GB2300261A

GB2300261A - Sampling and analysing samples from a patient

Info

Publication number: GB2300261A
Application number: GB9610430A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Borje Tor Rantala
Original assignee: Instrumentarium Oyj
Current assignee: Instrumentarium Oyj
Priority date: 1992-10-16
Filing date: 1993-10-06
Publication date: 1996-10-30
Anticipated expiration: 2013-10-06
Also published as: GB9610430D0; GB2300261B

Abstract

Samples for analysis are withdrawn from a patient using a sampling element (1), having a wall (16) through which gas or liquid for analysis is capable of penetrating and is thus transmitted from e.g. the stomach into a sample chamber (15) included in the element. Typically a pressure-difference producing element (5) is used to deliver the sample along a tube (3) from the sampling element (1) to an analyzer (7). At least some of the sample drawn from the patient and delivered to the analyser (7) is typically returned from the analyzer back to sampling element (1).

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING A SAMPLE The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for analyzing a compound sampled from an organ of a patient. The apparatus includes a sampling element, having a wall which is permeable to a compound to be analyzed which is thus capable of transferral from the organ into a sample chamber included in the sampling element, a means for producing a pressure difference and capable of using the pressure difference for aspirating sample from the sample chamber along a tube extending from the sampling element, and an analyzer capable of carrying out the analysis of a sample delivered from the sampling element.

In current technology, oxidation of the peritoneum is monitored by measuring the intra-abdominal carbon dioxide level and hemal bicarbonate by using discrete blood and buffer liquid samples.

The concentration of a patient's inner organ gas, especially CO2, is measured by drawing samples from the vicinity of this inner organ, e.g. from the abdomen, said samples being analyzed in a laboratory analyzer.

According to the solution described in US Patent No.

4643192, the sampling is effected by means of a catheter.

The catheter consist of a sampling element, having a wall through which the gas is absorbed into a salt solution contained inside the catheter and which wall is not permeable to a liquid component, and of a tube for aspirating a sample from the sample chamber and for delivering a fresh salt solution into the sample chamber.

The aspiration and supply of a liquid into the tube and sample chamber is effected by means of a syringe connected to a special fitting mounted on the end of the tube. The liquid contained in the sampling element must be allowed a relatively long time, e.g. half an hour, for the interaction with an outside gas to be measured in order to provide a sufficient time for the gas to absorb through the sampling element wall and to reach an equilibrium. This is followed by aspirating the liquid out of the catheter into the syringe and by taking it to a laboratory for analysis for the determination of the concentration of a gas diffused through the catheter wall.

A problem in this type of solution is the execution of the measurement of a gas penetrated through the catheter wall, the method being inconvenient and tedious. This tediousness and inconvenience is further increased by the fact that every time the catheter is exhausted of liquid by suction said catheter must be refilled with fresh liquid, which must be allowed to stay in the catheter for a sufficiently long time in order to reach a gas equilibrium prior before it is aspirated out and transferred for analysis.

An object of this invention is to eliminate the above problems. The object is to provide a high-speed method and apparatus for analyzing a compound found in an organ of a patient. Another object is to provide a simple method and apparatus for analyzing a compound found in an organ of a patient. A further object is to provide such a method and apparatus for analyzing a compound found in an organ of a patient that the delivery of a sample from a sampling location to a measurementeffecting element proceeds automatically. A still further object is to provide such a method and apparatus for analyzing a compound found in an organ of a patient that the passage of a sample can proceed back and forth between a sampling location and a measurement effecting element.A particular object is to provide such a method and apparatus for analyzing a compound found in an organ of a patient which facilitates an automatically proceeding, continuous measuring action. A particular object is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of a compound found in an organ of a patient.

Accordingly, the invention provides an apparatus for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, said apparatus comprising a sampling element, a compound to be analyzed being capable of penetrating its wall and, thus, of transferring from the organ into a sample chamber included in the sampling element, a pressure difference producing element which, through the action of a pressure difference, is capable of carrying a sample from the sample chamber along a tube extending from sampling element, and an analyzer capable of performing the analysis of a sample drawn from the sampling element, wherein the analyzer is in flow communication with sampling element by way of the tube.

