GB2444543A - Ultrahigh frequency transparent polymeric coating material and shaped products thereof - Google Patents

Ultrahigh frequency transparent polymeric coating material and shaped products thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2444543A
GB2444543A GB8814442A GB8814442A GB2444543A GB 2444543 A GB2444543 A GB 2444543A GB 8814442 A GB8814442 A GB 8814442A GB 8814442 A GB8814442 A GB 8814442A GB 2444543 A GB2444543 A GB 2444543A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
coating material
radome
weight
proportion
ultrahigh frequency
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB8814442A
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GB2444543B (en
GB8814442D0 (en
Inventor
Francois Pacreau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
Original Assignee
Dassault Electronique SA
Electronique Serge Dassault SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Dassault Electronique SA, Electronique Serge Dassault SA filed Critical Dassault Electronique SA
Publication of GB8814442D0 publication Critical patent/GB8814442D0/en
Publication of GB2444543A publication Critical patent/GB2444543A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Publication of GB2444543B publication Critical patent/GB2444543B/en
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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D127/00Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D127/02Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C09D127/12Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • C09D127/18Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethene
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/006Pressing and sintering powders, granules or fibres
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/10Metal compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/30Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L27/00Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L27/02Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L27/12Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D127/00Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D127/02Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C09D127/12Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/32Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C43/36Moulds for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C43/361Moulds for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles with pressing members independently movable of the parts for opening or closing the mould, e.g. movable pistons
    • B29C2043/3615Forming elements, e.g. mandrels or rams or stampers or pistons or plungers or punching devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/02Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C43/10Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non-rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts or dies
    • B29C43/12Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non-rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts or dies using bags surrounding the moulding material or using membranes contacting the moulding material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2027/00Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2027/12Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material containing fluorine
    • B29K2027/18PTFE, i.e. polytetrafluorethene, e.g. ePTFE, i.e. expanded polytetrafluorethene
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/25Solid
    • B29K2105/251Particles, powder or granules
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/34Electrical apparatus, e.g. sparking plugs or parts thereof
    • B29L2031/3456Antennas, e.g. radomes

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

An ultrahigh frequency transparent coating material capable of withstanding high temperatures, comprises a homogeneous mixture of a fluoro polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene and less than approximately 10% (e.g. 0.6 to 6%) by weight of molybdenum disuiphide and optionally another fluoro polymer or copolymer. The powdered mixture is converted into a coating by single or double compression moulding or isotactic moulding, e.g. to make a coating for a radome in a mould as in the drawing; a heated die (10) and a punch (16) form the powder therebetween into a nose cone shape under heat and pressure. This coating material is particularly resistant to rain-erosion and can be employed especially for the manufacture of radomes for flying devices such as missiles.

