GB2468942A - Electrolyte for a capacitor - Google Patents
Electrolyte for a capacitor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2468942A GB2468942A GB201000235A GB201000235A GB2468942A GB 2468942 A GB2468942 A GB 2468942A GB 201000235 A GB201000235 A GB 201000235A GB 201000235 A GB201000235 A GB 201000235A GB 2468942 A GB2468942 A GB 2468942A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- electrolytic capacitor
- electrolyte
- wet electrolytic
- capacitor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- -1 poly(3,4-ethylened ioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001519 atomic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 abstract description 3
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminobenzoic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940090248 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-XIXRPRMCSA-N Mesotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-XIXRPRMCSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229960004050 aminobenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- HNYOPLTXPVRDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N barbituric acid Chemical compound O=C1CC(=O)NC(=O)N1 HNYOPLTXPVRDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229960004365 benzoic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940074391 gallic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000004515 gallic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229960002989 glutamic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229960000250 adipic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940098895 maleic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940099690 malic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 229960002969 oleic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 229960001367 tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- FLDCSPABIQBYKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzimidazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C2N(C)C(C)=NC2=C1 FLDCSPABIQBYKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000001741 Ammonium adipate Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000019293 ammonium adipate Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-L adipate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCC([O-])=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium oxalate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- NGPGDYLVALNKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanium;azane;2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-oxobutanoate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NGPGDYLVALNKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Ta](=O)O[Ta](=O)=O PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WXHLLJAMBQLULT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-n-(2-methyl-6-sulfanylphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide;hydrate Chemical compound O.C=1C(N2CCN(CCO)CC2)=NC(C)=NC=1NC(S1)=NC=C1C(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1S WXHLLJAMBQLULT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTTUTIFWDAMIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O XDTTUTIFWDAMIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001433 sodium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWRBVBFLFQKBPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-nitrophenyl)methanol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O BWRBVBFLFQKBPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N (R)-camphor Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001140 1,4-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:2])=C([H])C([H])=C1[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- SUGXZLKUDLDTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O SUGXZLKUDLDTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARKIFHPFTHVKDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(3-nitrophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 ARKIFHPFTHVKDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKTRZAZFCRHFFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitrocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1C=CC=CC1(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O KKTRZAZFCRHFFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCXSGQZMYLXTOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13506-76-8 Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1C(O)=O CCXSGQZMYLXTOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPQAFWHSMWWPLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1975-50-4 Chemical compound CC1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O YPQAFWHSMWWPLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEKPNMQQSPHKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1C(=O)OC(=O)C1=C(C)C=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O YEKPNMQQSPHKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFBYEGUGFPZCNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O CFBYEGUGFPZCNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQUPABOKLQSFBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O IQUPABOKLQSFBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCTFMNIEFHGTDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxypropyl acetate Chemical compound COCCCOC(C)=O CCTFMNIEFHGTDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGYFINWERLNPHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitroanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 WGYFINWERLNPHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZETIVVHRRQLWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobenzaldehyde Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC(C=O)=C1 ZETIVVHRRQLWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWNPOQFCIIFQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 CWNPOQFCIIFQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTZZCYNQPHTPPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 RTZZCYNQPHTPPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFIRODWJCYBBHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1C(O)=O KFIRODWJCYBBHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BBEWSMNRCUXQRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O BBEWSMNRCUXQRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQYGPGKTNQNXMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitroacetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 YQYGPGKTNQNXMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXRFQSNOROATLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrobenzaldehyde Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 BXRFQSNOROATLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTJIUGUIPKRLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 BTJIUGUIPKRLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLBQXWXKPNIVSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1C(O)=O SLBQXWXKPNIVSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRRSIFNWHCKMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 QRRSIFNWHCKMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGDAVTPQCQXLGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5437-38-7 Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O DGDAVTPQCQXLGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100024133 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000910772 Homo sapiens Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 50 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNUHAJGCKIQFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitroanisol Chemical compound COC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 BNUHAJGCKIQFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MVIOINXPSFUJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MVIOINXPSFUJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N boronic acid Chemical compound OBO ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960000846 camphor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930008380 camphor Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940113120 dipropylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019524 disodium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002837 heart atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940051250 hexylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004592 isopropanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(O)C([O-])=O GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZMHQCWXYHARLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C21 YZMHQCWXYHARLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005338 nitrobenzoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002167 sodium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011004 sodium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012178 vegetable wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/145—Liquid electrolytic capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/035—Liquid electrolytes, e.g. impregnating materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising a porous anode body that contains a dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation, a cathode comprising a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer; and an aqueous electrolyte disposed in contact with the cathode and the anode. The electrolyte comprises a salt of a weak organic acid and water. The electrolyte has a pH of from about 4 to about 7 and an ionic conductivity of from about 0.1 to about 30 milliSiemens per centimeter or more, determined at a temperature of 25°C. The organic acid may, for example, be one of or a blend of carboxylic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, oleic acid, gallic acid, tartaric acid, dextotartaric acid, mesotartaric acid, citric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, itaconic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, barbituric acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or aminobenzoic acid.
Description
HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
Background of the Invention
Electrolytic capacitors typically have a larger capacitance per unit volume than certain other types of capacitors, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. One type of capacitor that has been developed is a "wet" electrolytic capacitor that includes a sintered tantalum powder anode. These tantalum "slugs" have very large internal surface area. These tantalum slugs first undergo an electrochemical oxidation that forms an oxide layer coating acting as dielectric over the entire external and internal surfaces of the tantalum body. The anodized tantalum slugs are then sealed in cans containing a highly conductive and corrosive liquid electrolyte solution, having high surface area with conductive linings allowing the flow of the current to the liquid electrolyte solution.