The invention also provides a method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound passing through a wall included in a sampling element placed in an organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, a mixture consisting of said medium and a compound drawn from the organ being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein the mixture of medium and compound drawn from the organ is delivered to an analyzer for analysis and at least some of the mixture is returned from the analyzer back to the sampling element.

The invention further provides a method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound transmitting through a wall included in a sampling element placed in an organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, and a sample consisting of said medium and the compound drawn from an organ of the patient being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein a pressure-difference producing element is used for delivering a sample from the sampling element to an analyzer, which is in a direct flow communication with the sampling element.

Moreover, the invention provides a method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound transmitting through a wall included in a sampling element placed in the organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, and a mixture consisting of said medium and the compound drawn from the organ of the patient being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein the mixture consisting of a medium and a compound drawn from the organ of the patient is delivered to an analyzer for analysis and this mixture is subjected to a pressure measurement and, if the pressure differs from a predetermined pressure reading, the analyzing result is corrected to match the predetermined pressure reading.

According to aspects of the invention, a sampling element is placed in an organ of a patient, e.g. in the stomach, and a sample is drawn from this environment into this sampling element for further delivering the sample along a tube to an analyzer for the analysis of one or more compounds found in the sample. The analysis may include the determination of a compound concentration and/or the identification of a compound. A particular object is to analyze the carbon dioxide content. The sampling element can be inserted into the stomach of a patient without any major surgical procedures directly through the mouth of a patient. At least during the insertion phase through the pharynx and oesophagus of a patient, the sampling element should have a sufficiently narrow cross-diameter, so that its passage to and from a sampling location would be as pleasant as possible for a patient.

A sample arriving in the sampling element should preferably be capable of being restricted to either a liquid or gaseous state for leaving the material in the other physical state outside the sampling element. Thus, in an effort to analyze the carbon dioxide content, only a sample representing the gaseous state should be capable of penetrating into the sampling element. Therefore, the sampling element can be surrounded with a wall, permeable to gas but preferably as impermeable as possible to liquid and consisting e.g. of silicone.

The sampling can be effected either by aspiration or most preferably by allowing a compound outside the sampling element to gradually diffuse into the sampling element eg. through a wall surrounding the same. In an effort to carry out the determination of content or concentration, the diffusion is usually allowed to continue for as long as it takes to reach a state of equilibrium between the sampling element and its environment, the concentration thus being at least nearly equal both in the sampling element and in the environment. Inside the sampling element there must be some medium, such as e.g. a liquid or a gas, for mixing therewith a compound coming from outside. When measuring the carbon dioxide content, one suitable medium is a gas, for example air.

For analysis, a sample is delivered from the sampling element by means of a pressure difference to an analyzer, which can be e.g. an infrared analyzer. The pressure difference can be produced e.g. by means of a manually or electrically operated pump. Preferably, the sampling element has a direct communication with the analyzer by way of a tube. The sampling element can be refilled either with a fresh medium or preferably with the same mixture of a medium and a compound, or a sample, to be examined. Delivering the same mixture of a medium and a compound to be examined, already subjected to analysis, offers a benefit at least when the question is about monitoring the variations occurring in the content of some compound, such as carbon dioxide.In this case, the previous. mixture is likely to have a content which is closer to a current new content reading than that of a fresh medium, which is why the equilibrium is reached more quickly by circulating a mixture of the old medium and a compound to be examined between the sampling element and the analyzer. After all, according to the most preferred embodiment, the passage of a compound to be examined can occur into and out of the sampling element. The delivery of a fresh medium or a mixture of a previously examined sample and a medium into the sampling element can be carried out along a tube which is the same as or different from the one used for aspirating a sample to an analyzer.

In view of measuring a pressure prevailing in the analyzer, a chamber in flow communication with the analyzer is fitted with a pressure-measuring element. The analyzer is in turn located most preferably between a sampling element and a pressure-difference producing element, when the latter element is considered to be included therein. The pressure measuring element measures a pressure prevailing in the analyzer whenever it is possible to obtain a pressure reading corresponding to the sampling moment, since the pressure fluctuation has a considerable effect particularly on the content measuring results. In the most preferred case, the measurement of pressure is effected at the moment of analysis. The measured pressure reading can be used for the calculated correction of a content measuring result.The calculated correction of the result can be effected either manually or preferably by means of a processor.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, during the analysis of a gas the concentration of water vapor coming from a sampling element and mixed with a medium is allowed to balance itself with ambient air.