Description

ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY TRANSPARENT POLYMERIC COATING
MATERIAL AND SHAPED PRODUCTS THEREOF.
The invention reLates to a material which is transparent to so-caLled "uLtrahigh frequency" waves and to shaped products thereof for use as coatings of radomes.
The radomes of flying devices must be made of a material of this kind. Where a missile is involved, the material must first and foremost withstand a very high temperature for a short time, without meLting or being partLy converted into carbon, since this would destroy its transparency to ultrahigh frequencies. To perform their protective functions, missiLe radomes must withstand high temperatures and thermaL shocks.
In particular, they must withstand erosion phe-nomena, and particuLarLy "rain-erosion", which is the erosive effect of raindrops at a high veLocity in terms of Mach number.
For this purpose, United States Patents Nos. 4,364,884 and 4,851,833 describe the use of polytetra-fLuoroethylene (PTFE) fiLled with specially oriented, very fine glass fibres. In these patents it is consid-ered to be impossible to obtain directly a single-piece radome fiLled with gLass fibres. The radome is there-fore made in slices or "biscuits", which are then welded to each other using diffusion. It is pointed out there- in, furthermore, that generally PTFE, by itseLf or fiL- led, cannot be used since it does not withstand rain-eros ion.
Under these conditions, the objective of the present invention is to provide a material which is simpLer to use than those in the abovementioned United States Patents.
A further object of the invention is to provide a material suitable for the direct production of a radome blank in one piece.
Another object of the invention is to provide a material which can subsequently be machined to the de-sired shape, and which is also capable of being prepared so as to adhere suitably to the underlying structures of the radome.
According to a first feature, the invention pro- vides a coating material transparent to ultrahigh fre-quency and capable of withstanding high temperatures, of the type comprising a fluoro poLymer such as poLytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) According to the essential characteristic of the invention, this material also contains molybdenum disulphide CMoS2), in a proportion of less than approximateLy 10% by weight.
It has surprisingly been found that the fact of filling a fluoro poLymer such as poLytetrafLuoroethyLene with moLybdenum disuiphide makes it possibLe to obtain, in a particularly simpLe manner, a coating material which is transparent to ultrahigh frequency and which withstands rain-erosion.
Furthermore, a material of this kind has the ad-vantage of making possible the direct production of a radome bLank in a singLe piece, it being possible for this blank to be subsequently easily machined and given the desired shape.
Advantageously, the proportion of molybdenum di-suLphide is between 0.6 and 6% and is preferabLy equal to approximateLy 3%, relative to the weight of the material.
The material of the invention may also comprise, as additives, other fLuoro polymers or copolymers, for exampLe polyfLuoroalkoxide (PFA).
Apart from poLyfluoroaLkoxide, it is also pos-sibLe to add as additives, for example, a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and of hexafLuoropropene (HFE) -In another aspect, the subject of the invention is a radome, such as a missile radome, equipped with a material such as defined above.
In the accompanying drawing: The single figure is a diagrammatic sect ion of a device for the manufacture of a radome blank in one piece, by means of a coating material according to the invention.
As indicated before, the material of the inven-tion essentially comprises a fluoro polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and molybdenum disuL-phide (MoS2), and, if appropriate, other fluoro polymers or copoLymers as additives.
ALL these compounds are availabLe commercially in the form of powders of various particle sizes. In particular, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is marketed, particularly under the trademark "Teflon" by Dupont de Nemours -To prepare a coating material according to the invention, the initial operation is to mix the fluoro polymer, for example PTFE, the molybdenum disulphide and, where appropriate, one or more of the additives mentioned earlier. This operation must be carried out carefully, in a suitabLe mixer, so that a perfectly homogeneous mixture of the various constituents is ob-tamed.
When this mixing has been carried out, a powdery materiaL is obtained, which is ready for use for the maiiufacture of a radome blank or other desired shaped product.
To convert this powder into a continuous coating material, one can use any of the various processes known ii the technology of sintering fluoro polymers, particu- larly such as PTFE. There are essentially three sinter-ing processes, namely the process known as "single corn-press ion", the process known as "double compression" and the process known as "isostatic moulding".
Whatever the type of process employed, the conversion of the powder into a continuous material is produced by combined application of pressure and heat-i ng.
In the "single compression" process, the powder is first compressed and the temperature is then raised to cause the material to sinter. In the "double com-pression" process, a compression operation and heating are applied simultaneously.
In either of the above two processes, the powder is compressed between a die forming a mould and a punch, so as to obtain the required shape.
In the process known as "isostatic moulding", the compression of the material takes place within an outer skin so as to obtain better pressure distribution over the whole moulded article.
The attached drawing shows, by way of example, a device for the manufacture of a radome blank as a singLe piece from a material of the invention as defined above.
Essentially, this device comprises a die 10 de- fining internally a moulding cavity 12 whose shape cor-responds substantially to the outer shape of the radome, within the thickness of the coating. This die 10 is surrounded by suitable heating means 14.
The device also comprises a punch 16 of suitable shape, which is mounted on the end of a rod 18 so as move along the axis X-X and which is equipped with an annular lip 20.
Thus there is manufactured a radome blank whose shape corresponds substantially to that of a nose cone and, in the moulding position, the gap which separates the wall delimiting the moulding cavity 12 and the outer wall of the punch 16 is substantially constant.
The device shown in the diagram is used as fol-lows. The powdered material prepared as indicated above is introduced into the intermediate space between the die 10 and the punch 16. This material is then sin-tered by the application of pressure, by means of the rod 18 actuating the punch 16 and by the application of temperature, using the heating means 14, the presence of the lip 20 contributing to an increase in the pressure to which the powder is subjected. In this step, the pressure may be applied first of alL at the beginning, heating being applied later, or else pressure and heat-ing may be applied simultaneously.
This makes it possible to cause the material to sinter and thus to obtain a radome blank in one piece.
When this operation of sintering and cooling the blank is complete, the latter may be demoulded by moving the punch 16 away from the die 10, by a displacement in the direction of the axis X-X.
By way of example, a mixture of PTFE such as is sold under tha raiistted.. Trade Mark "Teflon _7U and of commercial molybdenum suLphide powder may be employed, without any other additive, to form the material of the inventiOn.
The mean particle diameter of the molybdenum sulphide may be of the order of one micrometre (i.im), for example equal to 1 Mm. The molybdenum sulphide represents 3% by weight of the mixture in this exampLe. These two mater-ials are mixed and the mixture thus obtained is poured into a mould such as that shown in the drawing.
Sintering of the mixture is obtained by a "double compression" process by applying a maximum pressure of 300 bars and a maximum temperature of 380 C for the time needed for the polymerization, which is of the order of several hours When the polymerization is complete, a stabilization cycLe is applied with a reduc-tiOn of temperature, before the blank is demoulded. The single-piece blank thus obtained is then machined exter-nalLy and internally to the desired shape.
The latter may be prepared internally so as to adhere suitably to the structures underlying the radome.
A preparation of this kind is well known in the field of fluoro polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene, to make it possible for such materials to adhere to supporting structures.
It has been found that when a preparation of this kind is used, the blank machined and prepared in this manner can then be bonded onto the structure under-Lying the radome, such as a complex composite structure resistant to high temperature, of the glass-polyimide type.
The underLying structure made in the desired shape is then attached by adhesive bonding, to the machined and prepared bLank, such as defined pre-viously.
Thus the material of the invention is suitable for the manufacture of radomes of various shapes, this being done by a simple moulding operation, followed by an operation of machining the desired shape.
Radomes equipped with a coating material accord-ing to the invention withstand rain-erosion particuLarly well, and do so at high velocities which can reach or exceed Mach 4.

