GB2354627A - Protective cover for disc eg optical disc - Google Patents

Protective cover for disc eg optical disc Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2354627A
GB2354627A GB9918174A GB9918174A GB2354627A GB 2354627 A GB2354627 A GB 2354627A GB 9918174 A GB9918174 A GB 9918174A GB 9918174 A GB9918174 A GB 9918174A GB 2354627 A GB2354627 A GB 2354627A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
disc
adhesive
cover
data
carrying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB9918174A
Other versions
GB9918174D0 (en
Inventor
Peter James Culshaw
Douglas Andrew Reynolds
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FIRST ELEMENTS Ltd
Original Assignee
FIRST ELEMENTS Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by FIRST ELEMENTS Ltd filed Critical FIRST ELEMENTS Ltd
Priority to GB9918174A priority Critical patent/GB2354627A/en
Publication of GB9918174D0 publication Critical patent/GB9918174D0/en
Priority to AU49366/00A priority patent/AU4936600A/en
Priority to PCT/GB2000/001969 priority patent/WO2001009886A1/en
Publication of GB2354627A publication Critical patent/GB2354627A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B23/00—Record carriers not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Accessories, e.g. containers, specially adapted for co-operation with the recording or reproducing apparatus ; Intermediate mediums; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for their manufacture
    • G11B23/38—Visual features other than those contained in record tracks or represented by sprocket holes the visual signals being auxiliary signals
    • G11B23/40—Identifying or analogous means applied to or incorporated in the record carrier and not intended for visual display simultaneously with the playing-back of the record carrier, e.g. label, leader, photograph
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B23/00—Record carriers not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Accessories, e.g. containers, specially adapted for co-operation with the recording or reproducing apparatus ; Intermediate mediums; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for their manufacture
    • G11B23/02—Containers; Storing means both adapted to cooperate with the recording or reproducing means
    • G11B23/03—Containers for flat record carriers
    • G11B23/0301—Details
    • G11B23/0313—Container cases
    • G11B23/0316—Constructional details, e.g. shape
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
    • G11B7/24097—Structures for detection, control, recording operation or replay operation; Special shapes or structures for centering or eccentricity prevention; Arrangements for testing, inspecting or evaluating; Containers, cartridges or cassettes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
    • G11B7/26—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of record carriers

Abstract

In combination a data-carrying disc (1) having a data-carrying portion (2) and a data-free inner portion (3), and an axially aligned disc-shaped cover (11) comprising an inner adhesive-carrying portion (13) and an outer adhesive-free portion (12), the cover (11) being so aligned that the inner adhesive-carrying portion adheres to the data-free portion (3) of the disc and the outer adhesive-free portion(12) is in contact with the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc (1), characterised in that the disc (11) is a single, unitary whole and is of a thickness and material such that the adhesive-free portion (12) is maintained in contact with the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc only by the inner adhesive-carrying portion (3), and by the surface contact between the adhesive-free portion (12) and the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc (1).

