GB2299163A - Method of adjusting optical axis of headlight of vehicle - Google Patents

Method of adjusting optical axis of headlight of vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2299163A
GB2299163A GB9605349A GB9605349A GB2299163A GB 2299163 A GB2299163 A GB 2299163A GB 9605349 A GB9605349 A GB 9605349A GB 9605349 A GB9605349 A GB 9605349A GB 2299163 A GB2299163 A GB 2299163A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
optical axis
horizontal
point
region
light
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Granted
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GB9605349A
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GB9605349D0 (en
GB2299163B (en
Inventor
Nagatoshi Murata
Takeshi Masaki
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M11/00Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
    • G01M11/02Testing optical properties
    • G01M11/06Testing the alignment of vehicle headlight devices
    • G01M11/064Testing the alignment of vehicle headlight devices by using camera or other imaging system for the light analysis
    • G01M11/065Testing the alignment of vehicle headlight devices by using camera or other imaging system for the light analysis details about the image analysis
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M11/00Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
    • G01M11/02Testing optical properties
    • G01M11/06Testing the alignment of vehicle headlight devices
    • G01M11/064Testing the alignment of vehicle headlight devices by using camera or other imaging system for the light analysis

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The optical axis of a vehicle headlight HL of the type producing a stepped pattern of illumination is adjusted by causing the illumination pattern to appear on a screen 3 disposed in front of the vehicle CA and making the adjustment on the basis of the position of an inflection point Ca, Fig.3, in the stepped region a3 of the light-dark interface in the pattern. The position of the point of inflection may be determined from an iso-illuminance curve C having a predetermined level of illuminance relative to that occurring at the center of gravity G of a region above a predetermined illuminance in the illumination pattern. An alternative method of determining the effective position of the point is, however, described.

