GB2384013B - Constructional element, building system and method of construction - Google Patents

Constructional element, building system and method of construction

Info

Publication number
GB2384013B
GB2384013B GB0308195A GB0308195A GB2384013B GB 2384013 B GB2384013 B GB 2384013B GB 0308195 A GB0308195 A GB 0308195A GB 0308195 A GB0308195 A GB 0308195A GB 2384013 B GB2384013 B GB 2384013B
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
construction
building system
constructional element
constructional
building
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
GB0308195A
Other versions
GB0308195D0 (en
GB2384013A (en
Inventor
Mark Davison
Ian Peacey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Jetstone Building Systems Pty Ltd
Original Assignee
Jetstone Building Systems Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jetstone Building Systems Pty Ltd filed Critical Jetstone Building Systems Pty Ltd
Publication of GB0308195D0 publication Critical patent/GB0308195D0/en
Publication of GB2384013A publication Critical patent/GB2384013A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2384013B publication Critical patent/GB2384013B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/026Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or slabs of plastic
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/04Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or slabs of concrete or other stone-like material, e.g. asbestos cement
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/10Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with metal beams or girders, e.g. with steel lattice girders
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/20Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
    • E04C2/292Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and sheet metal
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2406Connection nodes
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2415Brackets, gussets, joining plates
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2421Socket type connectors
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2451Connections between closed section profiles
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2457Beam to beam connections
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2463Connections to foundations
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B2001/2481Details of wall panels
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B2001/2484Details of floor panels or slabs
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B2001/249Structures with a sloping roof
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/043Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0465Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section square- or rectangular-shaped

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
GB0308195A 2000-10-10 2001-10-09 Constructional element, building system and method of construction Expired - Fee Related GB2384013B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPR0627A AUPR062700A0 (en) 2000-10-10 2000-10-10 Prefabricated modular building system
PCT/AU2001/001375 WO2002035026A1 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-10-09 Constructional element, building system and method of construction

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB0308195D0 GB0308195D0 (en) 2003-05-14
GB2384013A GB2384013A (en) 2003-07-16
GB2384013B true GB2384013B (en) 2004-04-28

Family

ID=3824685

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0308195A Expired - Fee Related GB2384013B (en) 2000-10-10 2001-10-09 Constructional element, building system and method of construction

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20040040234A1 (en)
AU (1) AUPR062700A0 (en)
GB (1) GB2384013B (en)
WO (1) WO2002035026A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6931803B1 (en) * 2002-03-08 2005-08-23 Gary Davis Modular building system
WO2004055283A1 (en) * 2002-12-17 2004-07-01 Jetstone Building Systems Pty Ltd Improved building system
US20060075703A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Simmons Robert J Defined relative-motion tongue-and-groove building-surfacing-panel interface
GR1005228B (en) * 2005-02-01 2006-06-14 Γεωργιος Σταυρου Αδαμακης Mettalic framework, joint and framework construction elements, and method for constructing integrated building installations
CA2636714A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2007-07-26 Martin Diamond Modular dwelling structure made from recycled tire materials, a kit for same and a method of assembling same
FI20060760L (en) * 2006-08-25 2008-02-26 Rautaruukki Oyj Stiffening of load-bearing mid-floor slabs in buildings
NO325802B1 (en) * 2006-09-04 2008-07-21 Jan Martin Kleppe Device for running rail
US20090255213A1 (en) * 2008-04-11 2009-10-15 Innovida Holdings, Inc. Sandwich panel with closed edge and methods of fabricating
US20090282777A1 (en) * 2008-05-13 2009-11-19 Innovida Factories, Ltd. Angle joint for sandwich panels and method of fabricating same
US20090307995A1 (en) * 2008-06-13 2009-12-17 Innovida Factories, Ltd. Roof construction joints made of sandwich panels
US8733033B2 (en) 2008-06-27 2014-05-27 Millport Associates, SA Sandwich panel ground anchor and ground preparation for sandwich panel structures
US8782991B2 (en) 2008-07-10 2014-07-22 Millport Associates S.A. Building roof structure having a round corner
US20100050549A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Innovida Factories, Ltd. Joint of parallel sandwich panels
US20100050553A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Innovida Factories, Ltd. sandwich panel joint and method of joining sandwich panels
US20100050542A1 (en) * 2008-09-04 2010-03-04 Innovida Factories, Ltd. System and method of forming at least a portion of a reinforced roof structure from sandwich panels
RU2528709C2 (en) * 2012-07-04 2014-09-20 Сергей Юрьевич Малышев Metal frame of building and method of its erection
US8875475B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2014-11-04 Millport Associates S.A. Multiple panel beams and methods
WO2014144244A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 David Sklar Rapid-assembly building construction system
CA182140S (en) * 2018-06-29 2019-04-15 Osblock Inc Wall panel
CN109267674B (en) * 2018-11-20 2023-12-12 河北卉原建材有限公司 Structure and method for connecting composite heat-insulating external wall board with steel structure beam column
CN110080610A (en) * 2019-05-14 2019-08-02 商丘职业技术学院 A kind of construction base isolation device
CA3153530A1 (en) * 2021-03-26 2022-09-26 Peter Kuelker Precast cladding panels with profiled panel edges
US20230220682A1 (en) * 2022-01-11 2023-07-13 Isostruc Llc Rigid foam, continuous raised floor structure without wooden supports
USD1018901S1 (en) 2022-04-13 2024-03-19 Osblock Inc. Block for construction

