GB2527274A

GB2527274A - MRI apparatus and methods

Info

Publication number: GB2527274A
Application number: GB1406780.5A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Mihailo Ristic; John Vincent Mario Mcginley; Ian Robert Young
Original assignee: Imperial Innovations Ltd
Current assignee: Ip2ipo Innovations Ltd
Priority date: 2014-04-15
Filing date: 2014-04-15
Publication date: 2015-12-23
Also published as: GB201406780D0

Abstract

First and second MRI images are obtained with the B0 field rotated in different orientations specifically including the magic angle. The arrangement of magnets may be on a rotatable mounting such as a gimbal. This may be used to exploit different image contrast in musculoskeletal tissues such as collagen fibres. Co-registration of images based on the orientations imaged may be used. Calibration by determining field adjustments required at different orientations and shimming accordingly may be performed.

Description

MRI Apparatus and Methods The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for magnetic resonance imaging, and more particularly to apparatus and methods adapted to exploit image contrast based on magic angle effects.

Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, is typically performed in the presence of a main magnetic field, B0, that determines the central frequency of imaging sequences performed using the apparatus. To perform imaging it is desirable that this B0 imaging field should be generally homogeneous in an imaging region. Objects to be imaged can be arranged in this region to enable magnetic resonance images to be acquired.

Conventional MRI magnets typically take one of two common forms: (1) cylindrical electromagnets having a magnetic dipole moment aligned with the axis of the cylinder; and (2) open magnets involving two poles, North and South, which provide a field between the two poles that is aligned with their direction of separation. In both of these cases, the B0 imaging field is generally aligned with the net magnetisation, or the magnetic dipole moment as the case may be, of the magnetic elements that provide that

field.

Magnetic resonance imaging is generally conducted by applying a pulse of RF magnetic field, centred at the resonant frequency defined by the B0 imaging field, and superimposing magnetic field gradients on the (otherwise homogeneous) B0 field. The RF signal produced by the relaxation, in the presence of these gradients, of nuclei excited by this RF pulse can then be used to reconstruct an image of an object in the imaging region.

In some types of objects, components of the object may be arranged in organised, anisotropic, structures. For example in human or animal tissues, and peripheral nerves and musculoskeletal tissues in particular, materials such as collagen may be arranged in anisotropic structures such as tubes and fibres. It has been found that magnetic nuclei, such as water protons, bound in such structures are subject to dipolar interactions whose strength depends on the orientation of the structures with respect to the B0 field.

In more detail, the relaxation of nuclei is modified by their local magnetic environments, and by dipole-dipole interactions. In these anisotropic structures dipolar interactions are modulated by a term which varies as 3cos2O1, where 0 is the angle the structures make with the magnetic field B0. At angles where the term 3cos20-1 is small these dipolar interactions are reduced with the result that the transverse relaxation time 12 of these tissues is increased. This so called "magic angle" effect is known to be a source of image artefact which makes imaging of the musculoskeletal system a difficult problem.

One way to address this artefact is to position structures and tissues at particular orientations with respect to B0 to increase the signal from them. Signal to noise ratio, and the control of image contrast nonetheless remain a challenge.

Aspects and examples of the disclosure are set out in the appended claims.

A specific description of some embodiments is provided, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a very schematic illustration of a transverse field MRI apparatus; Figure 2 shows an elevation view of a magnet assembly carried on a rotatable mounting Figure 3A shows an elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 2 and a person extending a limb into an imaging region of the apparatus; Figure 3b shows a second elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 2 from a different perspective from that shown in Figure 3A.

Figure 4 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of determining the orientation of a structure in an object; Figure 5 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of calibrating an MRI apparatus; and Figure 6 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of calibrating an MRI apparatus; Image contrast can be provided based on the magic angle effect, and orientation of structured tissues. In order to provide a homogeneous B0 field however, conventional imaging systems typically employ an axial field in which the direction of the B0 field is parallel with the net magnetisation, or net magnetic dipole moment, of the magnet or magnetic elements that provide that B0 imaging field. Whether that magnet assembly comprises magnetic elements which are superconductive or ohmic electromagnets, or permanent magnets, or a combination thereof, the orientation of the field, and access to the imaging region of the imaging system, is constrained by the geometry of the magnet assembly.

The present disclosure provides an imaging method and imaging apparatus. In some embodiments the methods and apparatus may employ a transverse B0 imaging field. For example the apparatus may comprise two magnet assemblies spaced apart to provide an imaging region between them. In such a transverse field MRI apparatus, the B0 imaging field is transverse to the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies. Axial

field systems may also be used.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to MRI methods, methods for controlling MRI apparatus, and methods for processing magnetic resonance images.

These methods may involve the rotation of a B0 imaging field with respect to a stationary object to provide image contrast between differently oriented structures in that object.

These methods may also involve using orientation data describing the orientation of the magnet assemblies with respect to a support or rotational coupling on which the magnet assemblies can be rotated to combine images acquired at different orientations to provide a composite image. Magic angle effects cause localised orientation sensitive dependent changes in signal intensity which may inhibit accurate co-registration of images acquired at differing orientations, and these effects present a challenge for conventional image co-registration techniques. It has therefore been thought of as inappropriate to combine images acquired with different B0 field orientations.

Examples of the present disclosure however exploit these differences in contrast, and by enabling the direction of the magnetic field to be manipulated in a reliable and measured way permit such images to be combined to provide information about the orientation of structures in an object.