Description

METHOD OF ADJUSTING OPTICAL AXIS OF HEADLIGHT OF VEHICLE The present invention relates to a method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle like a motor vehicle. This method is applied to a so-called Zbeam type of headlight having an illuminating pattern in the shape of a letter Z, in which a border line between a light portion and a dark portion (hereinafter also called "a light/dark border line") is made up of a relatively low horizontal portion on a laterally inner side, a relatively high horizontal portion on a laterally outer side (on the side of the road shoulder), and an intermediate stepped portion.
As a method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight, there is conventionally known one as disclosed in Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No.
9297/1990. In this method, a screen is disposed in front of a vehicle, an illuminating pattern of the headlight which appears on the screen is pictured, the position of center of gravity of a region above a predetermined illuminance is obtained by means of image processing, and the optical axis is adjusted based on the center of gravity so that the center of gravity falls within a predetermined acceptable range.
In the Z-beam type of headlight the illuminance is distributed relatively uniformly. Therefore, the position of the center of gravity of the region above a predetermined illuminance may differ or result in a discrepancy, each time the measurement is made, if repeated measurements are made with the same headlight, due to a delicate dispersion in the amount of light receiving by the image elements of a picturing device.
Accordingly, it is difficult to unequivocally define the position of the center of gravity. It follows that, if this kind of center of gravity is made the basis in the adjustment of the optical axis, the accuracy in the adjustment of the optical axis cannot be secured.
In view of the above disadvantages, the present invention seeks to provide a method in which the adjustment of the optical axis of the Z-beam type of headlight can be accurately made.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle by picturing an illuminating pattern of the headlight to appear on a screen which is disposed in front of the vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining a position of a center of gravity of a region above a predetermined illuminance in the illuminating pattern; obtaining a position of a stepped region in which a stepped portion of a light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; measuring a position of a point of inflection, in the stepped region, of an iso-illuminance curve having a predetermined rate of illuminance relative to an illuminance in the center of gravity; and adjusting the optical axis based on the point of inflection.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle by picturing an illuminating pattern of the headlight to appear on a screen which is disposed in front of the vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining a position of a light/dark border point in each position in a horizontal direction of the illuminating pattern based on an illuminance distribution in a vertical direction; wherein a region in which an amount of displacement in the vertical direction of the light/dark border point per unit length in the horizontal direction is above a predetermined value is defined to be a stepped region in which a stepped portion of a light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; and obtaining a position of a maximum displacement point in which the amount of displacement in the stepped region becomes maximum; wherein the adjustment of the optical axis is made based on the maximum displacement point.
By appropriately setting the rate of illuminance of the iso-illuminance curve to the illuminance in the position of the center of gravity, the iso-illuminance curve almost approximates to the light/dark border line that can be recognized by the naked eye. Even if the position of the center of gravity is discrepant or differs, the illuminance in the position of the center of gravity is constant. Therefore, the iso-illuminance curve does not result in discrepancy irrespective of repeated measurements made with the same headlight.
Here, in the case of a Z-beam type of headlight, if the position of the stepped portion in the light/dark border line deviates in a laterally inner direction or if the level of the horizontal portion becomes high, it will give a dazzling to a driver in a vehicle running in the opposite direction. If the horizontal portion becomes high, the position of the stepped portion also becomes high. Therefore, if the optical axis is adjusted such that the stepped portion falls within predetermined ranges in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction, an appropriate forward lighting can be made without causing a dazzling to the driver in the vehicle running in the opposite direction.
Further, the point of inflection of the isoilluminance curve in the stepped region in which the stepped portion is present becomes a point to unambiguously define the position of the stepped portion.
Therefore, as in the first aspect of the present invention, by making the point of inflection to be a basis in the adjustment of the optical axis, the optical axis of the Z-beam type of headlight can be accurately adjusted.
In addition, as in the second aspect of the present invention, if the position of the light/dark border point in each position in the horizontal direction is obtained, the line connecting these light/dark border points becomes a light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern. The region in which the amount of displacement in the vertical direction of the light/dark border point per unit length in the horizontal direction is above a predetermined value or more becomes a portion in which the light/dark border line inclines in the vertical direction, i.e., the stepped region in which the stepped portion is present. The point of a maximum displacement in which the amount of displacement in the stepped region becomes maximum will be a point to correspond to the above-described point of inflection.Therefore, the optical axis of the Z-beam type of headlight can also be accurately adjusted by making the maximum displacement point as the basis in the adjustment of the optical axis.
