GB2306224A - Determining the anisotropy of permeability of a porous medium - Google Patents
Determining the anisotropy of permeability of a porous medium Download PDFInfo
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- GB2306224A GB2306224A GB9620939A GB9620939A GB2306224A GB 2306224 A GB2306224 A GB 2306224A GB 9620939 A GB9620939 A GB 9620939A GB 9620939 A GB9620939 A GB 9620939A GB 2306224 A GB2306224 A GB 2306224A
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- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 3
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012585 homogenous medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001638 barium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
- G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
The anisotropy of permeability of a rock sample is determined by injecting an X-ray absorbing salt solution (eg KI) at a point 3 into the sealant-coated 2 face of the sample S which has been saturated with a first salt solution miscible therewith and of similar density (eg KCl). The geometric characteristics of the invasion front P of the second salt solution at a given instant are detected by means of X-ray tomography using a scanner 6, the radial distance from the point of injection at each point of the surface being proportional to * radical *K in the direction considered. The single absolute permeability value in any reference direction is measured and the permeability values are globally quantified to determine the permeability of the sample, taking account of the geometry of the invasion front. As an alternative to using X-ray analysis, conductivity or georadar may be used.
Description
A METHOD AND A DEVICE FOR CHARACTERISING
TEE ANISOTROPY OF PERMEABILITY IN A POROUS MEDIUM
The present invention relates to a method and a device for globally measuring and characterising the anisotropy of permeability of a sample of a certain porosity.
Applications for the invention are to be found in the study of geological samples and more specifically in the context of petro-physical measurements used for setting up reservoir models or in hydrology for studying pollutant dispersion.
Numerous methods for characterising the anisotropy of permeability of geological samples are known. Several samples oriented along different axes can be taken from a same core, for example. However, this method has not proved to be very reliable because of the heterogeneity of natural media. Another known method consists in taking measurements on samples of a specific shape (cubic for example), along measuring directions dictated by the shape of the sample and hence limited in number. Another known method is to inject fluid along a generatrix of a cylinder using removable masks. Overall, the known methods can be applied only if the main directions of the permeability tensor are known beforehand.
The displacement of fluids in a porous medium is a very complex phenomenon. In order to describe it simply, the task is made easier if it is assumed that the transition zone that normally exists between the fluids is negligible. Using this simplified hypothesis, which does not affect the validity of the method of the invention, as was evident from tests carried out beforehand, it is possible to describe the motion around a point 0 of an infinite, permeable porous medium, completely saturated with a poorly compressible fluid by a second fluid that is perfectly miscible with the first and of the same density, injected from this point.
It may be observed that, in a given direction, the distance between the injection point and the interface between the two fluids (invasion front) is proportional to the square root of the permeability K. This behaviour is consistent with the equation of flow of the injected fluid, disregarding the elasticity of the porous medium and that of the saturating fluid, along the main axes (X,
Y, Z) of the permeability tensor:
where p denotes the pressure and Kx, Ky, Kz the main permeabilities, i.e. the actual values of the permeability tensor.
By means of a variable change:
equation (1) can also be written:
It is then reduced to Laplace's equation, the solutions of which are well known.
In order to move on from the instance where the permeability around the point of injection is isotropic (Fig. la) to the case where it is anisotropic (Fig. lib), an anamorphosis is introduced, the ratio of which is proportional to the square root of the permeability in a given direction. The invasion fronts are spheres in the isotropic homogenous media and ellipsoids, for example, in anisotropic homogenous media. It may be noted that the solutions in an "infinite medium" are spherical in symmetry, given that the permeability tensor is of even order, two in this case.
The method of the invention is based on the observation that the conclusions drawn in the instance of an "infinite medium" can be applied to a "semi-infinite medium" limited by a zero permeability plane which contains the injection point, the respective boundary conditions being identical in both cases. This is due to the fact that, for an "infinite medium" and a "semiinfinite medium", the global flow through any plane containing the point of injection is zero.
The method is characterised by determining the position of an invasion front of an injected miscible fluid from a point of injection in a porous medium initially saturated with another fluid used as a marker, so as to derive therefrom the coefficients of permeability anisotropy in a sequence of invasion directions, measuring an absolute permeability along a specific direction of invasion and quantifying the permeability of the medium along each direction of the sequence of directions from this absolute value and from the permeability anisotropy coefficients.