This can be accomplished by means of a wall, fitted between a sampling element and a pressure-difference producing element and made of a water-permeable material.

It permits the passage of water from a location with more water to a location with less water. This wall may form at least a part of a tube extending from the sampling element. The purpose of removing excess water is to avoid the distortion of a measuring result which is due to the condensation of water usually occurring in an analyzer.

Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference made to the accompanying drawings, of which Fig. 1. shows a schematic view of a solution of the invention for analyzing a sample to be drawn from an organ of a patient, Fig. 2. shows one alternative solution of the invention for analyzing a sample to be drawn from an organ of a patient, Fig. 3. shows yet another alternative solution of the invention for analyzing a sample to be drawn from an organ of a patient.

In fig. 1, a sampling element 1 has been inserted in a patient's organ 2, which in this case is the stomach.

From the sampling element extends a tube 3 through a patient's oesophagus 4 to a pressure-difference producing element 5, such as e.g. a pump, for aspirating a sample contained in the sampling element. From this element along a tube 6 the sample is delivered to an analyzer 7 for measuring the content of one or more components included in the sample. The analyzer could just as well be used for the identification of a compound. As shown in fig. 1, a sample coming from the analyzer is preferably delivered along a tube 8 back to sampling element 1. A gas chamber in communication with the analyzer is also provided with a pressure-measuring element 9. In one preferred embodiment of fig. 1, said element 9 is in communication with analyzer 7 through the intermediary of tube 6. Tube 6 is located between the analyzer and pressure-difference producing element 5.

Also illustrated in fig. 1 is a control unit 10, preferably a microprocessor. The control unit is connected by way of lines 11, 12 and 13 with pressuredifference producing element 5, pressure-measuring element 9 and analyzer 7, respectively. In the preferred embodiment shown in fig. 1, said pressure-difference producing element 5, pressure-measuring element 9, analyzer 7 and control unit 10 are components included in a special monitor 14. Thus, the analyzer 7 included in this monitor is in direct communication with sampling element 1.

Sampling elements suitable for the purpose of this invention are commercially available, so the construction there of is not described in detail in this specification. US Patent No. 4643192 discloses one such solution. These products are sold by Tonometrics, Inc., USA.

In order to be functional the solution of fig. 1 requires a medium for mixing therewith a compound or a sample absorbed from the stomach into sampling element 1. The medium can be a gas, e.g. air, for measuring the carbon dioxide content of the stomach. The sampling element is preferably sealed for blocking a direct flow from outside but allowing, however, the diffusion of a desired compound, in this case carbon dioxide, in a medium contained inside the sampling element in a sample chamber 15. This is why a medium contained inside the sampling element is separated from the space remaining outside the sampling element usually by means of a wall 16, which is permeable to a compound, such as carbon dioxide, which in gaseous state, but is not permeable to liquid at least to a significant degree.Diffusion occurring through the wall leads to the situation that the partial pressures of carbon dioxide on either side of the wall are gradually equalized.

