methods and apparatuses relating thereto Expired - Fee Related GB2567205B (en)

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US20090280047A1 (en) * 2004-08-03 2009-11-12 Claus Hviid Christensen Solid ammonia storage and delivery material
US20130300007A1 (en) * 2012-05-10 2013-11-14 National University Corporation Nagoya University Fuel carburetor
US20140363359A1 (en) * 2011-12-16 2014-12-11 Thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions Ag Device and method for eliminating nox and n2o
US20150183648A1 (en) * 2012-08-09 2015-07-02 Aaqius & Aaqius Sa Ammonia storage structure and associated systems and method
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