GB2557055A - Condenser, Cooling System, and Operation Method - Google Patents

Condenser, Cooling System, and Operation Method Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2557055A
GB2557055A GB1800782.3A GB201800782A GB2557055A GB 2557055 A GB2557055 A GB 2557055A GB 201800782 A GB201800782 A GB 201800782A GB 2557055 A GB2557055 A GB 2557055A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
condenser
temperature
flow rate
cooling medium
cooling water
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GB1800782.3A
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GB2557055B (en
GB201800782D0 (en
Inventor
Ishida Naoyuki
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Hitachi GE Nuclear Energy Ltd
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Hitachi GE Nuclear Energy Ltd
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D17/00—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces
    • F25D17/02—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating liquids, e.g. brine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D9/00—Devices not associated with refrigerating machinery and not covered by groups F25D1/00 - F25D7/00; Combinations of devices covered by two or more of the groups F25D1/00 - F25D7/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28B—STEAM OR VAPOUR CONDENSERS
    • F28B1/00—Condensers in which the steam or vapour is separate from the cooling medium by walls, e.g. surface condenser
    • F28B1/02—Condensers in which the steam or vapour is separate from the cooling medium by walls, e.g. surface condenser using water or other liquid as the cooling medium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28B—STEAM OR VAPOUR CONDENSERS
    • F28B9/00—Auxiliary systems, arrangements, or devices
    • F28B9/04—Auxiliary systems, arrangements, or devices for feeding, collecting, and storing cooling water or other cooling liquid
    • F28B9/06—Auxiliary systems, arrangements, or devices for feeding, collecting, and storing cooling water or other cooling liquid with provision for re-cooling the cooling water or other cooling liquid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C9/00—Emergency protection arrangements structurally associated with the reactor, e.g. safety valves provided with pressure equalisation devices
    • G21C9/004—Pressure suppression
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C9/00—Emergency protection arrangements structurally associated with the reactor, e.g. safety valves provided with pressure equalisation devices
    • G21C9/004—Pressure suppression
    • G21C9/012—Pressure suppression by thermal accumulation or by steam condensation, e.g. ice condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/08—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • F28D7/082—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag with serpentine or zig-zag configuration
    • F28D7/085—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag with serpentine or zig-zag configuration in the form of parallel conduits coupled by bent portions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F28D7/1615—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation the conduits being inside a casing and extending at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the casing; the conduits crossing the conduit for the other heat exchange medium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Abstract

The purpose of the present invention is to achieve a cooling system that adjusts the amount of heat removed by a condenser, and maintains, at or below a specified temperature, the temperature of a refrigerant flowing into a heat exchanger, the cooling system thereby being capable of suppressing an increase in cost. If the nitrogen concentration inside a containment vessel (50) decreases and the amount of heat removed by the condenser (1) increases, the amount of cooling water to the condenser (1) is adjusted by a flow rate adjustment valve (5) and the amount of heat removed by the condenser (1) is controlled. Further, low-temperature cooling water is supplied from a bypass pipe (12) to a mixer (4) and is mixed, in the mixer (4), with high-temperature cooling water which has flowed from the condenser (1), and the temperature of cooling water caused to flow into an external heat exchanger (8) is lowered to the specified temperature of the external heat exchanger (8) or lower.

Description

(56) Documents Cited:
JP 2010243002 A JP 2007051929 A JP 2001153381 A JPS6385215 JPS49173
JP 2010236786 A JP 2004082104 A (58) Field of Search:
INT CL F25D, F28B, G21C
Other: Jitsuyo Shinan Koho 1922-1996; Jitsuyo
Shinan Toroku Koho 1996-2016; Kokai Jitsuyo Shinan
Koho 1971-2016; Toroku Jitsuyo Shinan Koho
1994-2016 (71) Applicant(s):
Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd.
(Incorporated in Japan)
1-1, Saiwai-cho 3-chome, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 317-0073, Japan (72) Inventor(s):
Naoyuki Ishida (74) Agent and/or Address for Service:
Mewburn Ellis LLP
City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, LONDON, Greater London, EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom (54) Title of the Invention: Condenser, Cooling System, and Operation Method Abstract Title: Condenser, Cooling System, and Operation Method (57) The purpose of the present invention is to achieve a cooling system that adjusts the amount of heat removed by a condenser, and maintains, at or below a specified temperature, the temperature of a refrigerant flowing into a heat exchanger, the cooling system thereby being capable of suppressing an increase in cost. If the nitrogen concentration inside a containment vessel (50) decreases and the amount of heat removed by the condenser (1) increases, the amount of cooling water to the condenser (1) is adjusted by a flow rate adjustment valve (5) and the amount of heat removed by the condenser (1) is controlled. Further, low-temperature cooling water is supplied from a bypass pipe (12) to a mixer (4) and is mixed, in the mixer (4), with hightemperature cooling water which has flowed from the condenser (1), and the temperature of cooling water caused to flow into an external heat exchanger (8) is lowered to the specified temperature of the external heat exchanger (8) or lower.