Preferably, as the carbon dioxide content in a sampling element has reached a maximum value prevailing at that particular moment, said pressure-difference producing element 5 is used for delivering a sample from sampling element 1 to analyzer 7 along tube 3 and 6. A message reporting the result of a carbon dioxide measurement proceeds to control unit 10 the same way as a pressure reading message received from pressure-measuring element 9. The control unit processes the received measuring results to calculate a carbon dioxide content corrected with the pressure reading. The result of analysis effected by means of analyzer (7) is corrected to match a predetermined pressure condition when said pressuremeasuring element 9 detects that the pressure reading of a mixture contained in the analyzer differs from the predetermined pressure condition.Such correction can be effected according to the following formula: PO2,real = PO2,diff * P1/P0, wherein 2 (Ptot=Po) (Ptot=Pi) P = total pressure of a gas mixture to be measured Pco2real = Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, when total pressure Ptot = P0 = ambient atmospheric pressure, PCO2,diff = PCO2, when ambient pressure is different (higher) due to pressure of sampling element = P1 = diffusion through membrane equalizes partial pressures whereby C02,etim C02,diff 2' A measured sample is delivered from the analyzer back to sampling element 1 along a tube 8 still by means of pressure-difference producing element 5.Thus, in this preferred embodiment, a sample returns to the sampling element along a tube other than the one used for the aspiration of a sample there from to the analyzer. Since the carbon dioxide content of a mixture containing a medium and carbon dioxide is now close to the carbon dioxide content of the organ, it is possible to attain considerably more quickly than at the start of the process a partial carbon dioxide pressure inside the sampling element which corresponds to the current condition of the organ at that particular moment.The control unit can be used for controlling the operation of a pressure-difference producing element e.g. in a manner that the operation of pressure-difference producing element is actuated at certain intervals for periodically drawing a sample from a sampling element, or in a manner that a pump produces a continuous suction, whereby a mixture formed by a sample and a medium circulates all the time from sampling element to analyzer and back again. This way it is possible to monitor continuously the variations occurring in the carbon dioxide level.

Fig. 1 shows one preferred solution for removing the moisture collected in a sample. In particular, a medium contained in sampling element 1 may collect water vapor diffused from the organ along with carbon dioxide. The water vapor may condensate on the analyzer windows and impair the intended measurement. Therefore, a sample coming from the sampling element can be guided preferably upstream of the analyzer past a wall 17 made of a watervapor permeable material, said wall equalizing the partial pressure of water vapor to match the ambient air.

Said wall 17 can be a part of tube 3 or the wall may comprise a separate tube, which is attached to tube 3 and through which a sample flows. For example, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Del., US manufactures a watervapor permeable material, sold under the trademark Nation.

Fig. 2 illustrates another highly useful solution for analyzing a sample drawn from an organ of a patient. In this embodiment, a sample mixed in a medium is delivered from a sampling element 1 to a pressure-difference producing element 5 and back along a common tube 3. A pressure-detecting element 9, as well as preferably also a tube 17 of a water-vapor permeable material, is fitted between the pressure-difference producing element and the sampling element.

A pressure-difference producing element 5, which can be manually or electrically operated, and an analyzer 7 are combined in fig. 2. The analyzer comprises a radiation source 17 for emitting preferably infrared radiation when analyzing carbon dioxide, a filter 18, and a radiation receiver 19 or a detector. On the other hand, the pressure-difference producing element 5 comprises a housing portion 20, carrying therein a piston 21 which travels back and forth under the control of an element 22, coupled to the piston and controlling its movement.

As the piston is operated so as to increase a volume extending from sampling element to piston, the piston moving rearwards in the solution shown in fig. 2, a sample will be aspirated from the sampling element into a chamber 23 defined by housing portion 20 and piston 21.

In fig. 2, the piston position at the time when a sufficient amount of sample has been received in chamber 23, increasing in size as a result of the piston action, is indicated by dotted lines 24. On the other hand, in relation to pressure-difference producing element 5, the analyzer is positioned in a manner that the radiation source 14 and the radiation detector are located on the opposite sides of housing portion 20, whereby a beam travelling from the radiation source to the radiation receiver runs through chamber 23 as well as housing portion 20. At least within the zone of contact with the travelling beam, the housing portion consists of a material which is transmissible to the radiation directed from radiation source to detector.Hence, at this point, a sample containing a compound to be examined is subjected to a content measurement and preferably also to a pressure measurement with pressure-measuring element 9 for detecting a pressure prevailing in chamber 23 in view of carrying out a pressure compensation for the content measurement result. When piston 21 is in its forwardpushed position, i.e. a sample is forced back into the sampling element, there is effected a zero-gas control, since the volume of chamber 23 has been reduced so as not to extend any longer to a location between radiation source 17 and detector 19.

Fig. 3 illustrates a solution resembling that of fig. 2, the main difference being that analyzer 7 and pressuredifference producing element 5 are spaced from each other and pressure-measuring element 9 is coupled there between in tube 6. Also in this case, the flow of a sample between sampling element 1 and analyzer proceeds in both directions along a common tube 3. Preferably, said tube 3 is fitted with a tube 17, made of a water-vapor permeable material and reducing the amount of water vapor carried along with a sample and finding its way to the analyzer.