In the case of one embodiment, two series of images are taken by X-ray tomography, the first series being taken in the medium on a plurality of different planes before it is saturated with the first, a second series then being taken on the same planes the injecting the fluid used as a marker, which is chosen for its capacity to absorb X-rays, the position of the invasion front then being determined by comparing the corresponding images of the two series.
A comparison of the corresponding images from the two series of images can be made by digitising the images of each of the two series, for example, and subtracting the data obtained in respect of the corresponding images of the two series.
In another embodiment, the position of the invasion front is determined by taking a series of images after the second fluid has been injected and ascertaining the position of the marker fluid using appropriate detection means.
A substance that modifies the electrical or electromagnetic properties of the first fluid can be used, for example, in which case the position of the invasion front is then detected by taking electrical or electro-magnetic measurements.
At least one main direction is chosen as the specific direction, for example, which is determined by inversion of a permeability tensor, and the corresponding permeability value is determined from the specific value associated with this direction.
In a preferred embodiment, the data corresponding to the position of the invasion front are smoothed to obtain a more homogenous spatial representation.
The method may be implemented (where the samples are of centimetric or decimetric scale) by fixing a sample of the porous medium against a support, sealing at least one face of the sample and injecting the marker fluid through this face.
It can be seen, therefore, that the permeability of a medium can be globally quantified merely by describing the geometric characteristics of an invasion front during a miscible displacement from a point of injection into the porous medium and measuring a single absolute permeability value along one specific direction (strictly speaking, along one of three main directions of the tensor if using a conventional measuring technique on a sample whose slenderness ratio is not negligible). The method of the invention is simple and quick to implement and is flexible in use.
The device of the invention includes, for example, means for saturating a porous sample with at least a first fluid, a coating of sealant (a layer of resin, for example) having been applied to at least one face of the sample, means for supporting the sample, means for injecting a marker fluid through the sealant layer, means capable of sensing the presence of the marker fluid in the sample in order to determine the configuration of the invasion front of the marker fluid in the sample along a sequence of radial directions extending from the point of injection, means for determining the anisotropy coefficients of the medium along all these radial directions, means for determining the absolute permeability value of the sample along a specific direction and combination means for calculating the permeability values along each of the radial directions taking account of the absolute permeability value and the anisotropy coefficients.
Other features and advantages of the method and device of the invention will become clear from the following description of embodiments, described by way of example and not limitative, and with reference to the appended drawings, in which: - Figs. la, Ib are diagrams illustrating the shape of
the invasion fronts of an isotropic medium and an
anisotropic medium respectively; - Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a mode of
implementing the method; - Figs. 3A to 3C are X-ray tomographies showing
respectively a medium saturated with a first fluid,
the same medium after a second fluid has been
injected and the invasion front obtained by
subtracting the two previous images;; - Figs. 4A and 4B are two possible representations of
an invasion front obtained respectively by projecting
onto a plane (X, Y) and by stereographic projection,
known as Wulff projection; - Fig. 5 shows how the Wulff method can be used to
translate any point I of an invasion front into a
trace m in a plane; and - Figs. 6A, 6B1-6B5, 6C show respectively a projection
of an invasion front, the projection of the same
front after polynomial smoothing where the order n
ranges from 2 to 6, and the projection obtained after
the inversion step.
During an initial stage, the method of the invention consists, as mentioned above, in determining the configuration of the invasion front of a substance injected into a rock to be tested that has been saturated with brine (KC1, for example) beforehand. This first operation is performed, in accordance with one embodiment, by injecting an X-ray absorbing salt solution (KI, for example) . The invasion front is then monitored by carrying out tomographies using an X-ray scanner.
Experimental protocol:
The sample S to be studied (a core section or a sample of 6 to 10 cm in diameter, for example) is bonded (Fig. 2) onto an ad hoc support 1, which enables it to be accurately re-positioned underneath the X-ray scanner. The free face is sealed by means of a layer 2 of epoxy resin, for example. An injection nozzle 3 is applied to the centre thereof. It communicates by means of a tube 4 with an injection pump 5 of the constant displacement type, for example, containing the marker fluid. A device 6a, 6b for emitting and receiving X-rays (or X-ray scanner) is moved around the sample S to carry out tomographies in a succession of planes P1, P2, P3, etc.. A processing device 7 is connected to the emission-reception device. It digitises the images obtained and stores them in memory.
If a detailed study of the sample S is required (porosity map, for example), tomographic reconstructions are first acquired on the dry sample. If, on the other hand, only the permeability of the sample is of interest, the experiment (Fig. 3A) will be based on samples totally saturated with brine (KC1 at 25 g/l, for example)using a known method (vacuum discharge).