Figure GB2557055A_D0001
1/4
Figure GB2557055A_D0002
[Fig. 2]
Figure GB2557055A_D0003
HEAT TRANSFER TUBE iNLET
MIXER
EXTERNAL HEA EXCHANGER Li TEMPERATURE heattransfer ! uciiz OuTlcz i / 4
Fig. 3]
Figure GB2557055A_D0004
Fig. 4]
COOLANT WATER TEMPERATURE
Figure GB2557055A_D0005
EXTERNAL HEA EXCHANGER UI TEMPERATURE
HEAT TRANSFER MIXER TUBE OUTLET
H EAT T RAN S F E R TUBE INLET [Fig. 5]
Figure GB2557055A_D0006
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER MIXER
TUBE INLET TUBE OUTLET [Fig. 6]
Figure GB2557055A_D0007
4/4
Fig. 7
Figure GB2557055A_D0008
Fig. 8]
Figure GB2557055A_D0009
MIXED GAS (OUTLET NiTROGEN CONCENTRATION > INLET NDROGEN CONCENTRATION'}
DESCRIPTION
Title of Invention: CONDENSER, COOLING SYSTEM, AND OPERATING
METHOD
Technical Field [0001]
The present invention relates to a condenser that causes condensable gas to condense on an outer surface of a heat transfer tube by allowing a cooling medium to flow into the heat transfer tube, a cooling system using the condenser, and a method for operating the system.
Background Art [0002]
In a general condenser, the number and a length of the heat transfer tubes are determined depending on a required heat removal quantity. In condensation of a mixed gas containing a non-condensable gas, since a heat transfer coefficient decreases as a concentration of the non-condensable gas increases, it is necessary to increase the number and the length of the heat transfer tubes for a certain heat removal quantity. Generally, a condenser is designed for a certain non-condensable gas concentration.
[0003]
In a heat exchanger, the heat removal quantity can be regulated by a flow rate of a cooling medium.
[0004]
In the technology described in PTL 1, in order to appropriately regulate a temperature of a plurality of types of temperature control subjects, a pipe through which a cooling medium passes is branched in front of the heat exchanger, and by a flow rate regulation valve disposed in one branched pipe, a distribution amount of the cooling medium to each of the heat exchanger is regulated.
Citation List
Patent Literature [0005]
PTL 1: JP-A-2014-34301
Summary of Invention
Technical Problem [0006]
In a cooling system, in a case where a concentration of a non-condensable gas that is included in a heat removal subject is greatly changed, a heat removal quantity is also greatly changed. In a condenser designed with a specific non-condensable gas concentration, in a case where the non-condensable gas concentration decreases greatly, the heat removal quantity increases.
[0007]
Generally, the heat removed by the condenser is conveyed to an external heat exchanger for discharge the heat to the outside. When the heat removal quantity increases, the temperature of the cooling medium rises from a condenser outlet to the external exchanger inlet. In this case, it is necessary to set the cooling system compatible with high temperature, and since a heat exchanger area of the external heat exchanger is needed to be increased, a size of the external heat exchanger is increased and the cost is increased. For example, it is necessary to set a seal portion of a circulation pump and the like correspond to high heat, and the cost of the entire cooling system increased.
[0008]
In addition, in a case where of using the condenser to cool a containment vessel at a severe accident in a nuclear power plant, it is preferable to condense a steam with the condenser without using a power source. In a case of including the non-condensable gas in steam, a driving force is generated due to a difference between a gas concentration inside the condenser and the gas concentration outside the condenser and natural circulation of a mixed gas occurs. When the driving force is increased, a large amount of mixed gas flows into the condenser, and the heat removal quantity can be secured.
[0009]
The present invention has been made in view of the above description, an object of the present invention is to obtain a cooling system capable of suppressing an increase in cost by maintaining a temperature of a cooling medium flowing into a heat exchanger to a specific temperature or lower by regulating a heat removal quantity in a condenser, a condenser capable of increasing a flow rate of the mixed gas by natural circulation, and a method for operating the cooling system.
Solution to Problem [0010]
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is configured as follows.
[0011]
A cooling system includes a heat exchanger, a condenser that condenses a condensable gas including a non-condensable gas, an inlet side pipe that connects a cooling medium outlet of the heat exchanger and a cooling medium inlet of the condenser to each other, an outlet side pipe that connects a cooling medium outlet of the condenser and a cooling medium inlet of the heat exchanger to each other, a bypass pipe that branches from a branching portion of the inlet side pipe near the cooling medium inlet of the condenser, a mixer that is connected to the outlet side pipe and the bypass pipe, mixes a cooling medium flowing out from the cooling medium outlet of the condenser with a cooling medium supplied from the bypass pipe, and supplies the mixed medium to the cooling medium inlet of the heat exchanger through the outlet side pipe, and a flow rate regulation mechanism that adjusts an inflow rate of the cooling medium flowing from the inlet side pipe to the cooling medium inlet of the condenser and an inflow rate of the cooling medium from the inlet side pipe to the bypass pipe.
[0012]
In addition, a condenser, which is disposed in a reactor containment vessel where a nitrogen concentration varies with time at a severe accident and is used for condensing a condensable gas including a non-condensable gas, includes a casing of which an upper surface and a lower surface are open and a plurality of heat exchangers which are provided in an upper space in the casing and through which a cooling medium flows in and flows out, in which a lower chimney space where the heat transfer tube is not disposed is formed at a lower space in the casing.