There are, however, headlights in which the positional relationship in the vertical direction between the above-described point of inflection or the maximum displacement point and the horizontal portion of the light/dark border line disperses. In such a case, there is obtained an equation of a horizontal line which is approximate to an iso-illuminance curve in a horizontal region in which a horizontal portion of the light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present, to thereby make the horizontal line a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the vertical direction, and the point of inflection or the maximum displacement point is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the horizontal direction. Then, the optical axis can accurately be adjusted even if the positional relationship in the vertical direction between the above-described point of inflection or the maximum displacement point and the horizontal portion of the light/dark border line disperses.
Further, in the Z-beam type of headlight in general, there exists a correlation between the position of the center of gravity of a region above a predetermined illuminance and the position of the above-described stepped region or the horizontal region. Therefore, the position of the stepped region or the horizontal region can be obtained from the position of the center of gravity. With the headlight in which this correlation is not clear, the following step may be employed. Namely, based on the amount of displacement in the vertical direction of the light/dark border point per unit length in the horizontal direction as described above, the region in which this amount of displacement is above a predetermined value is defined to be the stepped portion, and the region in which it is below the predetermined value is defined to be the horizontal region.Then, the position of the above-described point of inflection in the stepped region or the position of maximum displacement point is obtained and the equation of the horizontal line in the horizontal region is obtained.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a general sectional view of an example of an optical axis measuring apparatus to be used in carrying out the method of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing an illuminating pattern of the headlight; Fig. 3 is a diagram explaining an example of measuring the optical axis according to the present invention; Fig. 4 is a diagram explaining another example of measuring the optical axis according to the present invention; and Fig. 5 is a graph showing an illuminance distribution in the vertical direction of the illuminating pattern.
In Fig. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a main body of a measuring apparatus for measuring the orientation or the direction of the optical axis. This measuring apparatus is disposed above 3 meters in front of a headlight HL of a motor vehicle CA which is stopped or parked in a fixed position. The method of the present invention is carried out with this measuring apparatus.
The main body 1 is a box member having an opening 2 in a plane which faces the headlight HL. The opening 2 is covered by a translucent (i.e., semitransparent) screen 3 which is made of a piece of ground glass or the like. The light beam of the headlight HL is radiated or thrown on the translucent screen 3 and the illuminating pattern thereof is pictured by a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) camera 4 which is mounted inside the main body 1. The pictured image data are transmitted to an image processing device 5 and an image processing to be described hereinbelow is performed.
Regarding the details of the image processing in the image processing device 5, an explanation will now be made with reference to Fig. 2 which shows an illuminating pattern using a Z-beam type of headlight as the headlight HL. As shown in Fig. 2, a light/dark border line which appears in the illuminating pattern of the headlight HL is, in the case of the Z-beam type of headlight, approximately Z-shaped having a relatively low horizontal portion Al on a laterally inner side, a relatively high horizontal portion A2 on a laterally outer side (i.e., on the side of a road shoulder), and an intermediate stepped portion A3.
In carrying out the adjustment of the optical axis, the lens opening of the camera 4 is first adjusted so that the area of a region above a predetermined illuminance in the image of the illuminating pattern becomes a predetermined value, and then the position of the center of gravity G of the region B above the predetermined illuminance is measured as shown in Fig. 3. In this case, there is a possibility that the position of the center of gravity G may differ or result in discrepancy each time the measurement is made. However, the illuminance is constant or fixed within the range of variation of the position of the center of gravity G. The ratio between this illuminance and that illuminance at the light/dark border line which is confirmed or recognized by the naked eye is also constant.Therefore, if an iso-illuminance curve C which has a predetermined rate of illuminance corresponding to the above-described ratio is obtained relative to the illuminance of the center of gravity G, this curve C approximates to the light/dark border line.
Approximate positions of a stepped region a3 in which the stepped portion A3 of the light/dark border line is present and of horizontal regions al, a2 in which the horizontal portions Al, A2 are present, can be computed from the position of the center of gravity G based on a predetermined correlation. Then, there is obtained the position of the point of inflection Ca of the isoilluminance curve C in the stepped region a3 which is computed from the position of the center of gravity G.
Further, by means of the method of least squares or the like, there is obtained an equation of a horizontal line Cb which is approximate to the iso-illuminance curve C in at least one of both the horizontal regions al, a2, e.g., in the region al.
