GB2418913A - Improved peat substitute - Google Patents

Improved peat substitute Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2418913A
GB2418913A GB0422509A GB0422509A GB2418913A GB 2418913 A GB2418913 A GB 2418913A GB 0422509 A GB0422509 A GB 0422509A GB 0422509 A GB0422509 A GB 0422509A GB 2418913 A GB2418913 A GB 2418913A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
peat
micro organism
peat substitute
gelling agent
film forming
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GB0422509A
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GB0422509D0 (en
GB2418913B (en
GB2418913C (en
Inventor
Leslay Ann Gray
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of GB2418913B publication Critical patent/GB2418913B/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F1/00—Fertilisers made from animal corpses, or parts thereof
    • C05F1/02—Apparatus for the manufacture
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C05F17/0036—
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Abstract

A peat substitute based on straw and agricultural slurry made by an accelerated aerobic composting process using a film forming gelling agent. The use of the film forming gelling agent increases micro organism contact with the plant matter to be composted. This significantly decreases the time taken to convert the plant matter into humus. The resultant humus is rich in nutrients and has peat like physico chemical properties. The gelling agent is preferably gelatine which contains micro organism cultures, microorganism nutrients and micro organism activators.

Description

The present invention relates to a product designed for use as a
substitute for peat in agronomic applications.
Whereas it is a recognized that naturally occurring peat deposits provide an excellent source of humus for agronomic use, there are sound ecological reasons for curtailing the exploitation of this limited bio resource.
Many peat substitutes are known. However agronomic trails consistently show that their economic and phyto - effectiveness is significantly poorer than peat.
It has now been discovered according to the present invention that an economic and phyto- effective peat substitute can be produced.
This invention is described herein in terms of this peat substitutes biological and microbiological propert es, its economic advantages, its physical states, the basic approach to its production, the formulation of ingredients used, an industrial scale manufacturing route by which it is made, its range and typical analysis, and the agronomic applications in which it is used. Product variations and specialised applications are also described.
The biological and microbiological properties of this peat substitute will now be described. There are three biological and microbiological properties that are important Firstly it is a peat like form of humus. This is to say it is a bio degraded form of plant matter. Moreover this peat substitute is principally based on rotted monocotyledons which are related to the bog and swamp grasses from which many peat deposits are derived.
Secondly the composting process by which this peat substitute is made is natural.
Moreover the production technique closely mimics the natural processes that have given rise to peat deposits. The only significant difference between peat generation and the manufacture of this peat substitute is the time scale involved.
Thirdly this peat substitute is an excellent host for the wide spectrum of micro organisms that are found when peat is used agronomically. It is these micro organisms that produce and provide plant nutrients. That is to say that this peat substitute is a bio active soil ingredient which produces plant nutrients organically i.e. naturally.
The economic advantages of this peat substitute will now be described. There are four specific economic advantages associated with this peat substitute in comparison to other peat substitute and peat itself.
Firstly this peat substitute is based principally on natural by products and waste products. It is therefore made from an economic formulation. 3.
Secondly the process by which this peat substitute is made is low cost in terms of labour and energy consumption. This is because it utilises an accelerated natural process which generates thermal energy.
Thirdly the standard product form of this peat substitute is a nutrified product suitable for application in many agronomic usages without further chemical additions.
Fourthly the standard product form of this peat substitute is stable in terms of humus, nutrients and moisture content. This is to say that it can be transported, packed, stored and applied economically.
The physical states involved in the manufacture of this peat substitute will now be described. There are significant differences in the physical states involved in the production of this peat substitute as compared to other known peat substitutes.
Firstly the physical form of this peat substitute is specifically designed to be a host for micro organisms. This is because our aim is to propagate a wide spectrum of micro organisms during the composting process which yields this peat substitute. We therefore provide micro organisms and actuators and nutrients for micro organisms during the production of this peat substitute. These are added to the initial state of the material to be comported. 4.
Secondly this peat substitute involves the use of a novel, physical state during its manufacture. This novel physical state is a film forming gel. The purpose of the film forming gel is to hold a nutrified micro organism culture in close contract with the organic matter to be composted. The use of this novel physical state rapidly accelerates the composting process carried out by the micro organisms.
Thirdly the physical consistency involved in the manufacture of this peat substitute is more uniform then is usually the case. We comminute the plant wastes used to a pulp consistency which allows us to accurately control particle sized, porosity, aeration, moisture content and temperature during the composting process. The result is a more consistent humus i.e. a more consistent peat substitute.
The basic approach to the production of this peat substitute will now be described.