[0013]
In addition, a method for operating a cooling system includes disposing a thermometer that measures a temperature of a cooling medium in the outlet side pipe, and controlling such that in a case where the temperature measured by the thermometer is higher than a target temperature, an inlet side flow rate regulation valve is tightened and a flow rate regulation valve of a bypass pipe is opened, and in a case where the temperature measured by the thermometer is lower than the target temperature, the inlet side flow rate regulation valve is opened and the flow rate regulation valve of the bypass pipe is tightened.
Advantageous Effects of Invention [0014]
According to the present invention, a cooling system capable of suppressing an increase in cost by maintaining a temperature of a cooling medium flowing into a heat exchanger to a specific temperature or lower by regulating a heat removal quantity in a condenser, a condenser capable of increasing a flow rate of the mixed gas by natural circulation, and a method for operating the cooling system can be realized.
Brief Description of Drawings [0015] [Fig. 1] Fig. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a first example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[Fig. 2] Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating a temperature change of cooling water from a heat transfer tube inlet of a condenser to an outlet of a mixer.
[Fig. 3] Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a second example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[Fig. 4] Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating a temperature change of cooling water from a heat transfer tube inlet of a condenser in the second example of the present invention to an outlet of a mixer.
[Fig. 5] Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating a change in enthalpy of the cooling water from the heat transfer tube inlet of the condenser in the second example of the present invention to the outlet of the mixer.
[Fig. 6] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating a modification example of the second example of the present invention.
[Fig. 7] Fig. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a third example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[Fig. 8] Fig. 8 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a configuration example of a condenser applied to a cooling system according to a fourth example of the present invention. Description of Embodiments [0016]
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to accompanying drawings. Examples [0017] (First Embodiment) (Configuration)
Fig. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a first example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[0018]
As illustrated in Fig. 1, the cooling system according to the first example of the present invention includes a condenser 1 disposed in a reactor containment vessel 50, and an external heat exchanger 8 for discharging removed heat in the condenser 1. The condenser 1 and the external heat exchanger 8 are connected to each other by an inlet side pipe 2 conveying a cooling medium (cooling water) from a cooling medium outlet of the heat exchanger 8 to a cooling medium inlet of the condenser 1, and an outlet side pipe 3 conveying the cooling medium flown from the cooling medium outlet of the condenser 1 to the cooling medium inlet of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0019]
A cooling water pump 7 for circulating the cooling medium through the inlet side pipe 2 and the outlet side pipe 3 is disposed in the outlet side pipe 3. In addition, a bypass pipe 12 branched in front of the condenser 1 is provided in the inlet side pipe 2. The bypass pipe 12 is connected to a mixer 4 provided in the outlet side pipe 3. A flow rate regulation valve (condenser inlet side flow rate regulation valve) 5 for regulating a flow rate of the cooling medium to the condenser 1 is disposed between from the branching portion of the inlet side pipe 2 to the cooling medium inlet of the condenser 1. A flow rate regulation valve (bypass side flow rate regulation valve) 6 for regulating a flow rate of the cooling medium in the bypass pipe 12 is provided in the bypass pipe 12.
[0020]
In addition, the cooling water pump 7 is disposed between from the mixer 4 of the outlet side pipe 3 to the external heat exchanger 8, and a thermometer 21 that measures a temperature of the cooling medium in the outlet side pipe is disposed between from the cooling water pump 7 to the external heat exchanger 8.
[0021]
In the external heat exchanger 8, seawater is drawn as the cooling medium by a cooling water supply pump 9, heat conveyed from the condenser 1 is transmitted to the seawater, a finally the removed heat is discharged to the sea.
[0022] (Operation)
The reactor containment vessel 50 of the boiling water reactor plant is filled with nitrogen at the time of normal operation. In a case where an accident occurs such that a function of removing decay heat generated from a reactor core is lost, a steam generated by the decay heat is transferred to the containment vessel 50. In a case where the amount of decay heat is greater than the heat removal quantity from the containment vessel 50, the pressure of the containment vessel 50 increases. In order to prevent the pressure from increasing beyond a design pressure and the containment vessel 50 is broken, means for condensing the generated steam or venting the steam from the containment vessel 50 is required.
[0023]
When the steam flows into the containment vessel 50, it becomes a mixed gas with the filled nitrogen . When the pressure in the containment vessel 50 increases, since a function is acted such that a check valve and a vacuum break valve operate to isolate nitrogen, the condenser 1 is operated in a relatively wide range of the nitrogen concentration.
[0024]
In order to prevent the overpressure of the containment vessel 50, it is reasonable to design the condenser 1 under a condition that the heat transfer performance is most deteriorated under the assumed highest nitrogen concentration environment. Generally, the length of the heat transfer tube of the condenser 1 is determined so that the temperature of the cooling medium (cooling water) at the outlet of the condenser 1 satisfies the inlet temperature specification of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0025]
The nitrogen concentration of the mixed gas in the containment vessel 50 varies depending on an inflow and condensation of the steam and the isolation condition of the nitrogen. When the nitrogen concentration of the mixed gas in the containment vessel 50 decreases, a heat transfer inhibiting effect by the non-condensable gas is eliminated and the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases. When the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases, the amount of heat transferred to the cooling water of the condenser 1 increases and the temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser 1 increases.
