GB2374818A - Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface, for promoting droplet formation - Google Patents

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface, for promoting droplet formation Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2374818A
GB2374818A GB0109814A GB0109814A GB2374818A GB 2374818 A GB2374818 A GB 2374818A GB 0109814 A GB0109814 A GB 0109814A GB 0109814 A GB0109814 A GB 0109814A GB 2374818 A GB2374818 A GB 2374818A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
liquid
droplets
regions
repelling
attracting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB0109814A
Other versions
GB2374818B (en
GB0109814D0 (en
Inventor
Christopher Robert Lawrence
Andrew Richard Parker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Qinetiq Ltd
UK Secretary of State for Defence
Original Assignee
Qinetiq Ltd
UK Secretary of State for Defence
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qinetiq Ltd, UK Secretary of State for Defence filed Critical Qinetiq Ltd
Priority to GB0109814A priority Critical patent/GB2374818B/en
Publication of GB0109814D0 publication Critical patent/GB0109814D0/en
Priority to PCT/GB2002/000671 priority patent/WO2002085484A1/en
Priority to AT02711099T priority patent/ATE355878T1/en
Priority to EP20060022982 priority patent/EP1762288A3/en
Priority to JP2002583055A priority patent/JP3984551B2/en
Priority to CNA2005101271779A priority patent/CN1781570A/en
Priority to KR1020087003083A priority patent/KR100871586B1/en
Priority to PT02711099T priority patent/PT1385591E/en
Priority to CA 2444928 priority patent/CA2444928C/en
Priority to ES02711099T priority patent/ES2278903T3/en
Priority to EP02711099A priority patent/EP1385591B1/en
Priority to AU2002229990A priority patent/AU2002229990B2/en
Priority to CNB028125894A priority patent/CN1235658C/en
Priority to DE2002618650 priority patent/DE60218650T2/en
Priority to KR1020037013789A priority patent/KR100846616B1/en
Priority to US10/475,783 priority patent/US7402195B2/en
Publication of GB2374818A publication Critical patent/GB2374818A/en
Priority to NO20034753A priority patent/NO20034753L/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2374818B publication Critical patent/GB2374818B/en
Priority to JP2006329059A priority patent/JP2007170169A/en
Priority to AU2008200250A priority patent/AU2008200250B2/en
Priority to US12/129,174 priority patent/US7507277B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/261—Drying gases or vapours by adsorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D1/00—Evaporating
    • B01D1/30—Accessories for evaporators ; Constructional details thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D1/00—Evaporating
    • B01D1/30—Accessories for evaporators ; Constructional details thereof
    • B01D1/305—Demister (vapour-liquid separation)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C02F1/18—Transportable devices to obtain potable water
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
    • E03B3/28—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from humid air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31—Surface property or characteristic of web, sheet or block

Abstract

The surface comprises alternating liquid attracting 13, 51 and liquid repelling 12, 52 materials. The diameter of the droplets is controlled by the size of the smallest dimension of the liquid attracting material. The surface may be textured and/or form a pattern. The surface is used for collecting and purifying water. It is also used in a printing process.