For example a first MRI image of an object can be obtained based on a B0 imaging field, the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object can then be changed before a second MRI image of the object is obtained. This can enable the orientation of a structure within the object to be determined based on the orientations of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object and the image intensity associated with the structure in the first MRI image and the second MRI image.

A relationship can be estimated between the orientation of the B0 imaging field and the image intensity associated with a structure in an image. Based on this relationship, the orientation of the structure can be determined. This relationship may be estimated based on fitting, to the image intensity measurements acquired at different orientations, a function comprising a model of magic angle effects, for example a term which varies as 3cosO-1, where 0 is an angle that the structure makes with the magnetic field B0. For example this may be accomplished using an algorithm such as that discussed in " An Algorithm for the Calculation of Three-Dimensional Collagen Fibre Orientation in Ligaments using Angle-Sensitive MRI" by Thomas Seidel eta!. Mag. Res. Med 69:1595- 1602 (2013). Examples of imaging methods which may be useful with the present disclosure may be provided by "Angle-Sensitive MRI for Quantitative Analysis of Fiber- Network Deformations in Compressed Cartilage" Garnov et al. Mag. Res. Med 70:225- 231 (2013).

Where the magnet assemblies of the imaging apparatus provide a transverse B0 imaging field the relative orientation of the object and the B0 imaging field may be changed more easily, and to be more accurately and stably controlled. For example the magnet assemblies of the imaging apparatus can be rotated with respect to the object to be imaged which may remain stationary, for example the object may remain stationary with respect to a support or rotational coupling of the imaging apparatus upon which the magnet assemblies are rotated. As another example, the object to be imaged can be rotated with respect to the magnet assemblies. The use of transverse field enables a structure to be imaged in a greater range of orientations with respect to the B0 imaging field than might, for example, be achievable in axial field systems.

The object to be imaged may be stabilised by, for example secured to, a support, and the magnetic field can be rotated with respect to this support while the support remains stationary, thereby reducing the possible motion artefacts and other problems which may be associated with trying to reposition an object to be imaged within the confined space

of an axial field magnet system.

A signal indicating the orientation of the B0 imaging field associated with each of at least two MRI images can be obtained, and this signal can be used to combine the images acquired at these different field orientations to provide a composite image. This signal may be obtained from an orientation sensor, for example an encoder, configured to sense the rotational position of the magnet assemblies and/or the rotational position of the object for example by sensing the orientation of the support on which the object is stabilised. This orientation signal can be used to co-register the images. In an embodiment the orientation signal is used to select adjustments to the gradients used in the imaging sequence.

To put these methods into context, the following disclosure introduces one apparatus in which they may be used. This apparatus happens to employ a transverse field configuration, and this is advantageous but other configurations, for example axial field configurations, may also be used.

Figure 1 shows an MRI apparatus 10 comprising a controller 500, two magnet assemblies 14, 14' each carried on separate yokes 16, 16', and gradient windings 17 arranged for providing magnetic field gradients for imaging in an imaging region between the two magnet assemblies 14, 14'. The magnet assemblies 14, 14' are coupled to a support 36 by a rotatable mounting 12.

An orientation sensor 502 is coupled to the rotatable mounting 12 and to the controller 500.

The controller 500 comprises a data store, and an imaging interface 506 for using the MRI apparatus 10 to obtain magnetic resonance images. As will be appreciated, other than as discussed below with reference to Figure 4 and Figure 5 the nature of the imaging sequences, and the control of the RF excitation signals, and the RF receiver are not relevant to the present disclosure and so have been omitted from the discussion presented here in the interests of clarity.

The two magnet assemblies 14, 14' are spaced apart and mechanically coupled together by a rigid separator (not shown in Figure 1) to provide space for an imaging region 22 between them. As illustrated in Figure 1 the gradient windings 17 are carried on the faces of the two magnet assemblies 14, 14' adjacent to the imaging region 22. The gradient windings 17 are coupled to the controller 500 for receiving a supply of electrical current to drive the gradients. The imaging interface is operable to control the current provided to the gradient windings 17.

The orientation sensor 502 is operable to sense the orientation of the magnet assemblies 14, 14' with respect to the support 36 upon which the magnet assemblies are carried by the rotatable mounting 12. The orientation sensor 502 is also configured to provide an orientation signal indicating the orientation of the magnet assemblies 14, 14' with respect to the support 12 to the controller 500.

The direction of separation of the magnet assemblies 14, 14' may be referred to as the axial direction because it generally corresponds to the direction of net magnetisation of the north and south poles of the two assemblies. In the apparatus 10 illustrated in Figure 1, each magnet assembly comprises a north pole 20, 20' and a south pole 18, 18' carried on a planar yoke 16, 16'. The net magnetisation of the north pole 20, 20' is directed away from the yoke 16, 16' on which it is carried, and the net magnetisation of the south pole 18, 18' is directed towards the yoke 16, 16'. Thus, each yoke 16, 16' guides magnetic flux from the rear face of its south pole to the rear face of its north pole which significantly improves the efficiency of the magnetic circuit and hence the net magnetic field obtained.