This peat substitute is made via the accelerated aerobic composting of straw blended with animal or avian waste products. The process of composting is herein defined as bio degradation of plant waste to form humus. This process is accelerated, according to its present innovation, by the use of a film forming gelling agent that maximises physico chemical contact between nutrified micro organism cultures. The result is a rapid process that yields fully degraded compost i.e. humus. This humus is rich in the by products of micro organisms which are essential crop nutrients. The product can be prepared either in pasteurized form or as an active bio mass. 5.
The formulation of ingredients used in the production of this peat substitute will now be described. There are ten ingredients used in the production of the standard form of The first ingredient is a film forming gelling agent which is a micro organism nutrient.
Various gelling agents may be used. However the preferred gelling agent is gelatins. This is a proteinaceous material derived from animal or avian by products, such as hoofs and horns and skins and feathers, which is widely used in the food industry. It should be noted that the chosen gelling agent is a source of nitrogen for micro organisms.
The second ingredient is a crop by product. This may be a mixture of leaf stem and root parts from a wide variety of plants. However the preferred plant ingredient is straw derived from cereal growing. Straw is a by product obtained through harvesting of the cereal crop.
The third ingredient is a animal or avian waste. This may be the faeces of any animal or bird. However cattle based agricultural slurry is the preferred ingredient. It should be noted that agricultural slurry provides protein residues and other nitrogenous micro organism nutrients, together with a spectrum of micro organisms. 6.
The fourth ingredient is a specific micro organism culture. Various specific micro organism cultures may be used. However the preferred specific micro organism culture is a culture of commercially available yeast. Such cultures are extensively used in baking and brewing. It should be noted that the chosen specific micro organism culture is fast acting. This is to say it quickly colonises plant material at the start of comporting process.
The fifth ingredient is a broad spectrum micro organism culture. Various broad spectrum micro organism cultures may be used. However the preferred broad spectrum micro organism culture is one grown from quality top soil. Such cultures provide a full range of the soil borne micro organisms needed in the composting process. It should be noted that within this broad spectrum micro organism culture will be nitrogen fixing bacteria and vitrifying bacteria. This is to say that a broad spectrum micro organism culture will contribute significantly to the nitrates in the humus produced by the composting process.
The sixth ingredient is a micro organism activator. Various salts may be used.
However the preferred activator is a potassium ammonium phosphate soluble salt.
Such salts are widely used in the hydroponics sector of horticulture.
It should be noted that the addition of an activator accelerates the start of the composting process. 7.
The seventh ingredient is additional micro organism nutrient. Various additional micro organism nutrients may be used. However the preferred additional micro organism nutrient is commercial sucrose. This is widely used in the food and drinks industry. It should be noted that the primary nutrient for micro organisms during the composting process is derived from the decomposition of the straw and agricultural slurry. This additional nutrient helps to continue the composting process to completion.
The eighth ingredient is a pH buffering agent. Various inorganic and semi organic salts can be used. However the preferred pH buffer is a mixture of ground magnesium limestone and by product gypsum. These are widely available minerals. It should be noted that the preferred pH buffer also supplies secondary phyto nutrients to the humus, namely calcium magnesium and sulphur.
The ninth ingredient is water. This must be free from biocide contaminates and chemical residues left by processes such as chlorination or fluoridation. It should be noted that water added. used and recovered from the composting process can be recycled.
The tenth and final ingredient is air. By this I mean the oxygen in air. The composting process used in the preparation of this peat substitute is an aerobic form of composting.
Therefore ample oxygen needs to be supplied during the composting process. The preferred source of oxygen is air and this is provided by frequent turning of the composting mounds. 8.
The method of manufacturing by which these ten ingredients are converted, via the aerobic composting process, into the form of humus that comprises the standard form of this peat substitute will now be described. There are seven stages involved in the manufacture of this peat substitute.
The first stage of this manufacturing process is the preparation of the film forming gelling agent. This may be conveniently achieved by dissolving the geJatine in water heated to 95 degrees C. Once the gelling agent has been made it is allowed to cool to 35 degrees C. The second stage of the manufacturing process is the maceration of the straw. By this I mean the saturation of straw bales with water. For the standard form of this peat substitute untreated water at ambient temperature is used. This stage is conveniently achieved by steeping the bales for several hours in water. This processing step serves to soften the straw and prepare it for the subsequent composting process.
The third stage of the manufacturing process is the blending of the agricultural slurry with the softened straw and the pH buffering agent. This third stage process may be conveniently achieved using a z blade blender or a high speed mixer. The result of this third processing stage is a thoroughly mixed and comminuted pulp of straw agricultural slurry and pH buffering agent. 9p
The fourth stage of the manufacturing process is the addition of the yeast, top soil culture micro organism activator and micro organism nutrient to the dissolved gelatins solution when this has cooled to between 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C. This activated gelling culture mix should then be left to become active for 30 minutes to one hour. The resultant fluid is a nutrified and activated micro organism culture in a film forming gelling liquid.