Claims (9)

  1. CLAII1S: 1. An ultrahigh frequency transparent coating material capable
    of withstanding high temperatures and comprising a mixture of one or more fluoro polymer and molybdenum disuiphide in a proportion of less than 10% by weight.
  2. 2. A catjng material as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the proportion of the molybdenum disulphide is 0.6 to 6% by weight.
  3. 3. A coating material as claimed in Claim 2, wherein said proportion is approximately 3% by weight.
  4. 4. A coating material as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the fluoro polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
  5. 5. A coating material as claimed in Claim 4, which also contains polyfluoroalkoxide.
  6. 6. A coating material as claimed in Claim 4, which also contains a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoro-propane.
  7. 7. A radome equipped with a coating material according to any preceding claim.
  8. 8. A radome according to Claim 7, wherein the coating material was made in the shape of a single-piece blank obtained by mixing and sintering the constituents of the material, and was then machined to the desired shape.
  9. 9. radome as claimed in Claim 7 or 8, substantially as hereinhefore described wi.th reference to the accompanying drawing.
    9. A radome as claimed in Claim 7 or 8, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
    Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows 1. n ultrahigh frequency transparent coating material capable of withstanding high temperatures and consisting only of a mixture of one or more fluoro polymer and molybdenum disulphide in a proportion of less Lhan 10% by weight.
    2. coating matorial as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the proportion of the o1ybdenum disuiphide is 0.6 to 6% by weight.
    3. coating material as claimed in Claim 2, wherei.n sai.d proportion i.s approximately 3% by weight.
    4. coating material as claimed in-CIai.m 1, 2 or 3, wherein the fluoro polymer is polytetrafluoroetyle 5. coating material as claimed in Claim 4, which also contains a polyfluoroalkoxide 6. coating material as claimed in Clai.m 4, which also contains a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexaf]. uoropropene.
    7. radome equipped with a coating material accordi.ng to any preceding claim.
    8. 1 radome according to Claim 7, wherein the coating material was made in the shape of a single-piece blank obtained by mixing and sinteri.ng the constituents of the material, and was then machined to the desired shape.
GB8814442A 1987-06-25 1988-06-17 Ultrahigh frequency transparent polymeric coating material and shaped products thereof Expired - Lifetime GB2444543B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8708959A FR2899976A1 (en) 1987-06-25 1987-06-25 Ultra-high frequency transparent coating material useful in a radome for flying machines, comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, molybdenum disulfide, and polyfluoroalkoxide and copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropene

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB8814442D0 GB8814442D0 (en) 2007-09-19
GB2444543A true GB2444543A (en) 2008-06-11
GB2444543B GB2444543B (en) 2008-11-12

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GB8814442A Expired - Lifetime GB2444543B (en) 1987-06-25 1988-06-17 Ultrahigh frequency transparent polymeric coating material and shaped products thereof

Country Status (5)

Country Link
DE (1) DE3820751B3 (en)
FR (1) FR2899976A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2444543B (en)
IT (1) IT8867523A0 (en)
SE (1) SE8802352D0 (en)

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS60199045A (en) * 1984-03-22 1985-10-08 Chisso Corp Fluororesin composition
US4596839A (en) * 1981-09-16 1986-06-24 Peters William E Elastomer PTFE composition

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2317342A1 (en) * 1975-07-11 1977-02-04 Seb Sa COMPOSITION OF ANTI-ADHESIVE AND SELF-LUBRICATING COATING, ITS APPLICATION PROCESS, COATINGS AND RELATED COATED OBJECTS

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4596839A (en) * 1981-09-16 1986-06-24 Peters William E Elastomer PTFE composition
JPS60199045A (en) * 1984-03-22 1985-10-08 Chisso Corp Fluororesin composition

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE8802352D0 (en) 1988-06-22
GB2444543B (en) 2008-11-12
DE3820751B3 (en) 2007-12-06
FR2899976A1 (en) 2007-10-19
IT8867523A0 (en) 1988-06-07
GB8814442D0 (en) 2007-09-19

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PE20 Patent expired after termination of 20 years

Expiry date: 20080616