GB2468722A

GB2468722A - Carbon fibre wishbone comprising stress uniform fillet

Info

Publication number: GB2468722A
Application number: GB0904898A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Warren Barratt Leigh
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2009-03-21
Filing date: 2009-03-21
Publication date: 2010-09-22
Also published as: GB0904898D0

Abstract

A wishbone comprises a stress uniform distribution fillet (SUF) 1 whose geometry definition when applied to a component under load reduces the stress concentration factors and results in a more uniform stress distribution in the fillet 1 and transition regions, whilst also minimizing weight and volume. The SUF 1 can be applied to vehicle suspension wishbones, particularly carbon fiber wishbones used in Formula One F1 racing cars. The fillet 1 comprises a smooth continuous surface between the shank 2 and the flexure 3 of the wishbone. Also disclosed is a gas turbine rotor blade having a fillet 5,6 in the transition from the root 7 to the blade 9. The f illet may also be used in actuator levers, drive shafts, wind turbines and turbochargers.

Description

DESCRIPTION:

The present invention relates to the method of applying a SUF(1) to the geometry of a carbon-fibre wishbone (Fig. 3), such as used in Formula 1 racing cars, in the transition region from the shank (2) to the Flexure (3). The construction of SUF geometry is defined in the Claims section.

It should be noted that the present SUE invention can essentially be applied to various products which contain geometric changes like fillets. For example, rotary equipment blades, such as Gas or Wind turbine (Fig.9) or blower equipment and turbochargers, drive shaft connection regions and other tubular or shaft like structures. The SUFs can be applied to changes in section of structures such as a Fl racing car chassis.

An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig.3 is an isometric view of an generic Wishbone as used in Fl racing. The wishbone component may be made from composite material such as Carbon Fibre or can be made from any suitable material including metal. The shank (2) reduces in section thickness to the Flexure (3) region by way of transitional geometry SUF (1). The geometric definition of the SUF(l) is given in the Claims section and can be of the baseline form or of a derived form as given in Claims 30 to 35 inclusive.

The benefit of the inclusion of this SUF(l) is to reduce the stress concentration in the fillet region and/or produce a more uniform stress field in the transition zone.

BACKGROUND of the INVENTION:

Component geometrical changes such as fillets or edge curves that feature in products related to automotive, aerospace, satellite, offshore and rail-industry or indeed any manufactured item which are exposed to load scenarios exhibit Stress Concentration (Kt) at locations fig.2, (4), which are essentially multiples of the nominal stress that exist in the component. These high stresses impose design, performance and cost restrictions and encourage early component failure.

Stress reduction methods by geometric modification to transitional regions such as fillets, has been put forward by a number of designers and the following patents were examined to see if any conflict exist between their invention and the method given in this paper. A brief review of some patents is given as follows.

Patent JP61149504, relates to a method of more uniformly distributing maximum centrifugal stress in the circumferential cross-section of a turbine rotor, in particular in the leading edge using arc-type fillet and in the trailing edge using an elliptical fillet. This patent only focuses on Leading and Trailing edge stress distribution due to centrifugal force only, basically a 20 approach. It uses arc and elliptical fillets.

Patent US 2008220207(Al), relates to composite gas turbine vanes(blades) where tensile stresses must be reduced in the areas of the fillet including platform fillets. The invention sites using reinforcement blocks.

This patent does not directly use geometric effects to achieve stress reduction in the fillets regions.

Patent US 2006/0275129 Al, relates to gas turbine blades and reduction of stress concentration in the dovetail region by incorporating a back-cut in the local geometry. This patent does not incorporate specific fillet geometry affected by 3D loading.

Patent US 6142737 A Relates to gas turbine firtree stress reduction. This is claimed by specific stepped geometric relationship in each of the fingers. The invention does not use elliptical fillets to achieve stress reduction.

Another patent invention relates to fixed blade assembly in an axial flow steam turbine and the design of the interface region of fillets. The invention relates an optimum fillet radius of the throat dimension and in particular to blades of constant section. This invention does not use geometric proportions of the fillet shape to reduce stress concentrations.

The present invention (SUFs) does not use any feature of the above patents.

A selective fillet geometry definition, (SUFs) (1), confirmed by a variety of proprietary Finite Element Analysis software, offers the provision of enabling lower stress concentration/levels and nearly uniform or near unity stress concentration factor, ie, Kt -1.0 in fillet transition regions. Application of the Ktl fillet curves (SUFs) to component geometry, produce a near uniform stress distribution when the components are subjected to loadcases of bending, torsion, tension and or combined loadcases, but this is dependent upon component shape, ie whether flat or round in section.