The electrolyte solutions used in wet tantalum electrolytic capacitors have traditionally consisted of one of two basic formulations. The first formulation consists of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride. The second electrolyte formulation traditionally used in wet tantalum capacitors consists of an aqueous solution of 35-40% sulfuric acid. Despite being corrosive, such a sulfuric acid electrolyte possesses a low resistivity, wide temperature capability, and relatively high maximum operating voltage, which have made it the choice for the vast majority of conventional wet tantalum capacitors. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to develop other electrolytes for wet capacitors. U.S. Patent No. 6,219,222 to Shah, et al., for instance, describes an electrolyte that employs a solvent system that includes water and ethylene glycol, as well as an ammonium salt. Shah, et al. indicates that the electrolyte has a high conductivity and breakdown voltage, which lowers the equivalent series resistance. Unfortunately, problems remain in that such capacitors still have difficulty reaching high voltage values.
As such, a need currently exists for an improved wet electrolytic capacitor that is capable of achieving a high voltage.
Summary of the Invention
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an electrolytic capacitor is disclosed that comprises a porous anode body that contains a dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation; a cathode comprising a metal substrate
I
coated with a conductive polymer; and an aqueous electrolyte disposed in contact with the cathode and the anode. The electrolyte comprises a salt of a weak organic acid and an aqueous solvent. The electrolyte has a pH of from about 4.5 to about 7.0 and an ionic conductivity of from about 0.1 to about 30 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
Other features and aspects of the present invention are set forth in greater detail below.
Brief Description of the Drawings
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, which makes reference to the appended figure in which: Fig. I is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a capacitor formed according to the present invention.
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawing is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention.
Detailed Description of Representative Embodiments
It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention, which broader aspects are embodied in the exemplary construction.
Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to an electrolytic capacitor that includes a porous anode body containing a dielectric layer, a cathode containing a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer, and an aqueous electrolyte. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is selectively controlled within a particular range so that the capacitor can be charged to a high voltage. More specifically, the electrolyte typically has an ionic conductivity of from about 0.1 to about 30 milliSiemens per centimeter ("mS/cm"), in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 25 mS/cm, in some embodiments from about 1 mS/cm to about 20 mS/cm, and in some embodiments, from about 2 to about 15 mS/cm, determined at a temperature of 25°C using any known electric conductivity meter (e.g., Oakton Con Series 11). Within the ranges noted above, it is believed that the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte allows the electric field to extend into the liquid electrolyte to a length (Debye length) sufficient to result in significant charge separation. This extends the potential energy of the dielectric to the electrolyte so that the resulting capacitor is able to store even more potential energy than predicted by the thickness of the dielectric oxide layer. In other words, the capacitor may be charged to a voltage that exceeds the formation voltage of the dielectric. The ratio of the voltage to which the capacitor can be charged to the formation voltage may, for instance, be from about 1.0 to 2.0, in some embodiments from about 1.1 to about 1.8, and in some embodiments, from about 1.2 to about 1.6. As an example, the voltage to which the capacitor is charged may be from about 200 to about 350 V, in some embodiments from about 220 to about 320 V, and in some embodiments, from about 250 to about 300V.
The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is achieved in part by selecting a specific type of salt within a certain concentration range. Namely, the present inventors have discovered that salts of weak organic acids are particularly effective for use in achieving the desired conductivity of the electrolyte. The cation of the salt may include monatomic cations, such as alkali metals (e.g., Li, Nat, K, Rb, or Cs), alkaline earth metals (e.g., Be2, Mg2, Ca2, Sr or Ba2), transition metals (e.g., Ag, Fe2, Fe3, etc.), as well as polyatomic cations, such as NH4.
The monovalent ammonium (NH4), sodium (K), and lithium (Li) are particularly suitable cations for use in the present invention. The organic acid used to form the anion of the salt is "weak" in the sense that it typically has a first acid dissociation constant (pKai) of about 0 to about 11, in some embodiments about 1 to about 10, and in some embodiments, from about 2 to about 10, determined at 25°C. Any suitable weak organic acids may be used in the present invention, such as carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, oleic acid, gallic acid, tartaric acid (e.g., dextotartaric acid, mesotartaric acid, etc.), citric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, itaconic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, barbituric acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, aminobenzoic acid, etc.; blends thereof, and so forth.
Polyprotic acids (e.g., diprotic, triprotic, etc.) are particularly desirable for use in forming the salt, such as adipic acid (pKai of 4.43 and PI<a2 of 5.41), a-tartaric acid (PKai of 2.98 and pKa2 of 4.34), meso-tartaric acid (pKai of 3.22 and pKa2 of 4.82), oxalic acid (pK81 of 1.23 and PKa2 of 4.19), lactic acid (pKai of 3.13, PKa2 of 4.76, and P1(a3 of 6.40), etc. The concentration of the weak organic acid salts in the electrolyte is selected to achieve the desired ionic conductivity. While the actual amounts may vary depending on the particular salt employed, its solubility in the solvent(s) used in the electrolyte, and the presence of other components, such weak organic acid salts are typically present in the electrolyte in an amount of from about 0.1 to about wt.%, in some embodiments from about 0.2 to about 20 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 0.3 to about 15 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 5 wt.%.
The aqueous electrolyte may generally possess any of a variety of forms, such as a solution, dispersion, gel, etc. Regardless of its form, however, the aqueous electrolyte contains water (e.g., deionized water) as a solvent. For example, water (e.g., deionized water) may constitute from about 20 wt.% to about wt.%, in some embodiments from about 30 wt.% to about 90 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 40 wt.% to about 85 wt.% of the electrolyte. In certain cases, a secondary solvent may also be employed in conjunction with water to form a solvent mixture. Suitable secondary solvents may include, for instance, glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, ethoxydiglycol, dipropyleneglycol, etc.); glycol ethers (e.g., methyl glycol ether, ethyl glycol ether, isopropyl glycol ether, etc.); alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, and butanol); ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone); esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, diethylene glycol ether acetate, methoxypropyl acetate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc.); amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylcaprylic/capric fatty acid amide and N-alkylpyrrolidones); sulfoxides or sulfones (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane); and so forth. Such solvent mixtures typically contain water in an amount from about 40 wt.% to about 80 wt.%, in some embodiments from about wt.% to about 75 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 55 wt.% to about wt.% and secondary solvent(s) in an amount from about 20 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 25 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 30 wt.% to about 45 wt%. The secondary solvent(s) may, for example, constitute from about 5 wt.% to about 45 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 10 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 15 wt.% to about 35 wt.% of the electrolyte.