A sample contained in the sampling element is aspirated by means of a piston 21 included in pressure difference producing element 5 to analyzer 7 for the measurement of carbon dioxide content. At this point, said pressuremeasuring element 9 performs a pressure measurement, so that a pressure reading affecting the analyzing result could be corrected from this result. After the measurement is completed, the gas sample is forced by means of piston 21 back to the sampling element to stand by for another measurement. Thus, the construction and operation of a pressure-difference producing element are otherwise similar to those described in connection with fig. 2 except that there is no need for the solutions made for an analyzer connected to this element in fig. 2.

The invention is by no means limited to the above embodiments but various details of the invention can be modified within the scope of the annexed claims. It is also possible to deliver a fresh batch of medium to the sampling element after aspirating the mixture of a medium and a compound to be examined there from to the analyzer, if that should be necessary for some reason.

Claims

1. A method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound passing through a wall included in a sampling element placed in an organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, a mixture consisting of said medium and a compound drawn from the organ being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein the mixture of medium and compound drawn from the organ is delivered to an analyzer for analysis and at least some of the mixture is returned from the analyzer back to the sampling element.

2. A method as set forth in claim 1, characterized in that the mixture contained in the analyzer is subjected to a pressure measurement and, if the pressure differs from a predetermined pressure reading, the analyzing result is corrected to match the predetermined pressure reading.

3. A method as set forth in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the analyzed mixture consisting of a medium and a compound transmitted from the organ into the sampling element is delivered back to the sampling element along a tube which is the same as the one used for delivering the mixture there from to the analyzer.

4. A method as set forth in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the mixture consisting of a medium and a compound transmitted from an organ of the patient into the sampling element is delivered from the sampling element to the analyzer along the tube and returned along a parallel tube back to the sampling element.

5. A method as set forth in any of preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the water vapor contained in a mixture coming from the sampling element and consisting of a medium and a compound transmitted from an organ of the patient into the sampling element is allowed to disperse in the environment by delivering this mixture past a water-vapor permeable wall.

6. A method as set forth in any of preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized in that some of the mixture intended for analysis is delivered from the sampling element at fixed intervals to the analyzer.

7. A method as set forth in any of preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized in that some of the mixture intended for analysis is delivered from the sampling element continuously to the analyzer.

8. A method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound transmitting through a wall included in a sampling element placed in an organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, and a sample consisting of said medium and the compound drawn from an organ of the patient being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein a pressure-difference producing element is used for delivering a sample from the sampling element to an analyzer, which is in a direct flow communication with the sampling element.

9. A method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient, the compound transmitting through a wall included in a sampling element placed in the organ of a patient into a sample chamber included in this element, said chamber containing a medium for admixing the compound therewith, and a mixture consisting of said medium and the compound drawn from the organ of the patient being delivered away from the sampling element for a subsequent analysis, wherein the mixture consisting of a medium and the compound drawn from an organ of the patient is delivered to an analyzer for analysis and this mixture is subjected to a pressure measurement and, if the pressure differs from a predetermined pressure reading, the analyzing result is corrected to match the predetermined pressure reading.

10. A method as set forth in claim 9, characterized in that the transmission of a compound through the wall of the sampling element can proceed both from an organ of the patient into a sample chamber and vice versa according to which side of the wall the partial pressure of a compound is higher on.

11. A method as set forth in claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the mixture consisting of a medium and a compound drawn from the organ is returned from the analyzer to the sampling element and the content of a compound to be analyzed is allowed to change towards the content existing in the organ at that moment.

12. A method as set forth in any of preceding claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the mixture is delivered again from sampling element to analyzer for a subsequent analysis in order to monitor the content of a compound transmitting through the wall of the sampling element.

13. A method as set forth in any of preceding claims 9 to 12, wherein analysis employs infrared radiation.

14. An apparatus for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

15. A method for analyzing a compound to be drawn from an organ of a patient substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.