Description

2354627 Disc Covers and Methods of Manufacture Thereof This invention
relates to disc covers and methods of manufacture thereof. Particularly, but not exclusively, this invention relates to covers for the data carrying surfaces of compact discs (CD's).
Compact Discs have a data carrying surface on which audio or other digital data is recorded. Concentrically within the recording surface is an inner land which is free of data, within the centre of which is the hole within which the disc receives the hub of a disc drive.
Compact Discs and the like have a sales price of tens of pounds sterling (for audio material) to hundreds of pounds sterling (for computer programs). Attempts are therefore made to keep the discs free ftom surface damage or dirt, which can prevent data from being read from the discs, rendering them potentially worthless.
One method of reducing this problem is to provide a cover for the disc, which remains attached to the disc at all times.
US 4879710 describes such a cover, which is made of a transparent sheet of cellulose triacetate film.
It is desirable to avoid applying adhesive to the data carrying surface of the disc, since the adhesive may degrade the data carrying surface, or may form an adhesive layer of uneven thickness; either of these could reduce the readability of the disc. Accordingly, US 4879710 provides a ring of adhesive 2 in the centre land of the disc, and a ring of adhesive at the periphery of the disc to stick the cover sheet to the disc.
The applicants are unaware of the existence of a produce corresponding to this patent. It appears that providing two rings of adhesive would make the cover difficult to apply uniformly to the disc (which again would give rise to difficulties in reproduction) and the outer peripheral ring of adhesive would make it difficult to remove the cover when it became dirty or scratched.
EP 0700566 (derived from W095/12881) provides a cover which comprises an inner washer, and an outer transparent disc made of, for example, polycarbonate film. The inner washer is provided with adhesive which adheres to the inner land of the compact disc. It also overlaps with the outer transparent film in a thin annular ring. The two are secured together at the thin annular ring by the adhesive on the washer.
In use, the cover comprising the washer and the transparent disc is peeled from a backing sheet of paper and adhered to a compact disc. The adhesive sticks the washer to the centre of the disc. A raised lip runs around the inner land of the CD, and the washer adheres to the lip, allowing the transparent sheet to contact the data carrying surface below the level of the lip, to which it is fairly closely adhered in use due to static electrical attraction and slight "tack". A corresponding product is marketed as Techmoun Protec CD (TM).
3 Lacking the outer ring of adhesive, this cover is more easily attached, removed and replaced than that of the above described US patent. However, it is difficult to manufacture cost effectively since the washer and the transparent sheet need to be closely aligned. Further, since the two are held together only by a thin annulus of adhesive, there is a risk that the transparent sheet might become detached in use from the washer and jam the mechanism of the disc drive.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved protective cover for the data carrying surface of a disc such as a compact disc.
The present invention provides, in one aspect in combination a data carrying disc having a data-carrying portion and a data-free inner portion, and an axially aligned disc-shaped cover comprising an inner adhesive- carrying portion and an outer adhesive-free portion, the cover being so aligned that the inner adhesive-carrying portion adheres to the data-free portion of the disc and the outer adhesive-free portion is in contact with the data-carrying portion of the disc, characterised in that the disc is a single, unitary whole, and is of a thickness and material such that the adhesive-free portion is maintained in contact with the data-carrying portion of the disc only by the inner adhesive carrying portion and by the surface contact between the adhesive-free portion and the data-carrying portion of the disc.
A cover for such a combination is likewise provided.
4 In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a cover of this type, comprising providing said adhesive regions on a sheet of film; and cutting discs from said sheet around said adhesive regions to provide unitary covers including adhesive and non adhesive regions.
The present applicants have discovered that a transparent cover of suitable dimensions and material can be made in a single piece, and will adhere satisfactorily to the centre of the compact disc. The cover can more easily be manufactured and is anticipated to be more reliable in use, than that of EP 0700566.
In a preferred embodiment, a portion of the disc is made responsive to non-visible light (preferably ultra-violet light), for example by printing with a suitable fluorescent ink onto the portion of the cover which overlies the central, non-data carrying land of the CD. A security marking may thus be provided to distinguish genuine covers from those from unauthorised sources (which may offer less protection to the CD, or may even damage the optical surface thereof).
Other aspects and preferred features of the invention will become apparent from the following description, claims and drawings.
The invention will now be illustrated, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure I a is a plan view of a compact disc; Figure 1 b is a sectional front elevation of the disc of Figure I a; Figure 2a is a plan view of a cover according to an embodiment of the invention; Figure 2b is a corresponding view of a backing sheet therefore; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing line for manufacturing covers according to the embodiment of Figure 1; Figure 4 is an illustrative view of sheet material passing through the manufacturing line of Figure 3; Figure 5 is flow diagram showing the manufacturing process of the embodiment of Figures 3 and 4; Figure 6 is a corresponding flow diagram for manufacture of a cover according to a second embodiment of the invention; and Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing the invention in situ in a CD ROM case.
Description of CD
A compact disc I comprises a disc approximately 120mm in diameter.
An inner hole 4 of approximately 15nun in diameter receives a drive hub of a CD drive.
Around the inner hole 4 is a land 3 bounded by a raised lip forming a ring 5, the diameter of the ring of the raised lip 5 being approximately 35mm.
Outside the raised lip 5 is the data-carrying region 2 of the disc.
6 First Embodiment The first embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to Figures 2 and 5.
A protective cover disc 11 comprises a film of POKALON OG (TM) a polycarbonate material available from Lofo High Tech Film GmbH, of Weidstrasse D79576, Weil am Rhein, Germany. The film is 0.8 micrometers in thickness and has an outer diameter of I I 8mm. (i.e. very slightly less than the outer diameter of the compact disc 1) and a central hole 14 of the same diameter as the central hole 4 of the compact disc.
Surrounding the central hole 14 is a concentric ring of adhesive 13, which in this embodiment is a LTV curable acrylic adhesive. The ring of adhesive is printed on only one side of the cover, and has a diameter of approximately 33 3mm (i.e. so as to locate within the raised lip 5 on the CD 1).
The cover 11 is provided with a backing sheet shown in Figure 2b, which comprises a sheet of coated paper (e.g. 65 grain Glassine) having a main circular portion 15 of diameter approximately 131mm (i.e. slightly larger than the outer diameter of CD 1) and a central. hole 16 of the same diameter as the holes 4 and 14.