The aqueous electrolyte is also relatively neutral and has a pH of from about 4.5 to about 7.0, in some embodiments from about 5.0 to about 6.5, and in some embodiments, from about 5.5 to about 6.0. If desired, one or more pH adjusters (e.g., acids, bases, etc.) may be employed to help achieve the desired pH. In one embodiment, an acid is employed to lower the pH to the desired range.
Suitable acids include, for instance, inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid) polyphosphoric acid, boric acid, boronic acid, etc.; organic acids, including carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, oleic acid, gallic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, itaconic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, barbituric acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, aminobenzoic acid, etc.; sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoromethariesulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, naphthalene disulfonic acid, hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, etc.; polymeric acids, such as poly(acrylic) or poly(methacrylic) acid and copolymers thereof (e.g., maleic-acrylic, sulfonic-acrylic, and styrene-acrylic copolymers), carageenic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, alginic acid, etc.; and so forth. Although the total concentration of pH adjusters may vary, they are typically present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt.% to about 10 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 0.05 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.1 wt.% to about 2 wt.% of the electrolyte.
The electrolyte may also contain other components that help improve the electrical performance of the capacitor. For instance, a depolarizer may be employed in the electrolyte to help inhibit the evolution of hydrogen gas at the cathode of the electrolytic capacitor, which could otherwise cause the capacitor to bulge and eventually fail. When employed, the depolarizer normally constitutes from about 1 to about 500 parts per million ("ppm"), in some embodiments from about 10 to about 200 ppm, and in some embodiments, from about 20 to about ppm of the electrolyte. Suitable depolarizers may include nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-nitrobenzonic acid, 3-nitrobenzonic acid, 4-nitrobenzonic acid, 2-nitroace tophenone, 3- nitroacetophenone, 4-nitroacetophenone, 2-nitroanisole, 3-nitroanisole, 4- nitroan isole, 2-n itrobenzaldehyde, 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol, 4-n itrobenzyl alcohol, 2-nitrophthalic acid, 3-nitrophthalic acid, 4-nitrophthalic acid, and so forth. Particularly suitable nitroaromatic depolarizers for use in the present invention are nitrobenzoic acids, anhydrides or salts thereof, substituted with one or more alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc). Specific examples of such alkyl-substituted nitrobenzoic compounds include, for instance, 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid; 2-methyl-6- nitrobenzoic acid; 3-methyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid; 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid; 3-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic acid; 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid; anhyd rides or salts thereof; and so forth. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that alkyl-substituted nitrobenzoic compounds may be preferentially electrochemically adsorbed on the active sites of the cathode surface when the cathode potential reaches a low region or the cell voltage is high, and may be subsequently desorbed therefrom into the electrolyte when the cathode potential goes up or the cell voltage is low. In this manner, the compounds are "electrochemically reversible", which may provide improved inhibition of hydrogen gas production.
The anode of the electrolytic capacitor includes a porous body that may be formed from a valve metal composition having a high specific charge, such as about 5,000 PF*V/g or more, in some embodiments about 25,000 PF*V/g or more, in some embodiments about 50,000 PF*V/g or more, and in some embodiments, from about 70,000 to about 300,000 tF*V/g. The valve metal composition contains a valve metal (i.e., metal that is capable of oxidation) or valve metal-based compound, such as tantalum, niobium, aluminum, hafnium, titanium, alloys thereof, oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, and so forth. For example, the valve metal composition may contain an electrically conductive oxide of niobium, such as niobium oxide having an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:1.0 � 1.0, in some embodiments 1:1.0 � 0.3, in some embodiments 1:1.0 � 0.1, and in some embodiments, 1:1.0 � 0.05. For example, the niobium oxide may be Nb00.7, Nb010, NbO,1, and Nb02. Examples of such valve metal oxides are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,322,912 to Fife; 6,391,275 to Fife et al.; 6,416,730 to Fife et al.; 6,527,937 to Fife; 6,576,099 to Kimmel, et al.; 6,592,740 to Fife, et al.; and 6,639,787 to Kimmel, et al.; and 7,220,397 to KimmeLt al., as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/001 9581 to Schnitter; 2005/01 03638 to Schnitter, et al.; 2005/0013765 to Thomas, et al., all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
Conventional fabricating procedures may generally be utilized to form the porous anode body. In one embodiment, a tantalum or niobium oxide powder having a certain particle size is first selected. The particles may be flaked, angular, nodular, and mixtures or variations thereof. The particles also typically have a screen size distribution of at least about 60 mesh, in some embodiments from about 60 to about 325 mesh, and in some embodiments, from about 100 to about 200 mesh. Further, the specific surface area is from about 0.1 to about 10.0 m2/g, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 5.0 m2/g, and in some embodiments, from about 1.0 to about 2.0 m2/g. The term "specific surface area" refers to the surface area determined by the physical gas adsorption (B.E.T.) method of Bruanauer, Emmet, and Teller, Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 60, 1938, p. 309, with nitrogen as the adsorption gas. Likewise, the bulk (or Scott) density is typically from about 0.1 to about 5.0 g/cm3, in some embodiments from about 0.2 to about 4.0 g/cm3, and in some embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 3.0 g/cm3.
To facilitate the construction of the anode body, other components may be added to the electrically conductive particles. For example, the electrically conductive particles may be optionally mixed with a binder and/or lubricant to ensure that the particles adequately adhere to each other when pressed to form the anode body. Suitable binders may include camphor, stearic and other soapy fatty acids, Carbowax (Union Carbide), Glyptal (General Electric), polyvinyl alcohols, naphthalene, vegetable wax, and microwaxes (purified paraffins). The binder may be dissolved and dispersed in a solvent. Exemplary solvents may include water, alcohols, and so forth. When utilized, the percentage of binders and/or lubricants may vary from about 0.1% to about 8% by weight of the total mass. It should be understood, however, that binders and lubricants are not required in the present invention.