The magnetic field of course also extends through the space on the other side of the two poles from the yoke 16, 16', and in this space the field has a component approximately parallel to the yoke 16, 16', for example transverse to the net magnetisation of the two poles. Each of the two magnet assemblies are similar, and arranged so that the yokes 16, 16' are outermost. The south poles 18, 18' of the two magnet assemblies are arranged towards one end of the apparatus 10, and the north poles of the two magnet assemblies are arranged towards the other end of the apparatus 10. In this configuration, the transverse magnetic field between the two assemblies is added together in the space between them. By selecting the relative strengths and shapes of the north and south poles 18, 18' of the two magnet assemblies, the field between the two can be made sufficiently homogeneous to provide a B0 field for performing magnetic resonance imaging in a region between the two magnet assemblies. Additional passive or dynamic shimming elements may be used in combination with the magnet assemblies to improve the homogeneity of the B0 field. The yokes 16, 16' of the two magnet assemblies may be mechanically coupled together, and held apart either side of the imaging region 22 by a rigid separator, which may comprise a rotatable mounting 12. The magnet assemblies can thus be arranged to be rotated together about an axis aligned with their direction of separation, for example about the direction of separation of the two magnet assemblies, for example about the direction of the net magnetisation of each of the north and south poles 18, 18'. This permits rotation of the B0 imaging field provided by the magnet assemblies with respect to the imaging region 22. Advantageously, the use of separate yokes 16, 16' on either side of the imaging region 22 means that an object, such as a limb or body of a patient, which extends out of the imaging region 22, can remain

stationary while the field is rotated.

It will be appreciated that, although not shown in the drawings in the interests of clarity, an RF transmit/receive coil may also be coupled to the controller 500 and arranged in the imaging region 22 of the apparatus 10 shown in Figure 1 to permit magnetic resonance images to be collected from an object in the imaging region 22.

The poles of the magnet assemblies may comprise ohmic or superconducting coils generating the same magnetic dipole moments where north-south polarity is replaced by current polarity. A superconducting coils system may be useful if B0 fields greater than approximately 0.25 Tesla are required.

Figure 2 shows a perspective view of a transverse field MRI apparatus 10 indicating one possible arrangement of magnet assemblies, yokes, and rotatable mountings such as those described above with reference to Figure 1. The apparatus illustrated in Figure 2 comprises two magnet assemblies 14, 14' held apart from one another by a rigid separator 30. The separator shown in Figure 6 comprises a C-shaped frame member that is arranged inside a circular frame 32, and coupled to that frame by a first rotatable mounting 12. The frame is itself carried on a support 36 by a second rotatable mounting 32. An imaging region 22 is provided in the space between the magnet assemblies 14, 14'.

The assemblies 14, 14' are arranged to provide, in this imaging region 22, a B0 imaging

field transverse to their direction of separation.

The first rotatable mounting 12 enables the separator 30 to rotate with respect to the frame 32 about an axis in the plane of the frame 32, for example about an axis aligned with the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies (e.g. the axial direction). The second rotatable mounting 34 is configured to enable the frame to be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the frame 32. It can therefore be seen that, the separator 30 and frame 32 in the apparatus of Figure 2 are arranged to provide a gimbal, and that by rotating the frame 32 with respect to its support 36, and rotating the separator 30 with respect to the frame 32, the orientation of the B0 filed can be rotated about two orthogonal axes. This enables the orientation of the B0 imaging field to be selected without the need to move the object that is to be imaged, for example a patient's limb, or other extended object, may be arranged partially inside the imaging region 22 whilst also extending out of it. The ability to rotate the B0 field about an axis aligned with the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies, and also to rotate that direction of separation, may enable almost any orientation of B0 field to be provided.

In operation, an object to be imaged can be arranged in the imaging region 22. Where the object to be imaged is a human or animal body, or for example a limb of a living human or animal body, unwanted movement of the object can be reduced by supporting the object in a position that is comfortable. The body, limb, or other object, may then be immobilised by securing it in place with respect to the imaging apparatus 10', for example by securing it with respect to the support 36 of the apparatus 10'. The magnet assemblies 14, 14' are then rotated together about at least one axis. This rotation may be selected to align the B0 field based on knowledge of the anatomy, or other internal structure, of the object. For example, the orientation of the B0 imaging field may be selected based on the orientation of a structure such as a tendon, ligament, or muscle in the object. For example, the orientation of the B0 imaging field may be selected based on the orientation of the structure and the magic angle -for example the B0 imaging field may be arranged to be at about 0° or about 55°, to the structure. An MRI image can then be obtained based on the B0 imaging field in that orientation. The orientation of the field can be changed whilst the object remains stationary on the support, and a second image can then be obtained.

In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise an orientation sensor 502 arranged to determine the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the imaging region 22.

The orientation sensor 502 may comprise a transducer configured to provide a signal based on the rotational position of at least one of the magnet assemblies, for example an orientation sensor 502 may be coupled to one or both of the rotatable mountings 12, 34.

In these embodiments the method described above may comprise storing an association between an image and the orientation of the B field when the image was acquired.

In the apparatus illustrated in Figure 5, each magnet assembly is described as comprising a north pole and a south pole. It will however be appreciated that the terms "north" and "south" are simply used to indicate a difference in orientation of the net magnetisation associated with each pole.

These poles are described as being carried on a planar yoke 16, 16', the yoke 16, 16' of course need not be planar and may for example carry curved, stepped, polygonal or indented surfaces. The shape of each yoke 16, 16' itself may be selected to shim, shape, or adjust the B0 imaging field, or to contain the field. Generally, the yoke 16, 16' comprises a material with a high magnetic permeability, such as a ferrous material. In -10-some embodiments the yoke 16, 16' may comprise a permanent magnet. It will however be appreciated that, generally, such materials tend to be relatively high density.