A semi-circular tab 17 extends radially from the central circular portion 15. Four rectangular comers 18, forming a notional rectangle centred 7 on the hole 16 and of long dimension equal to the diameter of the circular portion 15, also extend from the circular portion 15.
Prior to use, the cover I I and backing 15 are supplied adhered together by the adhesive ring 13, with the centre holes 14, 16 aligned. The accommodation is supplied in a CD box shown in Figure 7 of conventional design comprising a tray 61 and a lid 62. The backing sheet is uppermost, with the rectangular comers 18 extending into the corresponding recesses provided in the conventional CD case to enable finger access to the CD. The hub provided within the CD case 62 extends through the aligned holes 16, 14.
In use, after purchase, a user lifts the lid 62; grips the tab 17; peels the backing sheet 15 from the cover 1 leaving the latter still located centred on the hub 63 with the adhesive ring 13 exposed; and introduces a CD with the data carrying surface 2 downwards, onto the hub 63. The hub 63 thus aligns the holes 4, 14, and the land 3 makes contact with the adhesive ring 13. The CD 1 may then be lifted from the tray 61 bringing with it the cover which remains adhered to the disc both by the effect of the adhesive ring, and by the friction, tack, and static electricity between the transparent film and the data carrying surface of the CD.
The CD may then be inserted into a drive. The presence of the cover 11 does not materially affect the optical reading of the CD 1, and remains in intimate contact with the data carrying surface 2 during read access.
8 Should the cover 11 become dirty, it can be peeled from the CD 1 and replaced by another in the manner described above.
Method of Manufacture of First Embodiment Referring to Figures 3 to 5 the method of manufacture of the first embodiment will now briefly be described. Apparatus for the manufacture of adhesive labels or other films on backing sheets, in particular shapes and with particular printing, is well known and will therefore not be described in detail.
The production line comprises an adhesive printing section 30 for printing adhesive onto the support side of an endless web 22 of backing paper, in a succession of rings (step 102). Downstream of the adhesive printing section 30 a laminating roller pair 23 is provided for receiving the web 22 and an endless web 21 of POKALON OG and laminating the two together (step 104). The adhesive rings therefore transfer onto the film web 21.
A first die cutting and punching section 40 comprises an anvil 40b and cutting and punching heads 40a. As the laininated web passes through this section, the aligned holes 14, 16 are centre-punched (step 106) through the rings of adhesive printed by the adhesive printing section 30, and the outer diameters of the cover discs I I are die cut from the web 21 (step 107).
At a second cutting stage in 50, the cutting heads are carried on the lower section 50b, and the periphery of the backing sheet of Figure 2b is die cut (step 108) in the backing web 22. At this point, the laminated film and 9 backing sheet discs are separate of the web and are collected (not shown) for assembly into CD cases as shown in Figure 7.
The whole manufacturing line of Figure 3 is carried out in clean room conditions, with the extraction of all dust and other particles from the atmosphere. It is important that no particles, dirt or other contamination should adhere to the film 22 and discs 11, since this would interfere with the reproduction from the discs 1.
It will be seen that this manufacturing process leads to straightforward production of covers without the need for alignment of several components of the cover, and is thus suitable both for high volume production and for production in clean-room conditions.
Second Embodiment In this embodiment, a pattern is printed onto one of the faces of the cover 11, so as to lie within the adhesive ring 13 thereof. The pattern is transparent to visible light, but when illuminated with ultraviolet or infra-red light or some other non visible wave length it can be detected. As ultraviolet security apparatus (for example, for checking the validity of bank notes) is widely available, it is convenient to use an ultraviolet security or optical brightener which fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light.
By providing the feature within the adhesive ring 13, it is clear of the data carrying surface 2 of the disc and therefore cannot fluoresce when interrogated by a light source on the disc drive (or otherwise interfere with the optical reading of the disc). Nor can ink attack the data carrying surface of the disc.
Referring to Figure 6, to manufacture the product according to the second embodiment, the positions of the webs 21 and 22 and the printing section 30 are changed in a manner that will be apparent. In a step 202, the fluorescent ink is printed onto an area which will lie within the adhesive ring 13:, on the POKALON OG web 21 and, in a step 204, rings of adhesive are printed (covering the fluorescent ink patterns) onto that web 21. Inastep2O6 the POKALON OG web 21 is laminated to the backing paper web 22.
Subsequently, steps 106 -108 are performed as described above.
Thus, in this embodiment, ink and adhesive are both printed to the transparent web prior to punching and cutting the discs.
Other Embodiments and Variants It will be apparent that various features of the above described embodiments may be modified by the skilled person. For example, manufacturing is made simpler if the backing paper has an identical circular outer diameter to the disc 11, in which case both may be simply punched out of sheet at the same time rather than being die cut. However, it is then more difficult for the user to separate the two in use.
I I The sheet I I may be made of other materials than POKALON OG; specifically, an thin, even film of polycarbonate (or other optically transparent material) will be suitable, provided that it contains no plasticisers or other chemicals which might attack the surface of the CD and provided that it is of regular thickness and optical surface finish. It is also important that the film should contain no optically active chemicals or other agents, and that it should be free of light scatterers.
Thicknesses other than 0.8 micrometers may be used. In general, for POKALON OG, thicknessess of 0.5 to 0.8 micrometers are found satisfactory.
In general, however, it is preferred to make the film relatively thick to avoid buckling, but thin enough to be held to the data carrying portion of the disc 2 by surface-acting forces, flexing over the lip 5.
Further, if the thickness is too great then the optical properties of the drive are affected (specifically, the interrogating beam may focus off the data carrying surface, as discussed in EP 0700566).
Conveniently, the outer surface of the backing paper (the surface not engaged with the film) may be printed with advertising material).
Although the cover has been described in application to a compact disc, it will be clear that it may be used with other optical storage discs, such as digital versatile discs (DVD).
In this connection, an embodiment may comprise a box similar to that shown in Figure 7 but sized for the smaller DVD disc, and containing a pair of 12 covers, one for each of the data carrying sides of the DVD disc. In use, a first side of the disc is covered as described above in relation to Figure 7; and then the disc with the first cover is removed, turned upside down and the process is repeated.
Many other variations, alterations and modifications of the above embodiment will be apparent to the skilled person. The present invention is intended to extend to all such alternatives which would be apparent to the skilled reader.
13