The resulting powder may be compacted using any conventional powder press mold. For example, the press mold may be a single station compaction press using a die and one or multiple punches. Alternatively, anvil-type compaction press molds may be used that use only a die and single lower punch.
Single station compaction press molds are available in several basic types, such as cam, toggle/knuckle and eccentric/crank presses with varying capabilities, such as single action, double action, floating die, movable platen, opposed ram, screw, impact, hot pressing, coining or sizing. If desired, any binder/lubricant may be removed after compression, such as by heating the formed pellet under vacuum at a certain temperature (e.g., from about 150°C to about 500°C) for several minutes.
Alternatively, the binder/lubricant may also be removed by contacting the pellet with an aqueous solution, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,197,252 to Bishop, et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
The thickness of the pressed anode body may be relatively thin, such as about 4 millimeters or less, in some embodiments, from about 0.05 to about 2 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 0.1 to about 1 millimeter. The shape of the anode body may also be selected to improve the electrical properties of the resulting capacitor. For example, the anode body may have a shape that is curved, sinusoidal, rectangular, U-shaped, V-shaped, etc. The anode body may also have a "fluted" shape in that it contains one or more furrows, grooves, depressions, or indentations to increase the surface to volume ratio to minimize ESR and extend the frequency response of the capacitance. Such "fluted" anodes are described, for instance, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,191,936 toWebber, et al.; 5,949,639 to Maeda, et al.; and 3,345,545 to Bourgault et al., as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0270725 to Hahn, et al., all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
The anode body may be anodically oxidized ("anodized") so that a dielectric layer is formed over and/or within the anode. For example, a tantalum (Ta) anode may be anodized to tantalum pentoxide (Ta205). Typically, anodization is performed by initially applying a solution to the anode, such as by dipping anode into the electrolyte. A solvent is generally employed, such as water (e.g., deionized water). To enhance ionic conductivity, a compound may be employed that is capable of dissociating in the solvent to form ions. Examples of such compounds include, for instance, acids, such as described above. For example, an acid (e.g., phosphoric acid) may constitute from about 0.01 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, in some embodiments from about 0.05 wt.% to about 0.8 wt.%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.1 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.% of the anodizing solution. If desired, blends of acids may also be employed.
A current is passed through the anodizing solution to form the dielectric layer. The value of the formation voltage manages the thickness of the dielectric layer. For example, the power supply may be initially set up at a galvanostatic mode until the required voltage is reached. Thereafter, the power supply may be switched to a potentiostatic mode to ensure that the desired dielectric thickness is formed over the entire surface of the anode. Of course, other known methods may also be employed, such as pulse or step potentiostatic methods. The voltage at which anodic oxidation occurs typically ranges from about 4 to about 250 V, and in some embodiments, from about 9 to about 200 V, and in some embodiments, from about 20 to about 150 V. During oxidation, the anodizing solution can be kept at an elevated temperature, such as about 30°C or more, in some embodiments from about 40°C to about 200°C, and in some embodiments, from about 50°C to about 100°C. Anodic oxidation can also be done at ambient temperature or lower. The resulting dielectric layer may be formed on a surface of the anode and within its pores.
The cathode of the wet electrolytic capacitor contains a metal substrate that may include any metal, such as tantalum, niobium, aluminum, nickel, hafnium, titanium, copper, silver, steel (e.g., stainless), alloys thereof (e.g., electrically conductive oxides), composites thereof (e.g., metal coated with electrically conductive oxide), and so forth. Titanium metals, as well as alloys thereof, are particularly suitable for use in the present invention. The geometric configuration of the substrate may generally vary as is well known to those skilled in the art, such as in the form of a container, can, foil, sheet, screen, mesh, etc. The surface area of the substrate may range from about 0.05 to about 5 square centimeters, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 3 square centimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 2 square centimeters.
A conductive polymer coating is also present on the metal substrate.
Without intending to be limited by theory, the present inventors believe that charging of the capacitor to a high voltage (e.g., greater than the formation voltage) forces ions of the electrolyte into the polymer layer, which is promoted by the low wetting angle of aqueous electrolytes in conductive polymer systems. The movement of the ions causes the polymer to "swell" and retain the ions near the electrode surface, thereby enhancing charge density. Nevertheless, because the conductive polymer is generally amorphous and non-crystalline, it can also dissipate and/or absorb the heat associated with the high voltage. Upon discharge, it is also believed that the conductive polymer "relaxes" and allows ions in the electrolyte to move out of the polymer layer. Through such swelling and relaxation mechanism, charge density near the electrode can be increased without a chemical reaction with the electrolyte.
Generally speaking, conductive polymers are iT-conjugated polymers that have electrical conductivity after oxidation or reduction. Examples of such conductive polymers may include, for instance, polypyrroles; polythiophenes; polyanilines; polyacetylenes; poly-p-phenylenes (e.g., poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(p-phenylene vinylene)); polyfluorenes, polytetrathiafulvalenes, polynaphthalenes, derivatives of the foregoing polymers, blends thereof, and so forth. One particularly suitable class of conductive polymers are poly(alkylenethiophenes), such as poly(3,4-ethylened ioxythiophene ("PEDT").
Various suitable conductive polymers are also described in 7,471,503 to Brunei, et al; 7,411,779 to Merker, et al.; 7,377,947 to Merker, et al.; 7,341,801 to ReuteLet al; 7,279,015 to Merker; 7,154,740 to Merker, et al.; 6,987,663 to Merker, et al.; and 4,910,645 to Jonas, et al., which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
Other materials may be employed in the conductive polymer coating for a variety of purposes. For instance, conductive fillers such as activated carbon, carbon black, graphite, etc. may be employed to enhance conductivity. Some suitable forms of activated carbon and techniques for formation thereof are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,726,118 to Ivey, et al.; 5,858,911 toWellen, etal.; as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0158342 to Shinozaki, et all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes. Polymeric anions may sometimes be employed to counter any charge associated with the conductive po'ymer. The anions may, for instance, be polymeric carboxylic acids, such as polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acid or polymaleic acids or polymeric sulphonic acids, such as polystyrene suiphonic acids ("PSS") and polyvinyl sulphonic acids. When employed, such polymeric anions and conductive polymers may be present in a ratio by weight of from about 0.5:1 to about 50:1, in some embodiments from about 1:1 to about 30:1, and in some embodiments, from about 2:1 to about 20:1, respectively.