Description

<Desc/Clms Page number 1>
Surface for promoting droplet formation This invention relates to a surface suitable for promoting the formation of droplets of a liquid on said surface in such a manner as to control the droplet dimensions. The invention is in particular suitable for enabling collection of that liquid from a windblown fog or mist.
It is well-known that certain materials exhibit surfaces that attract water whilst others actively repel it, such materials being described as hydrophilic and hydrophobic respectively. It is also still known that water is attracted or repelled due to the fact that it is a polar liquid, and that any similar polar liquid will be influenced in the same manner by such surfaces. It should also be noted that non-polar liquids such as oils will be attracted to a hydrophobic surface and repelled by a hydrophilic surface.
There are a number of situations where the collection and storage of liquids is of importance. One such situation is where the environment is arid and there is no easily accessible source of water. Another situation could be when chemicals are in vapour form during distillation.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a surface suitable for promoting the formation of liquid droplets of a tailored size. It is a further object to collect said droplets.
According to a first aspect of the present invention a surface suitable for promoting the formation of droplets of a liquid comprises regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material alternating in at least one direction across the surface whereby the diameter of the droplets is controlled by the size of the smallest dimension of the liquid attracting material.
If the liquid is polar, hydrophilic regions of the surface attract the polar liquid and the hydrophobic regions repel the polar liquid. If the liquid is an oil, the hydrophobic regions attract the liquid and the hydrophilic regions repel the liquid.
<Desc/Clms Page number 2>
The smallest dimension (the width) of the liquid attracting regions determine the size of the droplet to be formed. There is a maximum diameter that a stable droplet can attain which is related to the width of the liquid attracting regions. The liquid repelling regions separating the liquid attracting regions are preferably of at least the same width, so as to prevent overlap of droplets on neighbouring liquid attracting regions.
Preferably, the liquid attracting regions take the form of discrete regions on a liquid repelling substrate i. e. each liquid attracting region is isolated from other liquid attracting regions. This enables the droplets to form in isolation, constraining them in two dimensions and limiting their surface contact area with the liquid attracting substrate (and hence their adhesion to the surface).
In a preferred embodiment, the surface is textured such that the regions of liquid attracting material protrude in relation to the regions of liquid repelling material. This allows for the droplets, when formed, to sit proud in relation to the liquid repelling regions, and encourages detachment of the droplets from the liquid attracting material when a specified droplet size is attained i. e. when the diameter of the droplet has reached its maximum stable size.
According to a second aspect of the present invention a method of collecting a liquid carried by or condensed out of a vapour comprises passing a vapour across a surface; and collecting droplets of liquid formed on the surface in collecting means; wherein the surface comprises alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface and the collecting means is disposed so as to collect drops formed on the surface.
Throughout this specification, the term vapour is used to embrace media both in an entirely gaseous state and also in which liquid droplets are suspended in the gas forming for example a fog or a mist.
Preferably the surface is inclined to the horizontal plane. This enables the droplets to flow under the influence of gravity towards the collecting means which is a container of some description.
<Desc/Clms Page number 3>
According to a third aspect of the present invention a system for collecting a liquid comprises a surface having alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface; and collection means, whereby on the movement of a vapour across the surface, droplets within the vapour collect into larger droplets on the surface and are collected by the collection means.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention a method of spreading a liquid across a surface comprises providing a surface having alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface; placing a liquid on the surface; and spreading the liquid across the surface using spreading means.
Preferably, the regions of liquid attracting material comprise a pattern whereby on placing a sheet of printing material over the surface, the pattern produced by the positioning of the liquid attracting material is transferred to the sheet of printing material.
By tailoring the surface as described previously it is possible to dictate the maximum size of the droplets held at the liquid attracting regions when the surface is tilted, and hence dictate the density and distribution of liquid, for example an ink.
A surface as hereinbefore described has the added advantage that it may be self cleaning. The surface promotes droplet formation and those droplets may be directed under the influence of gravity. As the droplets move over the surface, small particles will be picked up by the droplets and thus removed from the surface.
A number of embodiments of the invention will now be described by example only, with reference to the drawings, of which: Figure 1 is a schematic oblique illustration of a surface according to the present invention.
Figure 2 shows an alternative surface according to the present invention.
<Desc/Clms Page number 4>
Figures 3a to 3d show a schematic sectional illustration of a textured surface according to the present invention.
Figure 4 shows a schematic sectional illustration of a textured surface suitable for collecting a liquid according to the present invention.
Figures 5a to 5c illustrates a surface suitable for a method of printing according to the present invention.
Figure 1 shows a surface 1 having hydrophobic 2 and hydrophilic 3 regions.
The hydrophobic 2 and hydrophilic 3 regions alternate across the surface 1 and form a striped pattern. An efficient surface for the collection of water from wind-blown fogs consists of 600 to 800 micron width hydrophilic regions spaced a minimum of 800 microns apart on a hydrophobic substrate. This allows for the formation of droplets of a size whereby, under the influence of gravity on a tilted surface, the droplets flow downwards into a moderate headwind.