Using the X-ray scanner 6a, 6b, a first series of tomographies is initially performed on the brine-saturated rock along diametral sections P1, P2, Ps, etc., of a virtual thickness of 1.5mm (collimation of the X-ray beam) and a spacing of 5 mm, for example, and the processing device 7 digitises this first series of images. The marker (an absorbent salt solution such as KI or BaC12 or BaI2 of 25g/l, for example) is injected by the pump 5 and regulated such that the injection pressure does not exceed several kPa, and, using the same parameters, a second series of tomographic images (Fig. 3B) is taken and also digitised.
The processing device 7 performs a "substraction" of the corresponding digitised images from the two series of tomographies and forms an image representing the invasion front.
Several successive injections then need to be performed to provide data on several invasion fronts of the same sample.
The 1 to 2 cm3 of tracer required for the second step can then be injected within the space of a few minutes, even in the case of samples of mediocre permeability.
Image processing and presentation of results:
Image processing:
A simple image subtraction is sufficient to produce a geometric description of the zone infiltrated by the marker that is already very satisfactory (Fig. 3C).
However, in order to provide a three-dimensional quantitative representation, it is preferable to use the following procedure:
The result of the image subtraction (3C) is processed by means of an isodensity method, which allows constant density parameters for a given sample to be used to produce an dobjective image of the injection front.
Smoothing this line will then enable the number of points to be limited to several hundreds without detriment to the sharpness of the description.
The co-ordinates XYZ (Z being constant for a given section) of the points on this smoothed curve are collected for all the virtual sections making up one injection step and this produces a data file which very satisfactorily describes the injection front (and hence the permeability anisotropy expressed in K).
Presentation of the results:
Using this file of co-ordinates established by the processing device 7, the injection front can be visualised in the form of diagrams, the form of which is the direct consequence of the anisotropy of the medium.
In order to represent the experimental results on a plane X, Y, it is convenient to use a method of stereographic projection, well known to specialists as the
Wulff method (Fig. 5), which consists firstly in transferring to a sphere the values of the distances from the injection point 0 to the various points I on the invasion front where (point M) the radius OI intersects the sphere, then plotting on the sphere isovalue lines (as bathymetric lines on a globe) and finally projecting (point m of the diagram) this result onto the equatorial plane (XY for example) of this sphere.
These distances OI can be converted into their square and standardised in relation to the unit using a smoothing and interpolation programme in accordance with a Wulff projection, which will produce a very explicit representation of the distribution of permeabilities throughout the half-space.
The processing device 7 is programmed to perform the inversion proper of the permeability tensor using a method similar to that used for the inversion of an elasticity tensor described in Robert Arts' thesis (1993) entitled "Etude de I'lasticit anisotrope general dans les roches par la propagation des ondes", Université P. et M. Curie
Paris (1993).
The adjustment consists in substituting the data pertaining to wave velocities and direction of propagation used in this elasticity tensor with the data pertaining to distance from the point of injection to the injection front and the direction along which this distance will be measured. This will produce a tensor whose coefficients are proportional to the square roots of the permeability coefficients. This tensor is then diagonalized to determine the specific directions (equivalent to the specific permeability directions) and the corresponding specific values.
It may be noted that permeability is a relatively simple case since it is described by symmetrical tensors of rank 2, whose most general symmetry is orthotropy.
These specific values are converted into permeability values K simply by squaring and the complete permeability tensor is recalculated within the datum points XYZ of the experIment. The result is shown in Fig. 6C, which shows the stereographic projections of the axes of:
- transverse isotropy (empty circle)
- minimum permeability (black circle)
- intermediate permeability (black square)
- maximum permeability (black triangle).
The result of the inversion performed on the example given in Fig. 6C gives the tensor of the normalised permeabilities:
0.61 0.05 - 028 0.95 - 0.09 -0.42 The deviation calculated in relation to the isotropy is 44% and the deviation in relation to the transverse isotropy is 13%.
Anisotropy characterisation is completed by estimating the difference between the ellipsoid of permeabilities (and not the invasion front) and the nearest shapes of greater symmetry. It can be shown that the nearest sphere is that whose radius is equal to the arithmetic mean of the three specific permeabilities. The percentage deviation in relation to isotropy therefore corresponds to the mean square deviation, in all directions, between this sphere and the ellipsoid, normalised in relation to the mean permeability in all directions.
Similarly, it is the deviation in relation to the nearest revolution ellipsoid that is taken into account for the transverse isotropy.