The conductive polymer may be applied to the metal substrate in the form of one or multiple layers and may be formed using a variety of known techniques.
For instance, techniques such as screen-printing, dipping, electrophoretic coating, and spraying, may be used to form the coating. In one embodiment, for example, the monomer(s) used to form the conductive polymer (e.g., PEDT), may initially be mixed with a polymerization catalyst to form a dispersion. One suitable polymerization catalyst is CLEVIOS C (Bayer Corporation), which is iron (Ill) toluene-suiphonate and n-butanol. CLEVIOS C is a commercially available catalyst for CLEVIOS M, which is 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, a PEDT monomer also sold by Bayer Corporation. Once a dispersion is formed, the substrate may then be dipped into the dispersion so that the conductive polymer forms.
Alternatively, the catalyst and monomer(s) may also be applied separately. For example, the catalyst may be dissolved in a solvent (e.g., butanol) and then applied as a dipping solution. Although various methods have been described above, it should be understood that any other method for applying the coating comprising the conductive polymer coating may also be utilized. For example, other methods for applying such a coating comprising one or more conductive polymers may be described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,457,862 to Sakata, et al., 5,473,503 to Sakata, et al., 5,729,428 to Sakata, et al., and 5,812,367 to Kudoh, et at, which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
The physical arrangement of the anode, cathode, and electrolyte of the capacitor may generally vary as is well known in the art. Referring to Fig. 1, for example, one embodiment of an electrolytic capacitor 40 is shown that includes an aqueous electrolyte 44 disposed between an anode 20 and a cathode 43. The anode 20 contains a dielectric layer 21 and is embedded with a lead 42 (e.g., tantalum wire). The cathode 43 is formed from a substrate 41, such as described above, and a conductive polymer coating 49. In this embodiment, the cathode substrate 41 is in the form of a cylindrically-shaped "can" with an attached lid. A seal 23 (e.g., glass-to-metal) may also be employed that connects and seals the anode 20 to the cathode 43. If desired, a separator (e.g., paper, plastic fibers, glass fibers, porous membranes, and ion-permeable materials, such as NafionTM) may also be positioned between the cathode 43 and anode 20 to prevent direct contact between the anode and cathode, yet permit ionic current flow of the electrolyte 44 to the electrodes.
The electrolytic capacitor of the present invention may be used in various applications, including but not limited to medical devices, such as implantable defibrillators, pacemakers, cardioverters, neural stimulators, drug administering devices, etc.; automotive applications; military applications, such as RADAR systems; consumer electronics, such as radios, televisions, etc.; and so forth. In one embodiment, for example, the capacitor may be employed in an implantable medical device configured to provide a therapeutic high voltage (e.g., between approximately 500 Volts and approximately 850 Volts, or, desirably, between approximately 600 Volts and approximately 900 Volts) treatment for a patient. The device may contain a container or housing that is hermetically sealed and biologically inert. One or more leads are electrically coupled between the device and the patient's heart via a vein. Cardiac electrodes are provided to sense cardiac activity and/or provide a voltage to the heart. At least a portion of the leads (e.g., an end portion of the leads) may be provided adjacent or in contact with one or more of a ventricle and an atrium of the heart. The device also contains a capacitor bank that typically contains two or more capacitors connected in series and coupled to a battery that is internal or external to the device and supplies energy to the capacitor bank. Due in part to high conductivity, the capacitor of the present invention can achieve excellent electrical properties and thus be suitable for use in the capacitor bank of the implantable medical device.
The present invention may be better understood by reference to the
following examples.
EXAMPLE I
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 10.65 grams of ammonium adipate (NH4OC(O)(CH2)4C(O)ONH4) in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 2
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 1, except that 5.3 grams of ammonium adipate was employed.
EXAMPLE 3
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 1, except that 2.65 grams of ammonium adipate was employed.
EXAMPLE 4
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 10.65 grams of ammonium adipate in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol, 0.1 grams of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid ("MNBA"), and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 5
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 4, except that 5.3 grams of ammonium adipate was employed.
EXAMPLE 6
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 4, except that 2.65 grams of ammonium adipate was employed.
EXAMPLE 7
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 10.65 grams of ammonium acetate (NH4OC(O)CH3) in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 8
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 7, except that 5.3 grams of ammonium acetate was employed.
EXAMPLE 9
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 7, except that 2.65 grams of ammonium acetate was employed.
EXAMPLE 10
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 10.65 grams of sodium acetate (NaOC(O)CH3) in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 11
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 10, except that 5.3 grams of sodium acetate was employed.
EXAMPLE 12
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 10, except that 2.65 grams of sodium acetate was employed.
EXAMPLE 13
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 5.3 grams of lithium acetate (LiOC(O)CH3) in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 14
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 13, except that 2.65 grams of lithium acetate was employed.
EXAMPLE 15
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 2.65 grams of lithium lactate (LiOC(O)CH(OH)CH3) in 55 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 16
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 2 grams of ammonium oxalate (NH4OC(O)C(O)ONH4) in 54 milliliters of deionized water. Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 17
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 16, except that 1 gram of ammonium oxalate was employed.
EXAMPLE 18
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 16, except that 0.5 grams of ammonium oxalate was employed.
EXAMPLE 19
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 2 grams of ammonium tartrate (NH4OC(O)CH(OH)CH(OH)C(O)ONH4) in 54 milliliters of deionized water.
Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
EXAMPLE 20
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 19, except that 1 gram of ammonium tartrate was employed.
EXAMPLE 21
An electrolyte was formed as described in Example 19, except that 0.5 grams of ammonium tartrate was employed.
EXAMPLE 22
An electrolyte was formed by dissolving 2.7 grams of disodium tartrate (NaOC(O)CH(OH)CH(OH)C(O)ONa) in 54 milliliters of deionized water.
Thereafter, 26 milliliters of ethylene glycol and 0.5 grams of H3P04 (85%) were added to the solution.