[0026]
In a case where the temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser 1 excessively rises, it is necessary to set the external heat exchanger 8 and the entire cooling system to high temperature specifications, which causes an increase in the cost of the entire cooling water system. Since the increase in cost due to this high temperature specification is caused by an increase in the heat removal quantity of the condenser 1 in a case where the nitrogen concentration is lowered, the cooling water temperature should not be excessively increased.
[0027]
In the first embodiment, the inlet side pipe 2 of the condenser 1 is branched to arrange the bypass pipe 12, and the mixer 4 is connected to the outlet side pipe 3. The flow rate regulation valve 5 is disposed in the inlet side pipe 2, and the flow rate regulation valve 6 is disposed in the bypass pipe .
[0028]
In the design of this cooling system, the flow rate is determined by Equation (1) below so as to be the specification temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 with respect to the heat removal quantity at the maximum expected nitrogen concentration.
Qo= mocp (Tout-Tin) ··· (1) [0029]
In Equation (1) above, Qo is a required heat removal quantity (W), mo is a cooling water flow rate (kg/s) at the maximum nitrogen concentration, cp is specific heat (J/kgK), Tout is a cooling water outlet temperature (°C) , and Tin is a cooling water inlet temperature (°C). The cooling water outlet temperature at the outlet of the condenser 1 is determined not to exceed the specification temperature of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0030]
When the flow rate to the condenser 1 is reduced, the heat removal quantity decreases and the cooling water outlet temperature increases. In a case where the nitrogen concentration decreases and the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases to increase the heat removal quantity, by reducing the flow rate of the cooling water flowing into the condenser 1 by tightening the opening degree of the inlet side flow rate regulation valve 5, the heat removal quantity of the vessel 1 can be controlled.
[0031]
For example, in a case where the inside of the containment vessel 50 is filled with atmospheric pressure steam (nitrogen concentration 0%) , in the condenser 1 having a sufficient heat transfer area assuming that nitrogen is contained, the cooling water temperature reaches 100°C before it is discharged from the condenser 1, and no temperature difference occurs after reaching 100°C and heat removal is not performed and the effective heat transfer area is reduced.
[0032]
Assuming that the cooling water does not boil, the heat removal guantity is expressed by Equation (2) below.
Q=mcp (100-Tin) ··· (2) [0033]
In Equation (2) above, Q is a heat removal quantity (W) , m is a cooling water flow rate (kg/s), cp is specific heat (J/kgK), and Tin is a cooling water inlet temperature (°C) .
[0034]
From Equation (2) above, it can be found that if the cooling water inlet temperatures are the same, the heat removal quantity can be controlled by the cooling water flow rate. In a case where the flow rate of cooling water flowing into the condenser 1 decreases, the temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser 1 increases to the temperature inside the containment vessel 50. The cooling water in the outlet side pipe 3 where the temperature has risen is mixed with the low temperature cooling water that has passed through the bypass pipe 12 with the mixer 4 and is lowered to a temperature at which the cooling water satisfies the specifications of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0035]
Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating a temperature change of cooling water from a heat transfer tube inlet of the condenser 1 to an outlet of the mixer 4, a vertical axis represents a cooling water temperature and a horizontal axis represents a position of the cooling water. In addition, in Fig. 2, a solid line indicates the change in the cooling water temperature when the nitrogen concentration decreases, and the alternate long and short dashed line indicates the change in the cooling water temperature at the maximum nitrogen concentration.
[0036]
As indicated by the alternate long and short dashed line in Fig. 2, the condenser 1 is designed so as to be equal to or lower than the limit temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 when the nitrogen concentration becomes the maximum In Fig. 2, since the heat transfer coefficient improves when the nitrogen concentration decreases, the temperature rise rate of the cooling water increases. In a case where of the first embodiment, when the temperature of the cooling water reaches 100°C which is the saturation temperature inside the containment vessel 50, since the temperature difference disappears, the heat transfer is not performed and the cooling water temperature is constant at 100°C. The cooling water of which the temperature rises to 100°C mixes with low temperature cooling water supplied from the bypass pipe 12 in the mixer 4 to reduce the temperature to the limit temperature or lower of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0037]
If the cooling water flow rate is decreased in the system without the bypass pipe 12, there are no means for lowering the temperature of the cooling water flowing into the external heat exchanger 8, and there is a possibility that the specification may not be satisfied.
[0038]
The cooling water where the temperature reduced equal to lower than the specification temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 exchanges heat with seawater in the external heat exchanger 8, is cooled and is supplied to the condenser 1 again. The seawater to which the heat is transferred from the cooling water is returned to the sea, and the heat inside the containment vessel 50 is discharged to the sea.