Claims (15)

1. In combination a data-carrying disc (1) having a data-carrying portion (2) and a data-free inner portion (3), and an axially aligned disc-shaped cover (11) comprising an inner adhesive-carrying portion (133) and an outer adhesive-free portion (12), the cover (11) being so aligned that the inner adhesive-carrying portion adheres to the data-free portion (3) of the disc and the outer adhesive-free portion (12) is in contact with the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc (1), characterised in that the disc (11) is a single, unitary whole, and is of a thickness and material such that the adhesive- free portion (12) is maintained in contact with the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc only by the inner adhesive-carrying portion (3) and by the surface contact between the adhesive-free portion (12) and the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc (1).
2. A cover (11) suitable for use in the combination of claim 1.
3. The cover of claim 2, further comprising a security marking.
4. The cover of claim 3, in which the security marking comprises a mark printed onto the cover.
14
5. The cover of claim 4, in which the marking is printed in ink responsive to non visible wavelengths, and non responsive to visible wavelengths.
6. The cover of any of claims 3 to 5, in which the security marking is located so as not to obstruct the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc.
7. The cover of claim 6, in which the security marking is provided within the adhesive-carrying portion (3).
8. A disc protection product for use in the combination of claim 1, comprising disc-shaped cover (11) comprising an inner adhesive-carrying portion (13) and an outer adhesive-free portion (12), the disc (11) is a single, unitary whole, and is of a thickness and material such that the adhesive-free portion (12) is maintained in contact with the datacarrying portion (2) of the 15 disc only by the inner adhesive-carrying portion (3) and by the surface contact between the adhesive-free portion (12) and the data-carrying portion (2) of the disc (1) and a sheet of backing material (15) to which the cover (11) is releasably secured by the adhesive-carrying portion (13). 20
9. The product of claim 8 in which the backing portion (15) comprises at least one tab (17) extending outwardly of the periphery of the cover disc (11) to facilitate release thereof from the backing material (15)
10. A method of manufacturing a cover according to any of claims 2 to 7 comprising:
providing said adhesive regions on a sheet of film; and cutting discs from said sheet around said adhesive regions to provide unitary covers including adhesive and non-adhesive regions.
11. The method of claim 10, in which said sheet is a continuous web.
12. The method of claim 10 or claim I I in which said adhesive is printed onto a backing sheet and transferred to said sheet.
13. The method of claim 11 in which a security feature and said adhesive are printed onto said sheet. 15
14. A protective product for an optical data-canying disc substantially as described herein with reference to Figures 2b or 7.
15. A method of manufacturing a protective product for an optical data20 carrying disc substantially as described herein with reference to any of the accompanying Figures 3 to 6.
GB9918174A 1999-08-02 1999-08-02 Protective cover for disc eg optical disc Withdrawn GB2354627A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9918174A GB2354627A (en) 1999-08-02 1999-08-02 Protective cover for disc eg optical disc
AU49366/00A AU4936600A (en) 1999-08-02 2000-05-22 Disc covers and methods of manufacture thereof
PCT/GB2000/001969 WO2001009886A1 (en) 1999-08-02 2000-05-22 Disc covers and methods of manufacture thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9918174A GB2354627A (en) 1999-08-02 1999-08-02 Protective cover for disc eg optical disc