Embodiments of the disclosure however permit each magnet assembly to be carried on a separate yoke 16, 16', and the two magnet assemblies to be held spaced apart from one another by a rigid separator which may comprise a lighter (less dense) material which may also have a lower magnetic permeability because the arrangement of the magnet assemblies avoids, or reduces, the need to guide magnetic flux between the two magnet assemblies.

The arrangement shown in Figure 2 comprises two magnet assemblies. However, in some configurations a single magnet assembly may be used, and the imaging sequence, and/or the gradient coil design, and/or additional passive or dynamic shims may be used to provide an imaging region 22 where the B0 imaging field is sufficiently homogeneous to permit imaging. In some embodiments more than two magnet assemblies may be used, for example three or more magnet assemblies may be arranged to partially surround an imaging region 22 in a triangular, quadrilateral, or polygonal configuration.

Other arrangements of magnet assemblies, having other geometries may also be used.

Figure 3A and Figure 3B show perspective views of a person extending a limb into an imaging region 22 of the apparatus of Figure 2. Three modes of operation of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 will now be described with reference to the flow diagrams illustrated in Figure 5 Figure 6 and Figure 7.

In operation of the apparatus described with reference to Figure 1 an object to be imaged is positioned in the imaging region 22, where it can be stabilised, for example by being rested on a support, or strapped or otherwise secured in place. This may secure the object in a fixed orientation with respect to the apparatus (e.g. with respect to the support 36 of the apparatus) so that the magnet assemblies 14, 14' can be rotated on their rotatable mounting 12 whilst the object remains in a fixed orientation.

It can be seen from Figure 3A and Figure 3B, that the patient may be able to remain stationary, for example in a seated position with their limb supported comfortably while -11 -the magnet assemblies 14, 14', and the B0 imaging field are reoriented around them. For example, the magnet assemblies can be rotated on the rotatable mounting 12 to select the orientation of the B0 field with respect to the object to be imaged while the object remains stationary. With the field in an initial orientation, an MRI image can be acquired.

Once this first image has been acquired, the magnet assemblies are rotated about the stationary object to change the orientation of the B0 imaging field in the imaging region 22 with respect to that stationary object. A second MRI image of the object can then be acquired, and the two images can be combined to provide a composite image as described below with reference to Figure 4.

Figure 4 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of determining an orientation of a structure within such an object. The orientation of such a structure can be determined based on the orientations of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object, and the image intensity associated with the structure in at least two magnetic resonance images each acquired at different orientations of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object.

As illustrated in Figure 4, the method comprises obtaining 1000 an orientation signal indicating the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object, and obtaining a first magnetic resonance image of the object in that orientation.

The orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object is then changed 1002, for example by rotating the magnet assemblies 14, 14' with respect to the support 36 to which the magnet assemblies are coupled by the rotatable mounting 12 illustrated in Figure 1, or by rotating the object with respect to a transverse B0 imaging field.

Another orientation signal is then obtained 1004 indicating the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object, and a second magnetic resonance image of the object is obtained with the object in that orientation.

The first image and the second image are then combined 1006 based on the orientation signal, for example the images can be combined by being co-registered based on the orientation signal and the spatial distribution of image intensity in the two images. For -12 -example, an image transform, such as an affine transformation, may be determined based on the orientation signal obtained in the two orientations. This image transform can then be used to co-register the images. This may comprise using this transform alone or as a starting point for, or a verification check of, an image transform determined based on the spatial distribution of image intensity in the two images. Image co-registration methods are known in the art, and it will be apparent in the context of the present disclosure that the orientation signal can be used in these methods in any of a variety of ways. Regardless of the method of co-registration used, one or both of the images can be transformed into a space in which corresponding locations in the two images both provide image data relating to the same location in the object.

To determine 1008 the orientation of a structure in the object, when the images have been co-registered, a relationship between the orientation of the B0 imaging field and the image intensity associated with each location in the two images can then be obtained.

For example, the orientation may be determined based on fitting (e.g. in a least squares sense) a signal model to the signal intensity in the two images in corresponding voxels.

As will be appreciated in the context of the present disclosure each voxel comprises a signal intensity of an area of the image associated with a corresponding volume element of the object. Accordingly, by using the signal intensity in corresponding voxels of the two images, and the orientation signals recorded with the two images, the controller 500 can estimate a relationship between the orientation of the B0 imaging field and the intensity of the signal in each voxel. Based on this relationship, the controller 500 can determine 1008 the orientation of a structure which occupies that volume element.

This relationship may be estimated based on fitting a function comprising a model of magic angle effects, such as for example a term which varies as 3cos2O-1, where U is an angle that the structure makes with the B3 imaging field. This may comprise deriving the angle, 0, from this fitting procedure and using this with the orientation signals to determine the orientation of structures in the object. Other methods of determining the orientation may also be used. In some optional embodiments, the orientation data obtained in this way may be combined 1010 and/or displayed in combination with structural or anatomical images of the object to provide a map of the orientations of -13-structures in an object.

A computer implemented method of calibrating the imaging apparatus of Figure 1 will now be described with reference to Figure 3.