Next, the optical axis of the headlight HL is adjusted with the point of inflection Ca serving as a reference or a basis in the horizontal direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis and with the horizontal line Cb as the basis in the vertical direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis. In other words, the optical axis is adjusted in the horizontal direction so that a horizontal coordinate of the point of inflection Ca falls within a predetermined acceptable range in the horizontal direction, and the optical axis is also adjusted in the vertical direction so that the horizontal line Cb falls within a predetermined acceptable range in the vertical direction.According to these operations, the optical axis of the headlight HL can be accurately adjusted such that the horizontal portions Al, A2 of the light/dark border line become respective predetermined heights and that the stepped portion A3 falls within a predetermined position in the lateral direction.
An explanation has so far been made about an example of adjusting the optical axis based on the iso-luminance curve C. The following method is also possible as shown in Fig. 4. Namely, a border point D between a light portion and a dark portion (also called "a light/dark border point D") in each position in the horizontal direction is obtained from the illuminance distribution in the vertical direction. The adjustment of the optical axis is then made based on these light/dark border points D.
In more detail, the line connecting the light/dark border point D in each position in the horizontal direction approximately coincides with a light/dark border line that can be recognized by the naked eye. The amount of displacement AD of the light/dark border point D in the vertical direction per unit length in the horizontal direction is above a predetermined value in the stepped region a3. Therefore, if the position of a maximum displacement point Da, where the amount of displacement AD becomes maximum, is obtained in the region where the amount of displacement AD is above the predetermined value, this point Da coincides with the point of inflection Ca in the stepped region a3.Further, by means of the method of least squares or the like, there is obtained an equation of a horizontal line Db which is approximate to the line connecting the light/dark points D in at least one of the horizontal regions al and a2, e.g., in the region al where the amount of displacement AD is below a predetermined value which is set equal to or less than the predetermined value for determining the stepped region. This horizontal line Db then coincides with the horizontal portion Al of the light/dark border line. In this manner, the optical axis of the headlight HL can be accurately adjusted with the horizontal line Db serving as a basis in the vertical direction in the adjustment of the optical axis and with the maximum displacement point Da serving as the basis in the horizontal direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis.
If the positional relationship in the vertical direction between the point of inflection Ca or the maximum displacement point Da and the horizontal portions Al, A2 is known and does not disperse, the adjustment of the optical axis of the headlight HL may also be made with the point of inflection Ca or the maximum displacement point Da serving as the bases in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis.
When the adjustment of the optical axis is made based on the iso-illuminance curve C, there may be cases where the correlation between the position of the center of gravity G and the position of the stepped region a3 or the horizontal regions al, a2 is unclear or is subject to dispersions. In such a case, the position of the light/dark border point D in each position in the horizontal direction is obtained, and the position of the stepped region a3 or the horizontal regions al, a2 is then computed based on the magnitude (i.e., whether large or small) of the amount of displacement AD in the light/dark border point D. In this case, the following steps may alternatively be employed.Namely, in the horizontal region al, there is obtained an equation not of the horizontal line Cb which is approximate to the isoilluminance curve C but of the horizontal line Db which is approximate to the line connecting the light/dark points D. The point of inflection Ca in the iso-illuminance curve C in the stepped region a3 is made the basis in the horizontal direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis, and the horizontal line Db is made the basis in the vertical direction in performing the adjustment of the optical axis.
By the way, an illuminance distribution curve when the illuminating pattern is scanned along a scanning line in the vertical direction is as shown in Fig. 5. There is sometimes a case where the position of the light/dark border point cannot unambiguously be defined under the influence of noises which are likely to occur in the portion bridging the dark portion and the rising portion in illuminance. In such a case, the light/dark border point can be unambiguously defined in the following manner without being influenced by the noises. Namely, an equation of a horizontal line E which is approximate to an illuminance distribution curve in the dark portion sufficiently away from the rising portion is obtained by the method of least squares or the like.An equation of a tangential line F to pass through the point of inflection of the illuminance distribution curve in the rising portion is obtained. Then, that point QP on the scanning line which corresponds to the crossing point 9 of the lines E, F is defined as the light/dark border point and its position is obtained. Although the point OP does not coincide with the light/dark border point that is recognized by the naked eye, it only displaces in the vertical direction by a certain distance relative to the light/dark border point. Therefore, if an acceptable range for the adjustment of the optical axis is set by taking into account this displacement distance, the adjustment of the optical axis of the headlight HL can accurately be made.
As can be seen from the above explanations, according to the present invention, the optical axis of the Z-beam type of headlight can accurately be made.