Testing of Examples
Various properties of the electrolytes of Examples 1-14 and 16-22 were tested. More specifically, a metal substrate was formed by degreasing a titanium can and etching it with oxalic acid (10 wt.% aqueous solution), drying the plate, and roughening its interior surface with sandpaper and a Dremel tool. The roughened surface was subsequently coated with PEDT polymer. The coating was applied by dipping the titanium metal into a solution of CLEVIOS C dissolved in 1-butanol. After the CLEVIOS C was applied, the metal was dipped into CLEVIOS M and placed into a humidity and temperature controlled box for 30 minutes. The relative humidity of the chamber ranged from 75-85% and the temperature ranged from 22°C to 25°C. Thereafter, the coated metal was washed with methanol or ethanol 4 times to remove any unpolymerized material and residues from the Baytron C. The final drying step was also performed in a controlled humidity chamber at a relative humidity of about 60%. The coating, washing and drying steps were repeated for 4 times to achieve a coating thickness of about 20 to 50 pm on the titanium metal.
The resulting cathode was then immersed into the electrolyte. To test the electrolyte, a porous tantalum cylindrical body was used as the anode that contained a tantalum pentoxide dielectric formed at 205 V. A polypropylene separator material was wetted with the electrolyte. The anode body was completely immersed into the electrolyte, and then pulled out to attach the wetted separator material. With the separator around the anode, the assembly was placed into the electrolyte before being placed into a vacuum oven for 15 minutes.
Separately, the titanium cathode was filled with 1 milliliter of the electrolyte.
Thereafter, the anode/separator was placed into the titanium can. The assembly was connected with a power supply ((+) pole to the cylindrical anode and the (-) pole to the titanium can) and charged through a I kQ resistor with a current that ranged from 10 to 40 milliAmps. The charging current affected the charging time, which ranged from 4.3 seconds at I OmA to 1.3 seconds at 4OmA. The assembly was charged to the voltage set by the power supply. After the cell was charged to the set voltage, it was held with the charging current for several minutes. The cell was then discharged through a 100Q resistor.
The pH, voltage, charge time, and discharge time were measured. The results are shown below in Tables 1-5.
Table 1: Properties of Examples 1-6 Ionic Ex Salt 0/ Conduct. H Voltage Discharge Energy Charge Discharge 0 (mS/cm, (V) Cap (pF) (J) time (s) time (ms) ___________ _____ 25°C) -________ __________ _________ ________ __________ 11.7 39.9 6.48 240 200 5.8 3.5 210 2 Ammonium 5.8 26.6 6.07 270 190 6.9 4.2 280 adipate _____ _________ ________ __________ _________ ________ __________ Ammonium 2.9 14.2 5.63 280 158 6.2 4.3 290 adipate _____ _________ ________ __________ _________ ________ __________ Amrnonium 11.7 40.3 6.33 -----adipate _____ _________ _______ __________ _________ ________ __________ Ammonium 5.8 26.5 5.93 270 200 7.3 4.0 180 adipate _____ _________ _______ __________ _________ ________ __________ 6 Ammonium 2.9 13.9 5.57 280 195 7.6 4.2 210 adipate _____ ________ _______ _________ ________ _______ _________ Testing of the ammonium adipate electrolytes resulted in cells that could be charged to 280V. In comparison, it was determined that similar cells employing a 5M H2S04 electrolyte could only be charged to 140V. As indicated, lowering the amount of ammonium adipate in the base formulation electrolytes resulted in an increase in stored potential energy. Further, the ionic conductivity of the ammonium adipate electrolytes ranged from about 13.9 to 40.3 mS/cm, which was significantly less than the ionic conductivity of the 5M H2S04 electrolyte (-1000 mS/cm).
Table 2: Properties of Examples 7-9 Ionic Conduct. pH Voltage Discharge Energy Charge Discharge Ex. Salt % (mS/cm, (V) Cap (.iF) (J) time (s) time (ms) ___________ 25°C) ________ _________ ________ _______ _________ Ammonium 11.7 39.0 07 230 190 5.0 1.0 152 acetate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ Ammonium 8 26.0 5.86 250 180 5.6 1.0 184 8 acetate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ Ammonium 29 14.9 5.48 280 180 7.1 1.3 204 acetate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ The ammonium acetate electrolytes exhibited similar behavior to the ammonium adipate electrolytes of Examples 1-6.
Table 3: Properties of Examples 10-14 Ionic Conduct. pH Voltage Discharge Energy Charge Discharge Ex. Salt % (mS/cm, (V) Cap (pF) (J) time (s) time (ms) ___________ 25°C) ________ _________ ________ _______ _________ Sodium 11.7 26.0 6.14 150 180 2.0 0.9 128 acetate ________ ________ _________ ________ _______ _________ Sodium 5.8 18.2 6.04 210 190 4.2 0.9 152 acetate _________ ________ __________ ________ _______ __________ Sodium 2.9 8.6 4.94 250 190 5.9 1.1 184 acetate _________ ________ __________ ________ _______ __________ Lithium 5.8 10.3 5.24 230 195 5.2 1.0 162 13 acetate ________ ________ _________ ________ _______ _________ Lithium 2.9 5.8 5.12 280 210 8.2 1.4 230 acetate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ The sodium and lithium acetate electrolytes also exhibited similar behavior to the ammonium adipate electrolytes of Examples 1-6.
Table 4: Properties of Examples 16-21 Ionic Conduct. pH Voltage Discharge Energy Charge Discharge Ex. Salt (mS/cm, (V) Cap (pF) (J) time (s) time (ms) ___________ 25°C) ________ _________ ________ _______ _________ Ammonium 24 6.8 4.5 290 200 8.4 -- 16 oxalate _________ ________ __________ ________ _______ __________ Ammonium 1.2 4.3 4.5 290 200 8.4 --oxalate _________ _________ __________ ________ _______ __________ Ammonium a6 2.3 4.0 290 200 8.4 --oxalate _________ _________ __________ ________ _______ __________ Ammonium 2.4 9.1 4.7 280 200 7.8 --tartrate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ Ammonium 1.2 5.1 44 290 200 8.4 --tartrate _________ _________ __________ _________ ________ __________ 21 Ammonium 0.6 2.7 3.8 270 200 7.3 As indicated, the ammonium oxalate and tartrate electrolytes were easily charged to voltages as high as 290V. It is believed that such high voltages were achieved because the solubility limit of the ammonium salts of oxalic acid and tartaric acid is low, and thus, the maximum concentration in the electrolyte is limited.