[0039]
In the first embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the cooling water flowing into the external heat exchanger 8 is measured by the thermometer 21. The degree of opening of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 is adjusted according to the cooling water temperature measured by the thermometer 21, and the supply amount of the cooling water to the condenser 1 , and the flow rate of the cooling water supplied to the mixer 4 from the bypass pipe 12 are regulated. Regulation of the openings of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 may be performed, for example, by monitoring the measurement temperature of the thermometer 21 in a control center, and instructing the regulation of the openings of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 to an operator from the control center. It is possible to perform regulation of the openings of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 by providing opening degree driving mechanisms of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 and configuring such that the opening degree driving mechanism is operated by a demand from the control center .
[0040] (Effect)
According to the first example, in a case where the concentration of the nitrogen in the containment vessel 50 decreases and the heat removal quantity in the condenser 1 increases, the heat removal quantity in the condenser 1 is controlled by regulating the cooling water amount to the condenser 1 by the flow rate regulation valve 5. The low temperature cooling water from the bypass pipe 12 is supplied to the mixer 4 to mix with a high temperature cooling water discharged from the condenser 1 with the mixer 4, and the cooling water temperature is reduced to the specification temperature or lower of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0041]
Accordingly, a cooling system capable of suppressing an increase in cost by maintaining a temperature of the cooling medium flowing into the heat exchanger 8 to a specific temperature or lower by regulating the heat removal quantity in the condenser 1, and a method for operating the cooling system can be obtained.
[0042] (Second Example) (Configuration)
Fig. 3 is a concept diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a second example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[0043]
The configuration different from the first example in the second example is disposing a pressurizer (water tank) 10 that applies pressure to entire the cooling system to the inlet side pipe 2, and the other configuration are the same as that of the first example.
[0044] (Operation)
It is assumed that the containment vessel 50 is pressurized at an atmospheric pressure or higher, and the temperature in the containment vessel 50 is higher than 100°C. In a case of circulating the cooling water at the atmosphere pressure, the cooling water of which the temperature has reached 100°C by heating with steam above 100°C boils.
[0045]
When boiling starts, since latent heat is added to Equation (2) and the heat removal quantity increases, it is necessary to further reduce the flow rate. Although it is possible to control the heat removal quantity by regulating the flow rate, if the steam flowing out from the condenser 1 mixes with a low temperature cooling water in the mixer 4, there is a possibility that water hammer is generated due to rapid condensation .
[0046]
In the second embodiment, the pressurizer 10 for applying a pressure to the entire cooling system is disposed, and the pressure in the pressurizer 10 (the pressure of the gas in the pressurizer 10) is set higher than the design pressure of the containment vessel 50. By applying the pressure the cooling water higher than the design pressure of the containment vessel 50, boiling of the cooling water can be prevented.
[0047]
Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating a temperature change of the cooling water from the heat transfer tube inlet of the condenser 1 to the outlet of the mixer 4, a vertical axis represents a cooling water temperature and a horizontal axis represents a position of the cooling water. In addition, in Fig. 4, the solid line indicates a change in temperature in a case where the cooling water is pressurized, and a broken line indicates the change in the cooling water temperature in a case where the cooling water is not pressurized.
[0048]
When the nitrogen concentration in the containment vessel 50 decreases greatly and the heat transfer coefficient increases, the cooling water temperature rises to the temperature in the containment vessel 50 in a case where the pressure is applied by the pressurizer 10, and in a case where the pressure is not applied, the cooling water temperature rises to a saturation temperature of the cooling water. Thereafter, the cooling water temperature is lowered below the limit temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 by mixing with low temperature cooling water flowing from the bypass pipe 12 with the mixer 4. However, in a case where the pressure is not applied, the temperature decrease is small and there is a possibility in that the temperature exceeds the limit temperature of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0049]
Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating a change in enthalpy of the cooling water from the heat transfer tube inlet of the condenser 1 to the outlet of the mixer 4. In addition, in Fig. 5, the solid line indicates a change in temperature in a case where the cooling water is pressurized, and a broken line indicates the change in the cooling water temperature in a case where the cooling water is not pressurized.
[0050]
In Fig. 5, in a case where the pressure is not applied, boiling of the cooling water occurs after the cooling water temperature reaches the saturation temperature, and since the heat transfer is performed even if the cooling water temperature does not change, the enthalpy continues to rise. Therefore, by mixing with the low temperature cooling water with the mixer 4, even when decreasing the enthalpy in the same manner of a case where the pressure is applied, the final enthalpy becomes higher than that of a case where the pressure is applied, and the temperature of the cooling water flowing into the external heat exchanger 8 becomes higher, and it is possible in that the temperature exceeds the limit temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 depending on the conditions. When the cooling water boils, even when mixing with the low temperature cooling water, since the low temperature cooling water is warmed by latent heat of the condensation, the temperature decrease width becomes small.
[0051]
Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating a modification example of the second example illustrated in Fig. 3. An example illustrated in Fig. 3 is an example of a case where the water tank is applied as the pressurizer 10. However, as illustrated in Fig. 6, a pressure regulation valve 11 may be disposed between the mixer 4 and the cooling water pump 7 in the outlet side pipe 3. By tightening the valve opening degree of the pressure regulation valve 11, the pressure loss at the valve 11 increases and the pressure between from a cooling water pump (circulation pump) 7 to the front of the valve 11 can be increased by the pressure loss at the valve 11. However, a high-head pump that compensates for the pressure loss is required.