The geometry of the stress unity fillets are a function of the components outside thameter or width (Fig.4) in the case of a solid or hollow circular shaft, or thickness of the blade/shank in the direction of view, for example, (Fig.5) view direction of X, in this case is a function of the calculated Mean Radius geometry chord length C. With respect to (Fig.6) direction of Y, then it will be the thickness corresponding to the calculated Mean Radius geometry chord length C. The present invention relates to the automotive industry in particular, a Fl Racing car carbon fibre wishbone Fig.3 designed to minimize and uniform the stress concentrations which feature usually in the fillet region (1).

But the method of SUF application to reduce stress concentrations in such transitional regions, can essentially be applied to any manufactured items, which are exposed to load scenarios.

Certain gas turbine Blades and Blisks include a plurality of circumferentially spaced blades about the outer periphery of the disk. Component SUF plurality is also covered by the claims Traditional wishbones can be used as part of the suspension on both front and rear wheels and usually consist of two parallel wishbone arms of equal length.

Fl racing cars usually use double wishbones suspension (V-shaped-hence wishbone), also called suspension links.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION:

It is the objective of the invention that relates a method to reduce Stress Concentrations (Kt) and to distribute stress more uniformly in the transition/fillet (4) region from Shank to Flexure when under load, by the application of a specific fillet shape, called a SUF(1) which could be applied to Fl Racing car carbon fibre wishbone.

Finite Element Analysis has shown that the baseline curve defined in the Claims section above, and escalation and reduction of this baseline curve confirm significant improvements in Stress reduction and a more unified stress distribution in the transitional geometric zone.

The Wishbone forms part of the suspension, where one end is connected to the chassis and the other to the Steering/suspension linkage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 shows a 2-D sketch of a Stress Uniform Fillet (SUF) employed to achieve superior stress reduction and/or rriore uniform stress distribution as a transitional change from the Shank(2) to the Flexure(3) region.

Fig.2 shows a portion of an isometric sketch of a generic wishbone, indicating the Shank(2) and Flexure(3) connected by a non-optimised fillet (4).

Fig.3 shows a portion of an isometric sketch of a generic wishbone, indicating the Shank(2) and Flexure(3) connected by an SUF (1).

Fig.4 shows a 2-D representation of a Shank(2) to Flexure(3) region connected by the SUF(l).

Fig.5 shows an isometric view of a gas turbine blade that includes SUF(l) types at the leading (5) and trailing edge (6) respectively and in the pressure and suction side fillet regions.

Fig.6 shows a view on Y-direction of the gas turbine blade in Fig.5.

Fig.7 shows an actual SUF(l) generated on a 2D shape.

Fig.8 shows a generic Fl racing car chassis with a SUF(l) included as the transitional feature.

Fig.9 shows a wind turbine blade, front and side elevations show the SUF(1)transition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.l Illustrates a geometric change in a component by use of a SUF(l) as described in the Claims section.

The SUF(1) geometry maybe rotated as described in Claim 37 with respect to the cross-sectional profile shown in Fig.4 or as applied to a Fl-Wishbone as shown in Fig.3 and Claim 36.

Fig.2 Illustrates a change in geometric section (4), ie, a fillet of a generic Fl-Wishbone. The fillet (4) shown in Fig.2 is a linear taper geometric fillet version from Shank to Flexure in the X-direction and along the Z-directional and is different and more traditional to the SUF(l) described in the claims above.

Fig.3 Illustrates a Fl Wishbone indicating the incorporation of a SUF(l) for the geometric change region. The SUF(l) would comply to the definition given in the Claims section above. Item (2) is the shank. Item (3) is the Flexure. Item (11) is the point 11 as described in Claim No.4. The Shank thickness is ts. The Flexure thickness is if.

Fig.4 Illustrates a 2D representation of the region of the Shank (2) to the Flexure (3). Item (1) is the SUF (1) as defined in the Claims above. Geometric limits of the SUF (1) as defined in the Claims section above, are shown (1 la), (11) and (13). Corresponding to these points symmetrically opposite are (1 2a), (12) and (14).

Fig.5!Uustrates an isometric representation of a Gas Turbine Blade or other simUar rotary equipment blade.

SUF transitions are shown at regions, 5, 6 and in the transition (8) from the blade (9) to the root (7). Fg indicates a gas (air) load causing bending in the X-direction shown. F represents the Tension load in the Z-axis shown on the diagram. Ft represents a Torsion load. View Y and View X are shown.

Fig.6 Illustrates a view in direction Y and refers back to Fig.5 of the gas turbine blade.

Fig.7 Illustrates to scale, a SUF transition curve symmetrically located on a shaft profile.

Fig.8 Illustrates a generic structure such as a chassis similar to that used in Fl racing cars. Geometric transition changes accomplished by use of SUFs(1) as described in the claims section above.