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9918174D0 GB9918174D0 (en) 1999-10-06
GB2354627A true GB2354627A (en) 2001-03-28

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9918174A Withdrawn GB2354627A (en) 1999-08-02 1999-08-02 Protective cover for disc eg optical disc

Country Status (3)

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AU (1) AU4936600A (en)
GB (1) GB2354627A (en)
WO (1) WO2001009886A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2850785B1 (en) * 2003-01-30 2006-05-26 Marie Therese Iruela Guillot PROTECTIVE DEVICE FOR OPTICAL DISK
DE102005002032B4 (en) * 2004-08-10 2008-12-18 Steffen Kraft Spindle for disk-shaped data carriers
US20070114366A1 (en) * 2005-11-21 2007-05-24 General Electric Company Optical article having a multi-component structure as an anti-theft feature and a system and method for inhibiting theft of same

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4879710A (en) * 1988-04-20 1989-11-07 Mutsuo Iijima Optical disc protector and method for applying same
GB2315906A (en) * 1996-07-30 1998-02-11 Chen Yao Kuo Disc protection structure
US5757765A (en) * 1996-02-28 1998-05-26 Chen; Yao-Kuo Disc protection structure
US5799982A (en) * 1995-12-15 1998-09-01 Mcclure; Neil L. Adhesive sticker labeling system for use in identifying compact disks
GB2331834A (en) * 1996-08-29 1999-06-02 Doukas Robert Fonias Locating device
GB2333885A (en) * 1998-01-30 1999-08-04 Optidisc Int Ltd Optical data storage carrier protection apparatus

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH02165441A (en) * 1988-12-17 1990-06-26 Sony Corp Optical information recording medium having peelable protective film
US5715934A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-02-10 Avery Dennison CD-ROM label with positioning means
DE29608885U1 (en) * 1996-05-17 1996-09-19 Krayl Volker Dipl Ing Fh Labeling device for optical data carriers
JP2001521469A (en) * 1996-12-31 2001-11-06 ダイノシス アクチェンゲェゼルシャフト Method and apparatus for applying a self-adhesive label to a disk-shaped object
DE19702546C1 (en) * 1997-01-24 1998-07-09 Boeder Deutschland Gmbh Device and method for applying labels to compact discs

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4879710A (en) * 1988-04-20 1989-11-07 Mutsuo Iijima Optical disc protector and method for applying same
US5799982A (en) * 1995-12-15 1998-09-01 Mcclure; Neil L. Adhesive sticker labeling system for use in identifying compact disks
US5757765A (en) * 1996-02-28 1998-05-26 Chen; Yao-Kuo Disc protection structure
GB2315906A (en) * 1996-07-30 1998-02-11 Chen Yao Kuo Disc protection structure
GB2331834A (en) * 1996-08-29 1999-06-02 Doukas Robert Fonias Locating device
GB2333885A (en) * 1998-01-30 1999-08-04 Optidisc Int Ltd Optical data storage carrier protection apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2001009886A1 (en) 2001-02-08
AU4936600A (en) 2001-02-19
GB9918174D0 (en) 1999-10-06

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