Table 5: Properties of Example 22 Ionic E It 0/ Conduct. H Voltage Discharge Energy Charge Discharge X. a ° (mS/cm, (V) Cap (pF) (J) time (s) time (ms) ___________ _____ 25°C) ________ __________ _________ ________ __________ 22 Sodium 2.9 6.8 4.6 280 200 7.8 tartrate _____ _________ ________ __________ _________ ________ __________ The sodium tartrate electrolyte exhibited similar behavior to the ammonium tartrate electrolytes of Examples 19-21.
These and other modifications and variations of the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part.
Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.
Claims (25)
- WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising: a porous anode body that contains a dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation; a cathode comprising a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer; and an aqueous electrolyte disposed in contact with the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte comprises a salt of a weak organic acid and water, wherein the electrolyte has a pH of from about 4.5 to about 7.0 and an ionic conductivity of from about 0.1 to about 30 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
- 2. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of from about I to about 20 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
- 3. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the pH is from about 5.0 to about 6.5.
- 4. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the salt contains a monatomic cation.
- 5. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 4, wherein the monatomic cation is an alkali metal ion.
- 6. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the salt contains a polyatomic cation.
- 7. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 6, wherein the polyatomic cation is an ammonium ion.
- 8. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the organic acid has a first acid dissociation constant of from about 2 to about 10, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
- 9. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the organic acid is a carboxylic acid.
- 10. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 9, wherein the carboxylic acid is polyprotic.
- 11. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 10, wherein the polyprotic carboxylic acid is adipic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, or a combination thereof.
- 12. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein salts of a weak organic acid constitute from about 0.1 to about 25 wt% of the electrolyte.
- 13. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein salts of a weak organic acid constitute from about 0.3 to about 15 wt.% of the electrolyte.
- 14. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein water constitutes from about 20 to about 95 wt.% of the electrolyte.
- 15. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further comprises a secondary solvent.
- 16. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 15, wherein the secondary solvent includes ethylene glycol.
- 17. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the metal substrate comprises titanium.
- 18. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer is a polythiophene.
- 19. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 18, wherein the polythiophene is poly(3,4-ethylened ioxythiophene) or a derivative thereof.
- 20. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the anode body is formed from tantalum or niobium oxide.
- 21. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the voltage to which the capacitor is capable of being charged to the voltage at which the dielectric layer is formed is from about 1.0 to 20.
- 22. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the voltage to which the capacitor is capable of being charged is from about 200 to about 350 V.
- 23. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the voltage to which the capacitor is capable of being charged is from about 250 to about 300 V.
- 24. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising: a porous anode body that is formed from tantalum or niobium oxide, wherein the anode body further contains a dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation; a cathode comprising a titanium substrate coated with a conductive polymer, wherein the conductive polymer includes poly(34-ethylenedioxythiophene) or a derivative thereof; and an aqueous electrolyte disposed in contact with the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte comprises a salt of a weak organic acid and water, wherein the electrolyte has a pH of from about 4.0 to about 7.0 and an ionic conductivity of $ from about 0.5 to about 25 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
- 25. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 24, wherein the electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of from about ito about 20 niilliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/408,900 US8223473B2 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-03-23 | Electrolytic capacitor containing a liquid electrolyte |
US12/475,743 US8405956B2 (en) | 2009-06-01 | 2009-06-01 | High voltage electrolytic capacitors |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB201000235D0 GB201000235D0 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
GB2468942A true GB2468942A (en) | 2010-09-29 |
GB2468942B GB2468942B (en) | 2014-02-19 |
Family
ID=41819064
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB201000235A Expired - Fee Related GB2468942B (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-01-07 | High voltage electrolytic capacitors |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP5801538B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20100106206A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101847517A (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010012374A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2468942B (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2485034A (en) * | 2010-11-01 | 2012-05-02 | Avx Corp | Wet electrolytic capacitor with a sintered anode |
EP3855463A4 (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2022-05-25 | Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2498066B (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2015-09-23 | Avx Corp | Wet electrolytic capacitor containing an improved anode |
US9053861B2 (en) * | 2012-03-16 | 2015-06-09 | Avx Corporation | Wet capacitor cathode containing a conductive coating formed anodic electrochemical polymerization of a colloidal suspension |
KR101484926B1 (en) * | 2012-05-21 | 2015-01-22 | (주) 퓨리켐 | Manufacturing method of supercapacitor electrode |
JP6256970B2 (en) * | 2013-06-17 | 2018-01-10 | テイカ株式会社 | Electrolytic capacitor and manufacturing method thereof |
JP6740579B2 (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2020-08-19 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | Solid electrolytic capacitor and method of manufacturing solid electrolytic capacitor |
JP7115618B2 (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2022-08-09 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | Solid electrolytic capacitor and method for manufacturing solid electrolytic capacitor |
CN114540911B (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2023-11-14 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Metal part and preparation method thereof |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0989572A2 (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2000-03-29 | Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. | Electrolyte for use in a capacitor |