Fig. 9 Illustrates a generic Wind Turbine Blade showing the front and side elevation views. The SUFs(1) as defined in the Claims section are featured on the Leading and Trailing edges as the transition regions from the Blade to the root. The SUEs (1) are also included for the transition region fillets from the Blade to the root.

APPLICATIONS

Formula 1: Wishbones: (Usually a bending loadcase is applicable.) Chassis transitions. (Fig.8) Actuator levers.

Drive shafts.

Rotary Equipment: Gas turbine blades (Fig.5) Gas turbine Compressor blades. (Fig.5) Gas turbine Fan blades. (Fig.5) Wind turbine blades. (Fig.9) Blower machinery Blades.

Turbo chargers Blades.

Others: Tubular structures or components. (Fig.4) rotated about axis or (Fig.7) rotated similarly.

Solid shaft components. (Fig.4) rotated about axis or (Fig.7) rotated similarly.

ADVANTAGES: The advantage provided by the present invention of the integration of Stress Unity Fillets(SUFs),( Fig.3)(1) curves to stressed components, is a means to reduce the Stress Concentrations along a blade or shank to rootfrim or Shank/Flexure interface transition, thus enabling an enhancement as listed below; 1. Component life enhancement by stress reduction along geometry transitions such as a fillet.

2. Component life enhancement by geometric encouragement of stress unity along the fillet.

3. Component minimum weight.

4. Component robustness.

5. Component volume minimisation.

6. Component minimum airflow disruption.

7. Component minimum aerodynamic losses including drag losses, profile and secondary losses.

8. Component minimum noise.

Claims

CLAIMS: 1. SUFs(1) are symmetrically positioned about the central axis ( Z) of the Wishbone (Fig.3), in the XZ plane.
2. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that it is formed on a solid Wishbone (Fig.3).
3. The Wishbone SUF(i) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that it is formed on a hollow Wishbone.
4. The Wishbone SUF (1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that the height of the SUF-curve ie, between point 13 to point 11 (Fig.4), measured in the Z-direction (Fig.4), is between 159% to 161% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if). (Fig.3 and Fig.4).
5. The Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, when measured to the outer edges of the SUF (5) and (6), (Fig.4), when at its maximum width, that is when point (5F) to point (6F) equals the distance measured from point (13)to point (14) at the Wishbone ShankIFlexure intersection, is 162% to 165% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if). (Fig.3).
6. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that, the Wishbone SUF(1) height (lie) and (12a) of the SUF in the Z-direction from the Shank/Flexure intersection, is greater than 160% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness. (if). (Fig.3).
7. The Wishbone SUF (1) in accordance with claim 1, provides a continuous chord width increase (5F) to (6F) progressing towards the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), provides a through thickness width increase (15) which forms a SUF (1).
8. The Wishbone SUF (1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 10% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this (in the Z-direction) level the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 138.0% to 136.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if). (Fig.3).
9. The Wishbone SUF (1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 20% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point SF and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 127% to 125.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if). (Fig.3).
10. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 30% of Nominal Flexure Thickness(tf), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point SF and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 120.0% to 118.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
11. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 40% of Nominal Flexure Thickness(tf), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point SF and point 6F, (Fig. 8) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 114.0% to 112.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
12. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 50% of Nominal Flexure Thickness(tf), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig. 8) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 110.0% to 109.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
13. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 60% of Nominal Flexure Thickness(tf), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point SF to point 6F, should be between 108.0% to 106.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
14. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-ciirection distance measured approximately 70% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 106.0% to 104.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
15. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 80% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 104.0% to 102.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
16. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 90% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 103.0% to 101.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
17. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured approximately 100% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level ( in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 102.0% to 100.0% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
18. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 110% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 101.5% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (tf).
19. The Wishbone StJF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 120% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 101.1% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
20. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 130% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 100.8% to 100.6% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
21. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 140% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.6% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
22. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 150% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.5% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
23. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 160% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level ( in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.4% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if).
24. The Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, the Wishbone SUFs (1) can apply to either non-tapered (Fig.3) or tapered Wishbones where the Shank thickness varies and or the Flexure thickness varies.
25. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (I) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a bending load only.
26. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid, hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a Torsion load only.
27. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid or hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a Tension load only.
28, A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid, hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a combined bending, torsion and tension Load or subject to any of these loadings in any combination.
29. The combination according to claim (25, 26, 27 and 28) wherein each wishbone in a plurality of wishbones that include a SUF, then defines a SUF-Wishbone.
30. The SUF as defined in claim 1, maybe adjusted by scaling magnification along the X and Z-axis.
31. The Z-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be multiplied (increased) upto approximately 1.5 times that of its original definition and can be done so independently, whilst its corresponding X-coordinate remains unchanged.
32. The X-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be multiplied (increased) upto approximately twice its original definition and can be done so independently, whilst its corresponding Z-coordinate remains unchanged..
33 The Z-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be factored down (decreased) so that it is approximately no smaller than 50% of its original definition, independently, whilst its corresponding X-coordinate remains unchanged.
34. The X-coordinate (Fig.3) of the SUF(1) can be factored down (decreased) so that it is approximately no smaller than 50% of its original definition, independently, whilst its corresponding Z-coordinate remains unchanged.
35. In accordance with claim 1, the Z-coordinate and X-coordinate of the original SUF (1) can be multiplied or factored down jointly or independently of each other.
36 If the wishbone or component is of non-tubular or non-circular or non-ellipsoid cross-sectional design and maybe of a flat-section design as shown in Fig.3, then Caim 25 is more reievant in particular if the bending is about the Y-axis and Claim 27 relevant if Tension/compression is present in the Z-axis.
37. If the wishbone or component is of a Tubular or solid circular section design, such that with reference to Fig 4 the 2D profile was rotated about the Z-axis to form a solid or tubular component, then the Claim numbers 25, 26, 27 and 28 apply.Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows CLAIMS: 1. The SUFs(1) Stress Uniform fillet, is a specific curve geometric definition, that when integrated into a component as a fillet and the component is loaded, produces a uniform stress distribution which can be symmetrically positioned about the central axis ( Z), and that the maximum height of the SUE (1) is, 1 characterized in that the height of the SUF-curve ie, between point 13 to point 11 (Fig4), measured in the Z-direction (Fig.4), is between 159% to 161% of the nominal Flexure thickness(tf), Thickness (if), and the Wishbone SUF(1) in is 16 by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 120% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 101.1% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), and the Wishbone SUF(1), is 17 characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 130% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be between 100.8% to 100.6% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), and the Wishbone SUF(1), is 18characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 140% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.6% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), and the Wishbone SUF(1), is 19 characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 150% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.5% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), and the Wishbone SUF(1), is 20 characterized by the Z-direction distance measured of approximately 160% of Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), from the SUF root intersection point (13) and intersection point (14), to the level of point 5F and point 6F, (Fig.4) and at this level (in the Z-direction) the corresponding chord distance from point 5F to point 6F, should be approximately 100.4% of the Nominal Flexure Thickness (if), 2. The Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, the Wishbone SUFs (1) can apply to either non-tapered (Fig.3) or tapered VVishbones where the Shank thickness varies and or the Flexure thickness varies.3. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a bending load only.4. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid, hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a Torsion load only.5. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid or hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a Tension load only.6. A Wishbone in accordance with claim 1, whether solid, hollow, in composite or metal according to claim 1, in which the method of SUF (1) has been applied to a component that is subjected to a combined bending, torsion and tension Load or subject to any of these loadings in any combination. I..7. The combination according to claim (3, 4, 5 and 6) wherein each wishbone in a plurality of wishbones that include a SUF, then defines a SUF-Wishbone.* ** *** * * : 8. The SUF as defined in claim 1, maybe adjusted by scaling magnification along the X and Z-axis.**** 9. The Z-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be multiplied (increased) upto approximately 1.5 times that of its :. original definition and can be done so independently, whilst its corresponding X-coordinate remains unchanged. 10. The X-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be multiplied (increased) upto approximately twice its original ** * definition and can be done so independently, whilst its corresponding Z-coordinate remains . .: unchanged..11 The Z-coordinate of the SUF(1) can be factored down (decreased) so that it is approximately no smaller than 50% of its original definition, independently, whilst its corresponding X-coordinate remains unchanged.12. The X-coordinate (Fig.3) of the SUF(1) can be factored down (decreased) so that it is approximately -no smaller than 50% of its original definition, independently, whilst its corresponding Z-coordinate remains unchanged.13. In accordance with claim 1, the Z-coordinate and X-coordinate of the original SUF (1) can be multiplied or factored down jointly or independently of each other.14 lIthe wishbone or component is of non-tubular or non-circular or non-ellipsoid cross-sectional design and maybe of a flat-section design as shown in Fig.3, then Claim 3 is more relevant in particular if the bending is about the Y-axis and Claim 5 relevant if Tension/compression is present in the Z-axis.15. If the wishbone or component is of a Tubular or solid circular section design, such that with reference to Fig 4 the 2D profile was rotated about the Z-axis to form a solid or tubular component, then the Claim numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 apply.16. The Wishbone SIJF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that it is formed on a solid Wishbone (Fig.3).17. The Wishbone SUF(1) in accordance with claim 1, is characterized in that it is formed on a hollow Wishbone. * * *0*** ***.* * * * ** * * * S...S S. S. * . . * S S. * * S * S.