In operation, the magnet assemblies are arranged in a first orientation and the controller 500 obtains 2000 an orientation signal from the orientation sensor 502. The magnetic field in the imaging region 22 is then measured 2002 to provide data describing an inhomogeneity in the field. Based on this data, the controller 500 then determines a magnetic field adjustment, for example a linearly varying (e.g. first order) magnetic field adjustment configured to improve the homogeneity (e.g. to "shim") the field in the imaging region 22 when the magnetic field assemblies are arranged in that particular orientation.

The controller 500 then stores data based on this magnetic field adjustment into the data store and stores 2006 an association between the magnetic field adjustment data and an orientation signal indicating the orientation of the magnet assemblies associated with that magnetic field adjustment. It is then determined 2008 whether the magnetic field adjustments for additional orientations need to be obtained, and in the event that they are, a new orientation is selected, and the orientation of the magnet assemblies with respect to the support is changed 2010, and the process 200, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 is repeated in the new orientation. In this way! a library of magnetic field adjustments can be provided in which each magnetic field adjustment is associated with a particular orientation. In this way a set of shims, or magnetic field adjustments, can be determined which each correspond to a particular orientation of the magnet assemblies with respect to the support 36 upon which the magnet assemblies are carried (or with respect to some other reference orientation).

In operation as the orientation of the magnet assemblies is changed, the B0 imaging field in the imaging region 22 rotates, but the magnetic environment around the apparatus remains stationary. This magnetic environment may interact with the magnetic field in the imaging region 22, accordingly the total magnetic field in the imaging region 22 -the -14-sum of the B0 field provided by the magnet assemblies and contributions to the field due to the magnetic environment -will differ according to the orientation of the magnet assemblies relative to this environment.

As explained above with reference to Figure 5, when a system such as that calibrated according to the method illustrated in Figure 4 is in operation, an object to be imaged can be positioned in the imaging region 22, where it can be stabilised, for example by being rested on a support, or strapped or otherwise secured in place. This may secure the object in a fixed orientation with respect to the apparatus so that the magnet assemblies can be rotated on their rotatable mounting with respect to the support of the apparatus 10, whilst the object remains in a fixed orientation with respect to the apparatus support.

As will be appreciated in the context of the present disclosure magnetic resonance imaging sequences typically comprise the application of time varying magnetic field gradients. The amplitude (e.g. change in magnetic field per unit length) and duration of these gradients determines the spatial encoding, for example phase encoding and/or frequency encoding, of the imaging sequence. Different imaging sequences are known in the art but regardless of the specific imaging sequence used, additional gradients associated with inhomogeneity in the magnetic field in the imaging region 22 can make unwanted contributions to the spatial encoding of the image.

Figure 6 illustrates a flow chart showing one possible way to address this problem. In this method the controller 500 obtains 3000 an orientation signal from the orientation sensor 502, and selects 3002 a magnetic field adjustment based on this orientation signal, for example by using an association between the orientation signal and a stored magnetic field adjustment, which may be retrieved from the data store 504, and may have been predetermined and/or provided based on a calibration such as that described above with reference to Figure 5.

The controller 500 then obtains an imaging sequence comprising a sequence of gradient signals to be applied to the gradient windings 17. To apply 3002 the magnetic field adjustment the controller modifies the amplitude and/or duration of at least one gradient of the imaging sequence based on the magnetic field adjustment. The controller 500 then -15-obtains the magnetic resonance image using the modified imaging sequence.

It is then determined 3006 whether further magnetic resonance images are to be acquired at one or more different orientations, and in the event that they are, a new orientation is selected, and the orientation of the magnet assemblies with respect to the support is changed 3008. The controller 500 can then obtain 3000 a new orientation signal, select a new magnetic field adjustment based on this orientation signal 3002, make a new adjustment to the imaging sequence based on this and acquire 3004 a new image at the new orientation. Images acquired in this way can then be combined and used to determine the orientations of structures in the object as described above with reference to Figure 4.

It will be appreciated that in addition to, or as an alternative to modifying the gradients used in the imaging sequence, the controller 500 may be configured to control magnetic shims, such as passive magnetic shims or active shims, to adjust the magnetic field in the imaging region 22 based on the orientation signal. In addition to linearly varying shims, second or higher order terms may also be compensated, for example by the use of electrical shim coils configured to provide second or higher order adjustments to the B0

imaging field.

Where a fitting procedure is used in determining a relationship between the signal intensity and the orientation of the B0 field with respect to the object this fitting procedure may comprise reducing the difference between a signal model (e.g. based on an analytic and/or numerical model of magic angle effects) and the measured signal intensity in images acquired at different orientations. Least squares fitting is mentioned above but any type of fitting procedure may be used.

The magnetic field adjustment may comprise an adjustment which varies linearly in space, for example a linear spatial function. In some embodiments higher order adjustments may be applied, and zero order, spatially homogeneous, adjustments may also be applied. These adjustments may be selected to reduce the differences in field inhomogeneity between the B0 imaging field provided in different orientations. In addition -16-to, or as an alternative to, adjustment of gradient lobes of an imaging sequence shim currents may be used to provide non-time varying adjustments to the B0 imaging field based on the orientation signal and/or calibration data obtained from the data store.