US20030142464A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-07-31 | Yanming Liu | Electrolytes for capacitors |
US6744619B1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2004-06-01 | Pacesetter, Inc. | Conductive electrolyte system with viscosity reducing co-solvents |
GB2447724A (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2008-09-24 | Avx Corp | A Wet Electrolytic Capacitor |
Family Cites Families (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3345545A (en) | 1964-11-27 | 1967-10-03 | Johnson Matthey & Mallory Ltd | Solid electrolytic capacitor having minimum anode impedance |
DE3814730A1 (en) | 1988-04-30 | 1989-11-09 | Bayer Ag | SOLID ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTROLYTE CONDENSERS CONTAINING THEM |
JP2765462B2 (en) | 1993-07-27 | 1998-06-18 | 日本電気株式会社 | Solid electrolytic capacitor and method of manufacturing the same |
JPH07135126A (en) | 1993-11-10 | 1995-05-23 | Nec Corp | Solid electrolytic capacitor and its manufacture |
JP3068430B2 (en) | 1995-04-25 | 2000-07-24 | 富山日本電気株式会社 | Solid electrolytic capacitor and method of manufacturing the same |
US5726118A (en) | 1995-08-08 | 1998-03-10 | Norit Americas, Inc. | Activated carbon for separation of fluids by adsorption and method for its preparation |
US5812367A (en) | 1996-04-04 | 1998-09-22 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Solid electrolytic capacitors comprising a conductive layer made of a polymer of pyrrole or its derivative |
US5714000A (en) | 1996-05-06 | 1998-02-03 | Agritec, Inc. | Fine-celled foam composition and method |
JP3863232B2 (en) | 1996-09-27 | 2006-12-27 | ローム株式会社 | Structure of capacitor element used for solid electrolytic capacitor and method of compacting chip body in capacitor element |
GB9700566D0 (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1997-03-05 | Avx Ltd | Binder removal |
US6391275B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2002-05-21 | Cabot Corporation | Methods to partially reduce a niobium metal oxide and oxygen reduced niobium oxides |
US6416730B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2002-07-09 | Cabot Corporation | Methods to partially reduce a niobium metal oxide oxygen reduced niobium oxides |
US6322912B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2001-11-27 | Cabot Corporation | Electrolytic capacitor anode of valve metal oxide |
JP4198796B2 (en) * | 1998-10-21 | 2008-12-17 | ニチコン株式会社 | Method for manufacturing aluminum electrolytic capacitor |
US6191936B1 (en) | 1999-04-12 | 2001-02-20 | Vishay Sprague, Inc. | Capacitor having textured pellet and method for making same |
US6576099B2 (en) | 2000-03-23 | 2003-06-10 | Cabot Corporation | Oxygen reduced niobium oxides |
JP2004513514A (en) | 2000-11-06 | 2004-04-30 | キャボット コーポレイション | Reformed valve metal oxide with reduced oxygen |
DE10237577A1 (en) | 2002-08-16 | 2004-02-26 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Substituted poly (alkylenedioxythiophenes) as solid electrolytes in electrolytic capacitors |
DE10331673A1 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2005-02-10 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Polythiophene with alkyleneoxythiathiophene units in electrolytic capacitors |
EP1524678B2 (en) | 2003-10-17 | 2018-06-20 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Electrolytic capacitors with polymeric outer layer |
DE102004022110A1 (en) | 2004-05-05 | 2005-12-01 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Process for the preparation of electrolytic capacitors |
DE102005016727A1 (en) | 2005-04-11 | 2006-10-26 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Electrolytic capacitors with polymeric outer layer and process for their preparation |
DE102005033839A1 (en) | 2005-07-20 | 2007-01-25 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Electrolytic capacitors with a polymeric outer layer and process for their preparation |
WO2007123752A2 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-11-01 | Aculon, Inc. | Solid electrolytic capacitors |
JP5305569B2 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2013-10-02 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Electrolytic capacitor manufacturing method and electrolytic capacitor |
-
2010
- 2010-01-07 GB GB201000235A patent/GB2468942B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-02-09 KR KR1020100011891A patent/KR20100106206A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-03-09 CN CN201010142453A patent/CN101847517A/en active Pending
- 2010-03-22 DE DE201010012374 patent/DE102010012374A1/en active Pending
- 2010-03-23 JP JP2010065796A patent/JP5801538B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0989572A2 (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2000-03-29 | Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. | Electrolyte for use in a capacitor |
US20030142464A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-07-31 | Yanming Liu | Electrolytes for capacitors |
US6744619B1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2004-06-01 | Pacesetter, Inc. | Conductive electrolyte system with viscosity reducing co-solvents |
GB2447724A (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2008-09-24 | Avx Corp | A Wet Electrolytic Capacitor |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2485034A (en) * | 2010-11-01 | 2012-05-02 | Avx Corp | Wet electrolytic capacitor with a sintered anode |
US8514547B2 (en) | 2010-11-01 | 2013-08-20 | Avx Corporation | Volumetrically efficient wet electrolytic capacitor |
GB2485034B (en) * | 2010-11-01 | 2015-07-08 | Avx Corp | Volumetrically efficient wet electrolytic capacitor |
EP3855463A4 (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2022-05-25 | Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation | Solid electrolytic capacitor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2468942B (en) | 2014-02-19 |
CN101847517A (en) | 2010-09-29 |
JP2010226113A (en) | 2010-10-07 |
JP5801538B2 (en) | 2015-10-28 |
GB201000235D0 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
KR20100106206A (en) | 2010-10-01 |
DE102010012374A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8405956B2 (en) | High voltage electrolytic capacitors | |
US8223473B2 (en) | Electrolytic capacitor containing a liquid electrolyte | |
US8687347B2 (en) | Planar anode for use in a wet electrolytic capacitor | |
GB2468942A (en) | Electrolyte for a capacitor | |
US8514547B2 (en) | Volumetrically efficient wet electrolytic capacitor | |
CN102592829B (en) | For the pin configuration of the planar anode of wet electrolytic capacitor | |
US8605411B2 (en) | Abrasive blasted conductive polymer cathode for use in a wet electrolytic capacitor | |
US8824121B2 (en) | Conductive polymer coating for wet electrolytic capacitor | |
US11282652B2 (en) | Wet electrolytic capacitor for an implantable medical device | |
US8968423B2 (en) | Technique for forming a cathode of a wet electrolytic capacitor | |
US10832871B2 (en) | Wet electrolytic capacitor for an implantable medical device | |
US9786440B2 (en) | Anode for use in a high voltage electrolytic capacitor | |
IL263014A (en) | Wet electrolytic capacitor for use in a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | |
IL262712A (en) | Wet electrolytic capacitor |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20170107 |