The fifth stage of the manufacturing process is the blending i.e. enrobing of the mixed straw agricultural slurry and pH buffer mixture with the nutrified activated micro organism film forming gelling liquid. This can be conveniently achieved in the z blade blender as was the third stage. The resultant pulp is then ready for the micro organism composting process.
At this stage all the ingredients are present, with the exception of additional air.
The preferred fommula on a wet weight basis is: Macerated straw 70% Agricultural slurry 25% pH buffer 3% Activated gelling culture mix 2% The sixth stage of the manufacturing process is the micro organism composting process. This can be achieved using front loading dumper trucks to construct longitudinal mounds of the composting material. A concrete base with run off collection gutters is needed. The composting process is aided by frequent fuming.
This increases aeration, redistributes moisture and provides for a uniform temperature profile during and throughout the accelerated aerobic comporting process that results in the humus that constitutes this peat substitute. 10.
The micro organism composting process is completed in between one and three weeks. By completed we mean that the straw has been fully composted to humus. The mounds will have passed peak temperature and be cooling towards ambient.
Chemically all the nitrogenous nutrients will be present in the form of nitrates rather then ammonia and ammonium salts. Micro biologically the humus will be pasteurized.
The seventh and final stage of the manufacturing process is the packaging of the standard product, in preparation for dispatch.
The standard product will now be described as will its range of analyses and typical analysis.
The standard product form of this peat substitute is a blackish brown damp friable fibrous mulch. It is virtually odourless. Its phyto nutritional value may be varied by varying the ratio of straw to agricultural slurry used. Also additional nutrients may be added in the form of soluble salts at the pulping stage. Thus a range of analyses can be produced: Values on a dry weight basis) Nitrogen as N 1% to 4% Phosphorus as Pros 0.5% to 2% Potassium as K20 0.5% to 2% 11.
Additionally this peat substitute contains a range of secondary nutrients: [value on a dry weight basis] Calcium as Ca 0.05% to 0.1% Magnesium as Mg 0.05% to 0.1% Sulphur as S 0.01% to 0.04% Iron as Fe 0.01% to 0.04% Additionally this peat substitute contains a range of tertiary elements in part per million concentrations: Manganese Copper Titanium Silicon Sodium Vanadium The standard form of this peat substitute is produced within the above range to the following preferred typical analysis of primary nutrients: [value on a dry weight basis Nitrogen as N 2.0% Phosphorus as PzO5 1.0% Potassium as KzO 1.0% These relatively low levels of primary nutrient have been chosen deliberately so as to avoid scorch in any application for this peat substitute. 12.
The standard form of this peat substitute has a pH within the range 6.0 to 8.0, typically 7.0.
The product density as packed is within the range 2.0 litres per kilo and 8.0 litres per kilo, typically, 4.0 Iitres per kilo.
The moisture content of the product as packed is within the range 40% to 60% by weight, typically 50%.
The standard version of the peat substitute is pasteurized, having been maintained at a temperature of between 70 degrees C and 80 degrees C for many hours.
Alternatively versions have been made wherein either a broad or a narrow spectrum of micro organisms have been generated within the humus.
The standard form of this peat substitute is virtually weed seed free.
Known agronomic application for the standard form of this peat substitute will now be described. 13.
The standard form of this peat substitute has been used successfully in place of peat in the following agronomic applications: Seed germination Hydro seeding Potting-on Bedding plants Floral crops Decorative house plants Salad crops Tomatoes and cucumbers Hardy nursery stock Shrub and tree cultivation Turf growing Lawn dressing Landscaping in all of the above applications this peat substitute is more phyto efficient and cost effective then other peat substitutes and rivals the growth generation of peat itself.
Product variations and specialist applications for this peat substitute will now be described. 14.
This peat substitute can be produced in a simplified form with the advantage of still faster manufacturing throughput. My research is continuing in this area but I have already proved that it is possible to produce a humus precursor, via the process basically as herein described, in a matter of days. This acceleration is achieved by using hot water or autoclaving and the addition of alkalis such as potassium carbonate to the stage 2 of the standard process i.e. the straw maceration. This rapidly manufactured form of this peat substitute is expected to find application in large scale landscaping and park land creation. It may also be used in desert arrest schemes.
This peat substitute can also be produced in a simplified form to suit third world agriculture practice. A specific example is in rice growing. This processing route, applied to rice stems and foliage, obviates methane generation in the paddies.
This methane generation is caused by anaerobic comporting conditions, whereas the process described herein is one of aerobic composting. Rice cultivation methane generation is a major cause of atmospheric release of this "Greenhouse gas".
Taken together this novel peat substitute constitutes a major advance in agronomics.
As such the invention has significant economic potential.
Agronomically, the basis of this invention is an improved peat substitute which closely resembles peat in the physico chemical properties of the humus produced.
The basis of this invention is the discovery that plant materials can be composted to humus more effectively if comminuted and held in contact with an activated micro organism culture by a film forming gelling agent which provides micro organism nutrient. 15.
In broad terms I may define my invention as being a novel peat substitute comprising: la] A film forming gelling agent which provides micro organism nutrients [b] Comminuted straw [c) Agricultural slurry (d] Specific micro organism cultures [e] Broad spectrum micro organism cultures [f] Micro organism activator [g] Additional micro organism nutrient h] pH buffering agent [I] Water [k] Air The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel one or any novel combination of the features disclosed in this specification 1including accompanying claims and abstract]. 16.