It will be appreciated therefore that the principles of the disclosure set out above are not specific to the nature of the magnet assemblies used to provide a transverse field in the imaging region 22. The inventors in the present case have however appreciated that particular types of magnet assembly have a number of practical advantages when employed in apparatus such as that described above with reference to Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3. In some embodiments these magnet assemblies comprise a plurality of magnet elements arranged in an array, such as a grid. The orientation of their net magnetisation, their axial height relative to other elements of the array, and the axial extent of at least one of the magnetic elements may each be selected to reduce inhomogeneity of the B imaging field in an imaging region 22. Each of the north poles 20, 20' and south poles 18, 18' may comprise such an array. In these arrays the majority of the magnetisation may be provided by a large magnetic element or end piece arranged towards one end of the magnet assembly, and an array of smaller elements having selected orientations, heights and sizes may be arranged to reduce the inhomogeneity of the B0 imaging field as described above. Other configurations of magnet assemblies may be used. For example, each magnet assembly may comprise an array 200 of magnetic elements that extend across the width of the assembly perpendicular to the direction of separation of the assemblies, and the direction of the transverse B0 imaging field. Each magnet assembly 14, 14' also comprises two end pieces which bound each end of the array and extend across the width of the array in the Y-direction. These end pieces may be arranged to provide a majority of the contribution

to the transverse B0 imaging field.

The orientation sensor may comprise a transducer such as an encoder, arranged to provide a signal based on the position of the magnet assemblies and/or the rotatable mounting. The transducer may comprise a mechanical transducer, for example an electromechanical transducer, or electromagnetic transducer such as an optical transducer arranged to sense the position of the magnet assemblies or a magnetic field -17-sensor arranged to sense the orientation of the Bo imaging field. In some embodiments the orientation sensor is coupled to sense the rotational position of the object, for example by sensing the position of a bed or support upon which the object is stabilised.

The rotatable mounting or mountings may be configured to enable rotation of the B0 imaging field about at least two mutually perpendicular axes, and the magnet assemblies may be coupled together so that the orientations of the two magnet assemblies are fixed to rotate together.

The yoke 16, 16' of each magnet assembly may comprise a seat for each magnetic element, and the axial height of each seat, for example the extent to which it protrudes from or is recessed into the yoke 16, 16' can also be selected based on the desired contribution to the B0 imaging field. The seats may be arranged so that one or more of the magnetic elements may be recessed into the yoke more or less than at least one other of the magnetic elements.

It will be appreciated in the context of the present disclosure that the magnetic field associated with the array of magnetic elements may be provided by a linear sum of the contribution from each of the magnetic elements, and that this can provide a numerical model of the magnetic field at a plurality of locations in the imaging region 22 between the two assemblies.

Where the magnetic field is to be measured in the imaging region this may be performed using magnetometers, or other methods of measuring the field. In some examples a water filled or gel filled container, or other homogeneous phantom may be arranged in the imaging region and the magnetic field in the imaging region can be determined based on images of the phantom, for example using a plurality of phase images each acquired using a different echo time. Other methods of measuring the magnetic field in the imaging region will be apparent in the context of the present disclosure.

As noted above, a transverse B0 imaging field can be provided in an imaging region between two magnet assemblies. This transverse B0 field may be perpendicular, or -18-nearly perpendicular, to the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies. In this configuration the B0 imaging field can be rotated through a large angle, such as 1800, 2700, or 360° with respect to the imaging region by rotating the magnet assemblies about an axis aligned with their direction of separation. An object to be imaged however may be held fixed as the magnet assemblies, and hence the B0 field, are rotated. This can avoid or mitigate movement artefact and other errors which might otherwise arise. This option to rotate the B0 field with respect to an imaging system may be further enhanced in a transverse field imaging apparatus where the two magnet assemblies comprise separate yokes. For example, two yokes may be mechanically coupled together and held spaced apart either side of the imaging region by a rigid separator. The separator may comprise a material of lower magnetic permeability than the yokes. The separator may comprise a rotatable mounting to enable the magnet assemblies to be rotated with respect to the separator and/or the imaging region. This can permit the magnet assemblies and the B0 field to be rotated whilst an object is held stationary in the imaging region. For example, a patient's limb may be held still or immobilised in the imaging region whilst the B0 field is rotated, and but because the yokes are separate, and can rotate, the patient's limb can remain still. The yokes may comprise a material of relatively high magnetic permeability, for example a ferromagnetic material or ferrimagnetic material, for example a ferrous or ferrite material for example, soft iron, soft steel material, and/or ceramics derived from iron oxides such as hematite (Fe203) or magnetite (Fe304) and/or oxides of other metals. The separator may comprise a material that is of lower permeability than the yokes, for example materials such as aluminium, austenitic stainless steel, carbon fibre, and/or polymeric or other generally non-magnetic materials.

Some methods of the disclosure relate to determining, for example obtaining, a signal based on an orientation of the B0 imaging field, and storing an association between each image and the orientation of the B0 imaging field when that image was acquired. The orientation may be determined from a sensor, such as the orientation sensor described above, but in some embodiments determining the orientation may simply comprise recording it because the orientation can be selected by an operator of the system. For example, in some embodiments the orientation of the magnet assemblies can be -19-controlled (e.g. using a motor). Optionally a sensor such as an encoder can be used to confirm the desired magnet position.