Figure 2 shows a surface 10 having hydrophobic 12 and hydrophilic 13 regions.
The hydrophobic regions 12 form a grid structure across the surface 10. The hydrophilic regions 13, are raised above the hydrophobic regions 12 forming a textured surface. When a vapour is passed over the surface 10, droplets within the vapour are attracted to the hydrophilic regions 13. After a period of time, larger droplets of liquid begin to form on the hydrophilic regions 13 as the small droplets in the vapour combine on the surface. When the droplets reach a certain size, they move from one hydrophilic region 13a to another hydrophilic region 13b under the influence of gravity.
Figures 3a to 3d show a textured surface 20 inclined to the horizontal plane having hydrophobic 22 and hydrophilic 23 regions.
<Desc/Clms Page number 5>
The hydrophilic regions 23 protrude in relation to the hydrophobic regions 22. When small droplets from a wind-blown vapour strike the tilted surface 20 then they may form a droplet 24 attached to a hydrophilic region 23. As such droplets grow larger (by joining with other droplets that attach to the surface or by getting larger), the drops will reach a point at which their surface contact area covers the hydrophilic region 23; as is shown in see Figure 3b, 25. Beyond this size they are gaining in mass without a corresponding increase in surface contact area, as shown in Figure 3c, 26, thereafter, the droplet must now expand into the water-repelling hydrophobic regions of the surface, shown in Figure 3d, 27. As this happens the gravitational forces on the droplet increase without a corresponding increase in surface adhesion, and eventually the droplet will move down the slope. By tailoring the slope of the surface, the size and spacing of the hydrophilic regions, and the exact hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the surface regions, droplets of a tailored diameter can be formed that can roll into the headwind of the wind-blown fog or mist and be collected at the lowest point of the tilted surface. In certain controlled environments, such as during distillation, the windspeed may also be controlled and tailored.
It should be noted that small droplets striking a hydrophobic surface would immediately be free to roll across that surface, but are likely to be blown away by the prevailing wind due to their small size, and may simply bounce from the surface back into the vapour. If the surface were entirely hydrophilic then the droplets would form a film that would move in a more random fashion, if at all, and limit the speed and efficiency of the water-collection process.
When droplets move on such a tailored surface, they may also be guided by the hydrophilic regions, the surface attraction being sufficient to influence their direction and speed of motion. This would particularly be the case if the liquid attracting regions formed channels or stripes on the hydrophobic surface.
A textured surface as described above can manufactured using a variety of techniques.
Clean (grease-free) glass surfaces are hydrophilic, and hence glass can be combined with hydrophobic materials such as waxes in order to produce appropriate patterns.
Glass beads of 800 micron diameter can be partially embedded into a wax film to produce an array of hydrophilic hemispheres on a hydrophobic substrate. A clean
<Desc/Clms Page number 6>
glass surface can be made hydrophobic by exposure to materials such as hexamethyldisilazane, and this may be used in combination with contact masks to produce an appropriate pattern of hydrophilic regions. Surface texturing can be achieved via techniques such as the moulding and hot-pressing of plastics, which can subsequently be treated with hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface coatings.
I Figure 4 shows a schematic sectional illustration of a textured surface 30 suitable for collecting liquid 35 having a surface 31 with hydrophobic 32 and hydrophilic 33 regions. A collector 34 is positioned below the surface.
When a vapour is passed over the surface 30, droplets in the vapour are attracted to the hydrophilic regions 33. After a period of time, larger droplets of liquid begin to form on the hydrophilic regions 33 as more and more small droplets from the vapour are attracted to the surface. When the droplets reach a certain size, they move under the influence of gravity. The hydrophilic regions 33 are tapered towards the collector 34 and the droplets tend to move from one hydrophilic region to another so the liquid from a number of hydrophilic regions 33 is collected in one collector 34.
An application of such a surface would be in distillation processes, for example, to purify a liquid. If a vapour is to be cooled and collected it is often passed through a tube that is enclosed in a cooling system (e. g. a second tube through which cold water flows). Vapour condenses on the walls of the inner tube and runs down to a collector. Since any vapour that condenses into a film on this inner wall insulates the remaining vapour from the cold surface, the inner tube is sometimes coated with a hydrophobic material to encourage condensed droplets to quickly flow downwards. However, small vapour droplets are more likely to repelled from the hydrophobic walls, being deflected back into the vapour and hence slowing the collection process. Also, if the vapour is travelling in a specific direction (e. g. rising up a vertical pipe via convection currents) then small droplets are less likely to fall downwards against the vapour flow. For such applications a textured hydrophobic/liquid attracting surface such as those described above would improve the efficiency of the distillation process.
<Desc/Clms Page number 7>
Figure 5a illustrates a surface 50 having ink attracting 51 and ink repelling 52 regions. The ink repelling regions 52 form a recognisable shape. Ink 54 (not shown) is spread across the surface 50.
Ink 54 is attracted to the ink attracting 51 and repelled from the ink repelling regions 52 shown in Figure 5b. This causes the ink 54 to only be present on the surface 50 in the ink attracting regions 51. A sheet of paper 55 (not shown) placed over the surface 50 results in a transfer of ink from the surface 50 to the paper 55 thus production a print of the negative of the recognisable shape.
Whichever region is ink attracting and ink repelling depends on whether the ink is oil or water based.