[0052]
In addition, if it is possible to fix the valve opening degree of the valve 11, an orifice may be disposed in the outlet side pipe 3 between the mixer 4 and the cooling water pump 7 instead of the valve.
[0053] (Effect)
According to the second example, the same effect as that of the first example can be obtained. In addition, the pressure is applied to the cooling water greater than the pressure in the containment vessel 50 to control the boiling of the cooling water, thereby obtaining the effect that non-occurrence of water hammer with the mixer 4.
[0054] (Third Example) (Configuration)
Fig. 7 is a conceptual diagram illustrating one configuration example in a case of applying a cooling system according to a third example of the present invention to a boiling water reactor plant.
[0055]
The configuration in the third example different from the second example is that the third example includes a calculation unit 23 in which a measured temperature of the thermometer 21 is input, a valve driving motor 51 that regulates the valve opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 5, and a valve driving motor 60 that regulates the valve opening of the flow rate regulation valve 6, and the other configuration is same as that of the second example.
[0056]
However, in the example illustrated in Fig. 7, similar to the second example, the pressurizer 10 is disposed. However, the pressurizer 10 can be omitted in the third example.
[0057] (Operation)
It is difficult to predict the change in the nitrogen concentration in the containment vessel 50 if uneven concentration distribution occurs, and as described above, it is good to perform the adjustment of the flow rate of the cooling water in the condenser 1 and the bypass pipe 12 while monitoring the temperature of the cooling water flows into the external heat exchanger 8. When the nitrogen concentration in the containment vessel 50 decreases, and the heat removal quantity of the condenser 1 increases, the temperature of the cooling water in the outlet side pipe 3 rises, and an indication value of the thermometer 21 becomes higher.
[0058]
The temperature measured by the thermometer 21 is input to the calculation unit 23. In a case where the temperature measured by the thermometer 21 is expected to exceeding the specification temperature (target temperature) of the external heat exchanger 8, the calculation unit 23 sends the opening degree regulation signal to a first driving motor 51 that regulates the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 5 of the inlet side pipe 2 through the signal cable 22, and sends the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 6 of the bypass pipe 12 to a second driving motor 60. The driving motor 51 tightens the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 5 according to the opening degree regulation signal obtained from the calculation unit 23, and the driving motor 60 set the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 6 of the bypass pipe 12 to become greater according to the opening degree regulation signal obtained from the calculation unit 23.
[0059]
By decreasing the flow rate of the cooling water flowing into the condenser 1, since the heat removal quantity of the condenser 1 decreases, the flow rate of the low temperature cooling water passing through the bypass pipe 12 increases, and the temperature of the cooling water mixed in the mixer decreases, the cooling water temperature can be controlled to equal to or lower than the specification temperature of the external heat exchanger 8.
[0060]
Conversely, when the nitrogen concentration in the containment vessel 50 increases and the heat removal quantity decreases, the temperature instruction value of the thermometer 21 decreases (in a case when it is lower than the specification temperature (target temperature)) . In this case, the calculation unit 23 sends an opening degree regulation signal to driving motors 51 and 60 to set the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 5 of the inlet side pipe 2 to the extent that the temperature of the cooling water flowing into the external heat exchanger 8 does not exceed the specified temperature and to tighten the opening degree of the flow rate regulation valve 6 of the bypass pipe 12. By increasing the flow rate of the cooling water flowing into the condenser 1, the heat removal quantity increases and the necessary amount of the heat removal quantity can be secured.
[0061] (Effect)
According to the third embodiment of the present invention, by a control system configured of the thermometer 21 that measures a temperature of a cooling water in the outlet side pipe 3 between from the mixer 4 to the external heat exchanger 8, the calculation unit 23, the signal cable 22 that transmits a signal for regulating the degree of the opening of the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 by the measured value of the thermometer 21, and the driving motors 51 and 60 that drive the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6, the temperature of the cooling water flowing into the external heat exchanger 8 can be automatically controlled to a specification temperature of the external heat exchanger 8 or lower and the heat removal quantity required in the condenser 1 can be secured even when changing the nitrogen concentration in the containment vessel 50.
[0062]
Accordingly, the cooling system capable of suppressing an increase in cost by maintaining a temperature of the cooling medium flowing into the heat exchanger 8 to a specific temperature or lower by regulating the heat removal quantity in the condenser 1 can be obtained.
[0063] (Fourth Example) (Configuration)
Fig. 8 is a concept diagram illustrating a configuration of the condenser 1 applying a cooling system according to a fourth example of the present invention.
[0064]
In Fig. 8 the condenser 1 includes a plurality of heat transfer tubes (the tube where the cooling medium flows in and from) 32 disposed in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, and a casing 31 surrounding the heat transfer tubes 32 and having upper and lower openings is provided, in which a space (lower chimney) 43 where the heat transfer tube 32 is not disposed in the lower portion of the casing 31.