Where an orientation sensor 502 is coupled to a rotational coupling this may comprise an encoder. In some embodiments the rotational coupling also comprises an actuator such as a mechanical mover, such as a motor. In these embodiments the controller 500 may be provided to control the actuator in response to an operator's command, and the controller 500 may be configured to compare a signal from the orientation sensor 502 with the expected position of the rotational coupling (e.g. the expected position based on the operators command). The controller 500 may be configured to trigger an alert, for example to inhibit use of an imaging apparatus in the event that the orientation sensor 502 signal does not match with the expected position. In some examples an orientation sensor signal may be obtained based on the MRI images -for example based on landmarks in the MRI image associated with at least one marker coupled to the object in the imaging region -for example the markers may comprise one or more objects such as containers of water or other substance which provides an MRI signal. The orientation signal can then be determined based on the landmarks in the image provided by these markers. Landmark sensors may also be useful for detecting small residual involuntary patient movement in a nominally constrained patient.

Some embodiments of the disclosure may comprise an eddy current inhibitor, adapted to inhibit the generation of eddy currents in the yoke 16, 16' of the magnet assemblies, for example configured to inhibit eddy currents generated by gradient coils of an MRI imaging system which is used with the magnet assembly. The eddy current inhibitor may be arranged between a magnet assembly and the yoke to which it is secured.

One such eddy current inhibitor comprises electrical insulator which insulates some regions of the surface of the yoke from other regions, for example the insulator may be interspersed with the material of the yoke to provide a tiled and/or laminated layer, in some embodiments the eddy current inhibitor may comprise a layer of powdered iron or other ferrous material. This layer may be arranged adjacent to the surface of the yoke between the yoke and the magnet assemblies that are carried by the yoke.

-20 -References to magnetic elements, arrays of such elements, and their surfaces, shapes, and geometries, and the magnetic fields associated with them may apply to either modelled data or physical apparatus.

Magnet assemblies of the present disclosure may be arranged in two halves. One half of each magnet assembly may provide a "North" pole having a net magnetisation directed into the imaging region, e.g. aligned with the direction of separation of the two magnet assemblies. The other half of each magnet assembly may provide a "South" pole, having a net magnetisation directed in the opposite direction, e.g. aligned with the direction of separation but pointing away from the imaging region. The North poles may be arranged towards the same end of each magnet assembly, and the south poles may be arranged towards the other end so that the North poles face each other at one end of the imaging region and South poles face each other at the other end of the imaging region. The North and South pole of each magnet assembly may comprise an array of magnetic elements.

The disclosure is presented with reference to the imaging of tissue structures, but it will be appreciated that this is merely exemplary, and apparatus and methods described herein may also be applied to the imaging of objects that are not associated with, or even derived from, human or animal bodies. In addition, because proton based imaging is common, the methods described herein make reference to the imaging of water. It will however be appreciated that imaging sequences may be adapted for imaging other nuclear species such as Carbon-13 to name just one example. Self-evidently, the principles of the present disclosure are not dependent on the object which is to be imaged.

In some embodiments MRI images discussed in the present disclosure are to be obtained using an imaging sequence which is configured to be more sensitive to contrast associated with the transverse relaxation time T2 than to contrast associated with the longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time, TI, in human or animal tissue. As will be appreciated in the context of the present disclosure the longitudinal (spin-lattice) -21 -relaxation time, TI, is the time constant which characterises the rate at which the magnetisation of an object recovers its equilibrium value after being flipped by a 9Q° RE pulse.

To the extent that certain methods may be applied to the living human or animal body, it will be appreciated that such methods may not provide any surgical or therapeutic effect.

In addition, it will be appreciated that such methods may be applied ex vivo, to tissue samples that are not part of the living human or animal body. Eor example, the methods described herein may be practiced on meat, tissue samples, cadavers, and other non-living objects.

With reference to the drawings in general, it will be appreciated that schematic functional block diagrams are used to indicate functionality of systems and apparatus described herein. It will be appreciated however that the functionality need not be divided in this way, and should not be taken to imply any particular structure of hardware other than that described and claimed below. The function of one or more of the elements shown in the drawings may be further subdivided, and/or distributed throughout apparatus of the disclosure. In some embodiments the function of one or more elements shown in the drawings may be integrated into a single functional unit.

The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples. Further embodiments are envisaged. It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described, and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.

In some examples, one or more memory elements can store data and/or program instructions used to implement the operations described herein. Embodiments of the disclosure provide tangible, non-transitory storage media comprising program instructions operable to program a processor to perform any one or more of the methods -22 -described and/or claimed herein and/or to provide data processing apparatus as described and/or claimed herein.

The activities and apparatus outlined herein may be implemented with fixed logic such as assemblies of logic gates or programmable logic such as software and/or computer program instructions executed by a processor. Other kinds of programmable logic include programmable processors, programmable digital logic (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)), an application specific integrated circuit, ASIC, or any other kind of digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROM5, DVD ROM5, magnetic or optical cards, other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storing electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof

Claims

-23 -Claims 1. A magnetic resonance imaging method comprising: obtaining a first MRI image of an object in an imaging region based on a B0imaging field;rotating the B0 field to change the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object; obtaining at least a second MRl image of the object; determining an orientation of a structure within the object based on the orientations of the BO imaging field with respect to the object, and the image intensity associated with the structure in the first MRI image, and the second MRI image.
2. The method of claim I in which the determining comprises estimating a relationship between the orientation of the B0 imaging field and the image intensity associated with the structure.
3. The method of claim I or 2 comprising obtaining a plurality of additional images of the object, each at a different orientation of the B0 imaging field, and in which the determining is further based on the image intensity associated with the structure in the images, and the respective orientations of the B0 imaging field associated with the images.
4. The method of any preceding claim comprising obtaining an orientation of the B0 imaging field, and storing an association between each image and the orientation of theB0 imaging field when that image was acquired.
5. The method of claim 4 comprising obtaining a composite image based on at least the first MRI image, and the second MRI image, and the stored associations.
6. The method of claim 5 in which the composite image comprises: a plurality of voxels, each associated with a volume element of the object, and each voxel comprises an indication of the orientation of a structure which occupies said volume element.