Finally, the percentage deviation relative to the transverse isotropy is defined in a similar way in relation to the isotropy.
Smoothing:
It is well known that in practice, porous geological media, even those considered to be particularly homogenous, exhibit permeability variations on a millimetric scale such that the injection fronts are anything but ellipsoidal. Small local fluctuations (high frequency fluctuations) are particularly awkward since they are known to induce instabilities in the calculation that are fatal to the inversion process.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the base data used comprise points of the injection front located on only some of the sections. This means that the spatial distribution of the initial data is very uneven, which also upsets the inversion process. It is for this reason that it is virtually impossible in practice to start a conclusive inversion calculation using the raw injection data.
In cases where the base data are too unevenly distributed, the solution consists in homogenising the spatial distribution of the data beforehand and in smoothing them.
The raw data can be smoothed, for example, by polynomial approximation of the nth degree. The choice as to which degree is optimal is made on an empirical basis by comparing the shape and numerical values of the surface obtained with the experimental data. In the example given in Fig. 6B, it can be seen that the polynomial of the 5t degree is the most consistent with the base data. The optimum degree for the different samples (and even the stage number for a given sample) may vary, generally between 3 and 5.
The inversion step (Fig. 6C) is performed using these smoothed data.
Experimental validation:
The experiments conducted as a means of validating the method specifically showed that: - the transition zone between the fluids is thin on the
scale used and the displacement front, as considered,
is experimentally realistic.
- as soon as one departs from the front, the mean
tracer saturation is homogenously distributed at the
level of the section and is quantitatively stable
over several sections of the same sample; - this saturation varies very little during the
successive injection stages, which would tend to mean
that it is an intrinsic characteristic of the porous
medium under consideration.
By comparison with the permeability characterisation methods of the prior art, the results obtained by the method of the invention are very satisfactory.
Generally speaking, it was established that:
the method exhibits good experimental
reproducibility; - there is no disturbance linked with ion diffusion on
the time scale of the experiment, the ion exchange by
diffusion between brine and tracer being
undetectable; - the results are insensitive to the injection
parameters, at least in the range of low flow rates; - there are no edge effects: the reduced dimensions of
the samples used do not have a detrimental effect on
the test results if it is assumed, as is the case
here, that the medium is infinite.
The method of the invention was tested so as to characterise, under laboratory conditions, the permeability of relatively small samples (on the centrimetric scale). It would not be a departure from the scope of the invention, however, if it were used for metric or decametric scale applications relating to surface geological formations as a means of studying reservoir models or in the field of hydrology for studying pollutant dispersion.
The method can also be implemented using a marker that will modify the conductivity of the water in the tested medium enough to be able to detect the conductivity of the injection front using electrical means. For example, NaCl can be injected in moderate quantities (several tens or hundreds of kilograms, for example) without causing any specific environmental problems.
The conductive injection front can be detected by means of conventional methods of the "electric coring" type. Another possible option is to use devices which propagate high frequency electromagnetic waves (georadar) that are easy to use and are commonly applied these days for surface applications in the field of geophysics.
Claims (11)
1. A method for characterising the permeability anisotropy of a porous medium, wherein the position of the invasion front of a miscible liquid, injected from a point initially saturated with another fluid is detected in order to derive the coefficients of permeability anisotropy for a sequence of invasion directions, and the permeability of the medium is quantified along each direction of the sequence of directions using this absolute value and the coefficients of permeability anisotropy.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein two sets of images are produced by X-ray tomography, the first series being taken in the medium saturated with the first fluid beforehand on a plurality of different planes (P1,
P2...), a second series being taken on the same planes after injecting the fluid used as a marker, which is selected for its capacity to absorb X-rays, the position of the invasion front being determined by comparing the corresponding images of the two series.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the comparison of the corresponding images of the two series of images is made by digitising the images of each series and subtracting the data obtained in relation to the corresponding images of the two series.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the position of the invasion front is determined by taking at least one series of images after the second fluid has been injected and by detecting the position of the marker fluid.
5. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein a substance which modifies the electrical or electromagnetic properties of the first fluid is used as the marker fluid and the position of the invasion front is detected by electrical or electro-magnetic means.
6. A method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one main direction determined by inversion of a permeability tensor is selected as a specific direction and the corresponding permeability value is determined on the basis of the specific value associated with this direction.
7. A method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein the data corresponding to the position of the invasion front is smoothed in order to obtain the most homogenous spatial representation.