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US2682938A (en) * 1948-11-23 1954-07-06 Globe Wernicke Co Metal plank
US5216861A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-06-08 Structural Panels, Inc. Building panel and method
WO1994019552A1 (en) * 1993-02-19 1994-09-01 Modest Projects Limited A system for constructing a dismantleable prefabricated modular building
EP0940518A1 (en) * 1998-03-03 1999-09-08 Herbert Heinemann Cladding element for covering building walls

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US2168725A (en) * 1932-09-06 1939-08-08 John J Whelan Building construction
US2911818A (en) * 1955-11-10 1959-11-10 Smith Charles Interlocking building blocks
US4653239A (en) * 1984-04-12 1987-03-31 Randa Wallace H Pre-engineered building and method of assembling same
US4651485A (en) * 1985-09-11 1987-03-24 Osborne Ronald P Interlocking building block system
US5353560A (en) * 1992-06-12 1994-10-11 Heydon Building Systems International, Limited Building structure and method of use
US5839249A (en) * 1996-10-16 1998-11-24 Roberts; Scott J. Foam block wall and fabrication method
US5881511A (en) * 1997-02-06 1999-03-16 Keller, Jr.; Fred Concrete building block assembly
US5927032A (en) * 1997-04-25 1999-07-27 Record; Grant C. Insulated building panel with a unitary shear resistance connector array
US6216410B1 (en) * 1999-01-11 2001-04-17 Kurt Evan Haberman Interlocking panel system
US6493995B2 (en) * 2000-08-21 2002-12-17 Mckenzie Alexander L. Modular exhibit panel and locking system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2682938A (en) * 1948-11-23 1954-07-06 Globe Wernicke Co Metal plank
US5216861A (en) * 1990-02-15 1993-06-08 Structural Panels, Inc. Building panel and method
WO1994019552A1 (en) * 1993-02-19 1994-09-01 Modest Projects Limited A system for constructing a dismantleable prefabricated modular building
EP0940518A1 (en) * 1998-03-03 1999-09-08 Herbert Heinemann Cladding element for covering building walls

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0308195D0 (en) 2003-05-14
US20040040234A1 (en) 2004-03-04
WO2002035026A1 (en) 2002-05-02
AUPR062700A0 (en) 2000-11-02
GB2384013A (en) 2003-07-16

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20071009