-24 -
7. The method of claim 8, 9, or 10 comprising combining said composite image with a structural image of the object for display to a user.
8. The method of any preceding claim wherein changing the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object comprises selecting an orientation based on the image intensity associated with the structure in at least one preceding image.
9. The method of claim 8 comprising selecting an orientation to increase the transverse relaxation time 12 of the MRl signal provided by the structure.
10. A magnetic resonance imaging method comprising: obtaining a first MRI image of an object in an imaging region; obtaining a second MRI image of the object, wherein the orientation of a B imaging field used to acquire the image is changed in the second image with respect to the first image; coregistering the at least a second MRI image with the first MRI image based on sensed orientation data derived from sensing the orientation of the B0 imaging field with respect to the object.
11. The method of any preceding claim wherein the imaging region lies between two magnet assemblies arranged to provide the B0 imaging field in the imaging region transverse to the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein changing the orientation of the B0 field comprises rotating the magnet assemblies about at least one axis of rotation.
13. The method of claim 12 in which the object is held in a fixed orientation, and the magnet assemblies are rotated with respect to the object to change the orientation of theB0 imaging field.
14. The method of any preceding claim wherein the orientation of the B0 imaging field -25 -is determined based on a sensor signal obtained from sensing a rotational orientation of the magnet assemblies.
15. The method of any preceding claim in which the orientation of the B0 imaging field is determined based on magnetically sensing the B0 imaging field.
16. The method of any preceding claim in which the orientation of the B0 imaging field is determined based on the MRl images.
17. The method of claim 16 in which the MRl images comprise image landmarks associated with at least one marker coupled to the object in the imaging region, and the orientation of the B0 imaging field is determined based on the landmarks.
18. The method of any preceding claim wherein at least one of the MRI images is obtained using an imaging sequence which is configured to be more sensitive to T2 contrast than to Ti contrast in human or animal tissue.
19. The imaging method of any preceding claim wherein the orientation of the B0 imaging field is selected based on the orientation of at least one structure in the object.
20. An imaging apparatus comprising a rotatable magnet assembly, operable to provide a rotatable B0 imaging field, and a controller configured to perform a method according to any preceding claim.
21. A method of calibrating a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining an orientation signal indicating the orientation of the B0 imaging field of the apparatus; determining a magnetic field adjustment to counteract inhomogeneity of the magnetic field in an imaging region of the imaging apparatus; and storing an association between the orientation signal and the magnetic field adjustment in a data store.

-26 -
22. The method of claim 21, wherein counteracting comprises reducing the in homogeneity.
23. The method of claim 21 or 22 wherein counteracting comprises adjusting a magnetic field gradient of an imaging sequence to reduce an effect of the inhomogeneity on the imaging sequence.
24. A method of shimming the magnetic field of magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining an orientation signal based on the orientation of the B0 imaging field; determining, based on the orientation signal, an adjustment to be applied to the B0 imaging field to counteract inhomogeneity of the B0 imaging field in an imaging region of the magnetic resonance imaging apparatus; and shimming the magnetic field to provide the adjustment.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein shimming comprises applying a static shim field which persists throughout an image acquisition.
26. The method of claim 24 or 25 wherein shimming comprises adjusting at least one of the duration and amplitude of an imaging gradient based on the orientation signal.
27. A method of modifying a magnetic resonance imaging sequence comprising obtaining an orientation signal indicating the orientation of the B0 imaging field, and adjusting at least one of the duration and amplitude of an imaging gradient of the imaging sequence based on the orientation signal.
28. The method of claim 26 or 27 wherein the adjustment of the amplitude or duration is selected to counteract the effect of an inhomogeneity in the B0 imaging field associated with the orientation of the B0 imaging field
29. The method of any of claims 24 to 28 wherein the adjustment is determined -27 -based on the orientation signal and a plurality of stored adjustments each associated with a corresponding orientation.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the plurality of stored adjustments are determined based on a calibration method according to claim 21, 22, or 23.
31. A computer program product comprising program instructions operable to program a programmable processor to perform a method according to any of claims 1 to 19, or2l to 30.
32. A method of configuring a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus comprising sending to the apparatus, over a network, program instructions operable to program a programmable processor of the apparatus to perform a method according to any of claims ito 19, or 21 to 30.
33. A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus comprising: at least two magnet assemblies separated by an imaging region and arranged to provide a B0 imaging field in the imaging region transverse to the direction of separation of the magnet assemblies; a gradient winding configured to provide imaging gradients for obtaining magnetic resonance images from the imaging region; and a controller configured to perform the method of any of claims ito 19, or 21 to 30.
34. The magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of claim 33 wherein the magnet assemblies are carried on a rotatable mounting and the magnet assemblies are operable to rotate to change the orientation of the B0 imaging field.
35. The magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of claim 33 or 34 comprising an orientation sensor arranged to provide an orientation signal to the controller based on theorientation of the B0 imaging field.
36. The magnetic resonance imaging method of claim 35 wherein the orientation -28 -signal is based on the orientation of the magnet assemblies.