Claims (13)

  1. Claims 1. A surface suitable for promoting the formation of droplets of a liquid comprising alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface wherein the diameter of the droplets is controlled by size of the smallest dimension of the liquid attracting material.
  2. 2. A surface according to claim 1 wherein each liquid attracting region is isolated from other liquid attracting regions.
  3. 3. A surface according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the surface is textured such that the regions of liquid attracting material protrude in relation to the regions of liquid repelling material.
  4. 4. A surface according to any preceding claim wherein the alternating regions form a striped pattern.
  5. 5. A surface according to claim 4 wherein the liquid repelling material forms a grid.
  6. 6. A surface according to any preceding claim wherein the liquid repelling material is a waxy substance.
  7. 7. A method of collecting a liquid carried by or condensed out of a vapour comprising passing a vapour across a surface; and collecting droplets of liquid formed on the surface in collecting means; wherein the surface comprises alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface.
  8. 8. A method of collecting a liquid as claimed in claim 7 wherein the surface is inclined to the horizontal plane.
  9. 9. A system for collecting a liquid comprising
    <Desc/Clms Page number 9>
    a surface comprising alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface; and collection means, whereby on movement of a vapour across the surface, droplets within the vapour collect into larger droplets on the surface and are collected by the collection means.
  10. 10. A method of liquid purification comprising passing a vapour containing droplets of a liquid over a surface having alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface; and collecting the liquid droplets formed on the surface.
  11. 11. A method of spreading a liquid across a surface comprising providing a surface having alternating regions of liquid repelling and liquid attracting material in at least one direction across the surface; placing a liquid on the surface; and spreading the liquid across the surface using spreading means.
  12. 12. A method of printing comprising the method according to claim 11 followed by placing a sheet of printing material over the surface whereby the pattern produced by the positioning of the liquid attracting material is transferred to the sheet of printing material.
  13. 13. A surface as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
GB0109814A 2001-04-23 2001-04-23 Surface for promoting droplet formation Expired - Fee Related GB2374818B (en)

Priority Applications (20)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0109814A GB2374818B (en) 2001-04-23 2001-04-23 Surface for promoting droplet formation
EP02711099A EP1385591B1 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Method and system for collecting a liquid
CNB028125894A CN1235658C (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
EP20060022982 EP1762288A3 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
JP2002583055A JP3984551B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface that promotes droplet formation
CNA2005101271779A CN1781570A (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
KR1020087003083A KR100871586B1 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
PT02711099T PT1385591E (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Method and system for collecting a liquid
CA 2444928 CA2444928C (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
ES02711099T ES2278903T3 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 METHOD AND SYSTEM TO COLLECT A LIQUID.
PCT/GB2002/000671 WO2002085484A1 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
AU2002229990A AU2002229990B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
AT02711099T ATE355878T1 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING LIQUID
DE2002618650 DE60218650T2 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Method and system for collecting liquid
KR1020037013789A KR100846616B1 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 A method of collecting a liquid, and thereof a collectin system and a water collection kit
US10/475,783 US7402195B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2002-02-18 Surface for promoting droplet formation
NO20034753A NO20034753L (en) 2001-04-23 2003-10-23 Flat to promote drop formation
JP2006329059A JP2007170169A (en) 2001-04-23 2006-12-06 Surface for promoting formation of liquid droplet
AU2008200250A AU2008200250B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2008-01-17 Surface for promoting droplet formation
US12/129,174 US7507277B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2008-05-29 Surface for promoting droplet formation

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0109814A GB2374818B (en) 2001-04-23 2001-04-23 Surface for promoting droplet formation

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB0109814D0 GB0109814D0 (en) 2001-06-13
GB2374818A true GB2374818A (en) 2002-10-30
GB2374818B GB2374818B (en) 2005-01-12

Family

ID=9913203

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0109814A Expired - Fee Related GB2374818B (en) 2001-04-23 2001-04-23 Surface for promoting droplet formation

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (2) US7402195B2 (en)
EP (2) EP1762288A3 (en)
JP (2) JP3984551B2 (en)
KR (2) KR100846616B1 (en)
CN (2) CN1235658C (en)
AT (1) ATE355878T1 (en)
AU (2) AU2002229990B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2444928C (en)
DE (1) DE60218650T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2278903T3 (en)
GB (1) GB2374818B (en)
NO (1) NO20034753L (en)
PT (1) PT1385591E (en)
WO (1) WO2002085484A1 (en)

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US11090581B1 (en) 2020-06-25 2021-08-17 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Oil and water separation
US11129444B1 (en) 2020-08-07 2021-09-28 Nike, Inc. Footwear article having repurposed material with concealing layer
US11241062B1 (en) 2020-08-07 2022-02-08 Nike, Inc. Footwear article having repurposed material with structural-color concealing layer
US11597996B2 (en) 2019-06-26 2023-03-07 Nike, Inc. Structurally-colored articles and methods for making and using structurally-colored articles
US11612208B2 (en) 2019-07-26 2023-03-28 Nike, Inc. Structurally-colored articles and methods for making and using structurally-colored articles
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