[0065] (Operation)
When the steam flows into the containment vessel 50 at the severe accident, there is a possibility in that the humidity increases and electric equipment such as a fan cannot be used. In addition, since in order to prevent the overpressure in the containment vessel 50 by condensing the steam, a spray works in the containment vessel 50 , it is preferable to design a condenser without expecting the operation of the electric equipment. In this case, the inflow of the mixed gas into the condenser 1 disposed in the containment vessel 50 utilizes the natural circulation force.
[0066]
In the fourth embodiment, the upper and lower sides of the casing 31 are opened to form an upper surface opening 41 and a lower surface opening 42. In the lower portion of the casing 31, a lower chimney space 43 without the heat transfer tube 32 through which the cooling water flows is provided. For nitrogen and steam, the density of nitrogen is higher and the density of mixed gas becomes higher as the concentration of nitrogen is higher.
[0067] since when the mixed gas flows into the condenser 1, only the steam condenses, the density of the mixed gas inside the casing 31 is greater than that of the interior for the inside and the outside of the casing 31. Using this density difference as a driving force, natural circulation in which the mixed gas inside the casing 31 tries to flow downward is generated.
[0068]
At this time, the lower surface opening 42 is provided such that the mixed gas with high density in the casing 31 is discharged smoothly to out of the casing 31, and the lower surface of the casing 31 is open. According to the discharge of the mixed gas, the surrounding mixed gas flows from the upper surface opening 41 into the condenser 1. At this time, since the upper surface of the casing is open, the surrounding mixed gas flows smoothly into the condenser 1. Since the driving force occurring due to the density difference is small, by using the casing 31 having the upper surface and the lower surface opened, it is possible to minimize the pressure loss caused by the inflow and discharge of the mixed gas and allow more mixed gas to flow into the condenser 1.
[0069]
In addition, as shown in Equation (3) (below), the driving force F is the produce of the density difference Δρ, the gravity g, and the lower chimney height h. Condensation on the heat transfer tube 32 also causes a density difference also in the bundle of the heat transfer tubes 32. However, in here, the driving force is conservatively evaluated only with the lower chimney height.
F= Ap-g-h ··· (3) [0070]
Accordingly, in order to increase the driving force as much as possible, the height of the lower chimney space 43 may be set as large as possible with respect to the allowable dimension of the installation place. When the driving force increases, more mixed gas flows into the condenser 1. Since only steam condenses among the flown mixed gas , the nitrogen concentration becomes greater at a lower side of the condenser 1. That is, the lower heat transfer tube in the condenser has a lower heat transfer amount due to the heat transfer inhibiting the effect of nitrogen. When more mixed gas flows into the condenser 1, the amount of the steam passing through the heat transfer tube increases per unit time. With respect to this, since the amount of the condensation does not significantly increase, the increase in the nitrogen in the downward direction is suppressed. Therefore, since the steam can be condensed in the lower heat transfer tube in a state where the nitrogen concentration is low, the heat removal effect can be improved.
[0071] (Effect)
According to the fourth example of the present invention, by setting the upper surface and the lower surface of the casing 31 to the opening, it allows smooth flow of the mixed gas generated by the density difference in the vertical direction. By disposing the lower chimney space 43, the driving force of the natural circulation is increased, and more mixed gas flows into the condenser 1. Accordingly, the heat removal efficiency of the condenser 1 can be improved.
[0072]
If applying the condenser 1 of the fourth example of the present invention to the first to third examples of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a cooling system with improved cooling effect.
[0073]
The condenser 1 of the fourth example of the present invention is also applicable to the cooling system of the present invention.
[0074]
In addition, in the above-described first to third examples of the present invention, a configuration in which the flow rate regulation valve 5 is disposed in the inlet side pipe 2 of the condenser 1 and the flow rate regulation valve 6 is disposed in the bypass pipe 12 is adopted. However, a configuration in which the flow rate regulation valve uses only at least one of the flow rate regulation valve 5 or the flow rate regulation valve 6 can be set as the other examples of the present invention.
[0075]
Including an example of disposing the flow rate regulation valves 5 and 6 and an example of disposing at least one of the flow rate regulation valves 5 or 6, it is generically referred to as a cooling water flow rate to the condenser 1 and a bypassed flow rate regulation mechanism.
[0076]
Further, the present invention can be applied not only to the cooling inside the pressure vessel of the nuclear reactor but also to the in-vessel cooling system in other manufacturing plants and the like.