Claims (7)

  1. Claims 1. A peat substitute made by an aerobic composting process based on
    straw and agricultural slurry which is accelerated by the use of a film forming gelling agent.
  2. 2. A peat substitute according to claim 1 wherein the film forming gelling agent is also a micro organism nutrient.
  3. 3. A peat substitute according to claim 1 wherein the film forming gelling agent is gelatins.
  4. 4. A peat substitute according to claim 1 wherein the film forming gelling agent also contains micro organism cultures.
  5. 5. A peat substitute according to claim 1 wherein the film forming gelling agent also contains micro organism activators.
  6. 6. A peat substitute according to claim 1 wherein the film forming gelling agent also contains additional micro organism nutrients.
  7. 7. A peat substitute substantially as described herein.
GB0422509A 2004-10-11 2004-10-11 Improved peat substitute. Expired - Fee Related GB2418913C (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0422509A GB2418913C (en) 2004-10-11 2004-10-11 Improved peat substitute.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0422509A GB2418913C (en) 2004-10-11 2004-10-11 Improved peat substitute.

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GB0422509D0 GB0422509D0 (en) 2004-11-10
GB2418913A true GB2418913A (en) 2006-04-12
GB2418913B GB2418913B (en) 2008-07-30
GB2418913C GB2418913C (en) 2008-08-15

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012097827A1 (en) * 2011-01-23 2012-07-26 Mansour Rawya Lotfy Bio super vegetable gardens (bsvg)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB648102A (en) * 1948-11-23 1950-12-28 Cyril James Dew Improvements in vegetable fertilisers and method of producing the same
GB657693A (en) * 1948-06-30 1951-09-26 Biomisation Ltd Improvements relating to preparations for use in agriculture and horticulture
JPH07223886A (en) * 1994-02-08 1995-08-22 Motomiyamachi Compost aging promoter, compost and production of compost
JPH08208362A (en) * 1995-01-31 1996-08-13 Sekisui Plastics Co Ltd Production of fermented compost
WO1998054948A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1998-12-10 The Penn State Research Foundation Selenium enrichment of mushrooms
JP2000026181A (en) * 1998-07-06 2000-01-25 Tomio Kimura Organic fertilizer and its production

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB657693A (en) * 1948-06-30 1951-09-26 Biomisation Ltd Improvements relating to preparations for use in agriculture and horticulture
GB648102A (en) * 1948-11-23 1950-12-28 Cyril James Dew Improvements in vegetable fertilisers and method of producing the same
JPH07223886A (en) * 1994-02-08 1995-08-22 Motomiyamachi Compost aging promoter, compost and production of compost
JPH08208362A (en) * 1995-01-31 1996-08-13 Sekisui Plastics Co Ltd Production of fermented compost
WO1998054948A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1998-12-10 The Penn State Research Foundation Selenium enrichment of mushrooms
JP2000026181A (en) * 1998-07-06 2000-01-25 Tomio Kimura Organic fertilizer and its production

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WPI Abstract Accession No. 1995-325429 & JP 07223886 A (Motomiyamachi) 22/08/1995 (see abstract) *
WPI Abstract Accession No. 1996-421815 & JP 08208362 A (Sekisui Plastics) 13/08/1996 (see abstract) *
WPI Abstract Accession No. 2000-176810 & JP 2000026181 A (Kimura Tomio) 25/01/2000 (see abstract) *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012097827A1 (en) * 2011-01-23 2012-07-26 Mansour Rawya Lotfy Bio super vegetable gardens (bsvg)

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Publication number Publication date
GB0422509D0 (en) 2004-11-10
GB2418913B (en) 2008-07-30
GB2418913C (en) 2008-08-15

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Effective date: 20131011