8. A method as claimed in one of the preceding claims, wherein a sample of the porous medium is fixed onto a support, at least one face of the sample (S) is sealed and the marker fluid is injected through the said face.
9. A device for characterising the permeability anisotropy of a porous medium, wherein it comprises means for saturating with a first fluid a porous sample (S), at least one face of which has been coated with a sealant layer, means for supporting the sample, means for injecting a marker fluid through the sealant layer, and means sensitive to the presence of the marker fluid in the sample, used to determine the configuration of the invasion front of the marker fluid in the sample along a sequence of radial directions extending from the point of injection, and a processing unit comprising means for determining the coefficients of anisotropy of the medium along all these radial directions, means for determining the absolute permeability value of the sample along a specific direction and combination means for calculating the permeability values along each of the radial directions, taking account of the absolute permeability value and the coefficients of anisotropy.
10. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings
11. A device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9512006A FR2739932B1 (en) | 1995-10-11 | 1995-10-11 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CHARACTERIZING THE ANISOTROPY OF PERMEABILITY OF A POROUS MEDIUM |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9620939D0 GB9620939D0 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
| GB2306224A true GB2306224A (en) | 1997-04-30 |
| GB2306224B GB2306224B (en) | 1999-12-15 |
Family
ID=9483483
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9620939A Expired - Fee Related GB2306224B (en) | 1995-10-11 | 1996-10-08 | A method and a device for characterising the anisotropy of permeability in a porous medium |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2739932B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2306224B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL1004225C2 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO964320L (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005108965A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2005-11-17 | Schlumberger Technology B.V. | Classification method for sedimentary rocks |
| CN102937561A (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2013-02-20 | 西北工业大学 | Determination method for orthogonal non-woven three-dimensional rectangular fabric permeability |
| CN106053319A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-10-26 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Testing device and method for osmotic gradient of anisotropic rock mass |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2783921B1 (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2001-01-12 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | THERMOGRAPHY METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ANALYZING THE PROGRESSION OF INJECTED FLUIDS IN A PERMEABLE MEDIUM |
| CN106226218B (en) * | 2016-07-18 | 2018-10-30 | 中国石油大学(华东) | A kind of method of determining tight sand circumferential direction permeability principal direction |
| CN108896742B (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2023-09-29 | 中国华能集团有限公司 | System for quantitatively analyzing shale anisotropy and application method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4982086A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1991-01-01 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method of porosity determination in porous media by x-ray computed tomography |
| US5109398A (en) * | 1990-02-22 | 1992-04-28 | Bp America Inc. | Vertical core flow testing apparatus and method with computed tomography scanning |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4907448A (en) * | 1989-02-13 | 1990-03-13 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Apparatus for measuring resistivity of porous rock |
| US5265015A (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-11-23 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Determining horizontal and/or vertical permeability of an earth formation |
| US5359194A (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 1994-10-25 | Texaco Inc. | X-ray CT measurement of secondary (vugular) porosity in reservoir core material |
| US5297420A (en) * | 1993-05-19 | 1994-03-29 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Apparatus and method for measuring relative permeability and capillary pressure of porous rock |
-
1995
- 1995-10-11 FR FR9512006A patent/FR2739932B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-10-08 NL NL1004225A patent/NL1004225C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-10-08 GB GB9620939A patent/GB2306224B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-10-10 NO NO964320A patent/NO964320L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4982086A (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1991-01-01 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method of porosity determination in porous media by x-ray computed tomography |
| US5109398A (en) * | 1990-02-22 | 1992-04-28 | Bp America Inc. | Vertical core flow testing apparatus and method with computed tomography scanning |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005108965A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2005-11-17 | Schlumberger Technology B.V. | Classification method for sedimentary rocks |
| CN102937561A (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2013-02-20 | 西北工业大学 | Determination method for orthogonal non-woven three-dimensional rectangular fabric permeability |
| CN102937561B (en) * | 2012-10-17 | 2014-07-02 | 西北工业大学 | Determination method for orthogonal non-woven three-dimensional rectangular fabric permeability |
| CN106053319A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-10-26 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Testing device and method for osmotic gradient of anisotropic rock mass |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9620939D0 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
| NO964320D0 (en) | 1996-10-10 |
| FR2739932B1 (en) | 1997-12-12 |
| NO964320L (en) | 1997-04-14 |
| FR2739932A1 (en) | 1997-04-18 |
| GB2306224B (en) | 1999-12-15 |
| NL1004225A1 (en) | 1997-04-15 |
| NL1004225C2 (en) | 1997-04-15 |
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