Reference Signs List [0077] condenser inlet side pipe outlet side pipe mixer condenser flow rate regulation valve bypass flow rate regulation valve cooling water circulation pump external heat exchanger cooling water supply pump : pressurizer : pressure regulation valve : bypass pipe : thermometer : signal cable : calculation unit : casing : heat transfer tube : upper surface opening portion : lower surface opening portion : lower chimney space : reactor containment vessel , 60: driving motor

Claims (10)

  1. CLAIMS [Claim 1]
    A cooling system comprising: a heat exchanger;
    a condenser that condenses a condensable gas including a non-condensable gas;
    an inlet side pipe that connects a cooling medium outlet of the heat exchanger and a cooling medium inlet of the condenser to each other;
    an outlet side pipe that connects a cooling medium outlet of the condenser and a cooling medium inlet of the heat exchanger to each other;
    a bypass pipe that branches from a branching portion of the inlet side pipe near the cooling medium inlet of the condenser from the inlet side pipe;
    a mixer that is connected to the outlet side pipe and the bypass pipe, mixes a cooling medium flowing out from the cooling medium outlet of the condenser with a cooling medium supplied from the bypass pipe, and supplies the mixed medium to the cooling medium inlet of the heat exchanger through the outlet side pipe; and a flow rate regulation mechanism that regulates an inflow rate of the cooling medium flowing from the inlet side pipe to the cooling medium inlet of the condenser and an inflow rate of the cooling medium from the inlet side pipe to the bypass pipe .
  2. [Claim 2]
    The cooling system according to Claim 1, wherein the condenser is disposed in a nuclear reactor containment vessel of a nuclear reactor plant.
  3. [Claim 3]
    The cooling system according to Claim 1, wherein the flow rate regulation mechanism includes a condenser inlet side flow rate regulation valve disposed between the cooling medium inlet of the condenser and the branching portion, and a bypass side flow rate regulation valve disposed in the bypass pipe.
  4. [Claim 4]
    The cooling system according to Claim 1, further comprising:
    a pressurizer that increases a cooling medium pressure to the inlet side pipe and the outlet side pipe.
  5. [Claim 5]
    The cooling system according to Claim 4, wherein the pressurizer is a water tank.
  6. [Claim 6]
    The cooling system according to Claim 4, wherein the pressurizer is a pressure regulation valve disposed in an outlet side pipe.
  7. [Claim 7]
    The cooling system according to Claim 3, further comprising:
    a thermometer that measures a temperature of a cooling medium in the outlet side pipe;
    a calculation unit that calculates a degree of opening of the condenser inlet side flow rate regulation valve and a degree of opening of the bypass side flow rate regulation valve based on the temperature of the cooling medium measured by the thermometer;
    a first driving motor that regulates the degree of opening of the condenser inlet side flow rate regulation valve according to an opening degree regulation signal obtained from the calculation unit; and a second driving motor that regulates the degree of opening of the bypass side flow rate regulation valve according to an opening degree regulation signal obtained from the calculation unit.
  8. [Claim 8]
    A condenser for condensing a condensable gas including a non-condensable gas, the condenser comprising:
    a casing of which an upper surface and a lower surface are open; and a plurality of heat transfer tubes which are disposed in an upper space in the casing and through which a cooling medium flows in and flows out, wherein a lower chimney space where the heat transfer tube is not disposed is formed at a lower space in the casing.
  9. [Claim 9]
    The cooling system according to Claim 1, wherein the condenser includes a casing of which an upper surface and a lower surface are open, and a plurality of heat transfer tubes which are disposed in an upper space in the casing and through which a cooling medium flows in and flows out, and a lower chimney space where the heat transfer tube is not disposed is formed at a lower space in the casing, and is disposed in a nuclear reactor containment vessel where a nitrogen concentration varies.
  10. [Claim 10]
    A method for operating a cooling system, comprising: disposing a thermometer that measures a temperature of a cooling medium in the outlet side pipe of the cooling system according to Claim 3; and controlling such that in a case where the temperature measured by the thermometer is higher than a target temperature, an inlet side flow rate regulation valve is tightened and a flow rate regulation valve of a bypass pipe is opened, and in a case where the temperature measured by the thermometer is lower than the target temperature, the inlet side flow rate regulation valve is opened and the flow rate regulation valve of the bypass pipe is tightened.
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CN107449289B (en) * 2017-07-27 2019-10-25 江苏长海化工有限公司 A kind of automatic control system and method for condenser inflow temperature
CN107424654A (en) * 2017-08-01 2017-12-01 中广核研究院有限公司 The system and method for exporting heat in containment
JP6905451B2 (en) * 2017-11-07 2021-07-21 日立Ｇｅニュークリア・エナジー株式会社 Hydrogen concentration measurement system
JP6967484B2 (en) * 2018-04-11 2021-11-17 日立Ｇｅニュークリア・エナジー株式会社 Condenser
JP7045966B2 (en) * 2018-09-20 2022-04-01 日立Ｇｅニュークリア・エナジー株式会社 Nuclear plant and its operation method
CN109369003A (en) * 2018-12-28 2019-02-22 江苏通鼎光棒有限公司 A kind of inlet duct and its air inlet method of the sintering of preform female rod
KR102307564B1 (en) * 2019-12-17 2021-10-05 한국수력원자력 주식회사 Containment cooling system having improved cooling performance
CN112466485A (en) * 2020-11-26 2021-03-09 中国船舶工业集团公司第七0八研究所 Passive waste heat discharge system buffer water tank
CN113847817A (en) * 2021-08-27 2021-12-28 日月光半导体制造股份有限公司 Machine table cooling device and method
CN113865207B (en) * 2021-10-29 2023-03-24 美的集团武汉暖通设备有限公司 Cooling system, control method thereof, and computer-readable storage medium

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JP6487290B2 (en) 2019-03-20

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