Claims (9)

1. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle by picturing an illuminating pattern of the headlight to appear on a screen which is disposed in front of the vehicle, said method comprising the steps of: obtaining a position of a center of gravity of a region above a predetermined illuminance in the illuminating pattern; obtaining a position of a stepped region in which a stepped portion of a light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; measuring a position of a point of inflection, in said stepped region, of an iso-illuminance curve having a predetermined rate of illuminance relative to an illuminance in the center of gravity; and adjusting the optical axis based on said point of inflection.
2. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said position of said stepped region is obtained from the position of the center of gravity.
3. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: obtaining a position of a light/dark border point in each point in a horizontal direction of said illuminating pattern based on an illuminance distribution in a vertical direction; wherein a region in which an amount of displacement in the vertical direction of said light/dark border point per unit length in the horizontal direction is above a predetermined value is defined to be said stepped region.
4. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of: obtaining an equation of a horizontal line which is approximate to said iso-illuminance curve in a horizontal region in which a horizontal portion of the light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; wherein said horizontal line is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the vertical direction, and wherein said point of inflection is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the horizontal direction.
5. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: obtaining a position of a light/dark border point in each point in a horizontal direction of said illuminating pattern based on an illuminance distribution in a vertical direction; wherein a region in which an amount of displacement in the vertical direction per unit length in the horizontal direction of the light/dark border point is below a predetermined value is defined to be a horizontal region in which a horizontal portion of the light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; and obtaining an equation of a horizontal line which is approximate to a line connecting said light/dark border points in said horizontal region; wherein said horizontal line is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the vertical direction, and wherein said point of inflection is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the horizontal direction.
6. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 3, wherein a region in which said amount of displacement is below a predetermined value is defined to be a horizontal region in which a horizontal portion of the light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present, said method further comprising the step of: obtaining an equation of a horizontal line which is approximate to a line connecting said light/dark border points in said horizontal region; wherein said horizontal line is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the vertical direction, and wherein said point of inflection is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the horizontal direction.
7. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle by picturing an illuminating pattern of the headlight to appear on a screen which is disposed in front of the vehicle, said method comprising the steps of: obtaining a position of a light/dark border point in each position in a horizontal direction of said illuminating pattern based on an illuminating distribution in a vertical direction; wherein a region in which an amount of displacement in the vertical direction of the light/dark border point per unit length in the horizontal direction is above a predetermined value is defined to be a stepped region in which a stepped portion of a light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present; and obtaining a position of a maximum displacement point in which said amount of displacement in said stepped region becomes maximum; wherein the adjustment of the optical axis is made based on said maximum displacement point.
8. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle according to claim 7, wherein a region in which said amount of displacement is below a predetermined value is defined to be a horizontal region in which a horizontal portion of the light/dark border line of the illuminating pattern is present, said method further comprising the step of: obtaining an equation of a horizontal line which is approximate to a line connecting said light/dark border points in said horizontal region; wherein said horizontal line is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the vertical direction, and wherein said maximum displacement point is made a basis of the adjustment of the optical axis in the horizontal direction.
9. A method of adjusting an optical axis of a headlight of a vehicle as hereinabove described with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
GB9605349A 1995-03-20 1996-03-13 Method of adjusting optical axis of headlight of vehicle Expired - Fee Related GB2299163B (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP07061173A JP3092046B2 (en) 1995-03-20 1995-03-20 Headlight optical axis adjustment method

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GB2299163A true GB2299163A (en) 1996-09-25
GB2299163B GB2299163B (en) 1999-04-28

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2128589A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2009-12-02 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Method and device for calibrating a vertical bright-dark border created by a headlamp of a vehicle
EP2128590A1 (en) 2008-05-28 2009-12-02 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Method and device for calibrating a horizontal bright-dark border created by a headlamp of a vehicle
EP2416139A1 (en) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-08 Audi AG Method for calibrating a vehicle system managing at least one headlamp on a motor vehicle
WO2012048795A1 (en) * 2010-10-16 2012-04-19 Daimler Ag Method for justifying and/or adjusting at least one headlamp of a vehicle

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007212429A (en) * 2006-01-13 2007-08-23 Chuo Denshi Keisoku Kk Elbow point detection method in optical axis adjustment method of headlight

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4634275A (en) * 1983-07-18 1987-01-06 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method of and apparatus for examining automotive headlamp
EP0458586A2 (en) * 1990-05-21 1991-11-27 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Method of regulating optical axes of headlights for automotive vehicle
US5373357A (en) * 1991-02-08 1994-12-13 Hopkins Manufacturing Corporation Headlight aiming method using pattern framing
GB2292604A (en) * 1994-08-22 1996-02-28 Honda Motor Co Ltd Determining optical axis of vehicle headlamp for adjustment

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4634275A (en) * 1983-07-18 1987-01-06 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method of and apparatus for examining automotive headlamp
EP0458586A2 (en) * 1990-05-21 1991-11-27 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Method of regulating optical axes of headlights for automotive vehicle
US5373357A (en) * 1991-02-08 1994-12-13 Hopkins Manufacturing Corporation Headlight aiming method using pattern framing
GB2292604A (en) * 1994-08-22 1996-02-28 Honda Motor Co Ltd Determining optical axis of vehicle headlamp for adjustment

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2128589A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2009-12-02 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Method and device for calibrating a vertical bright-dark border created by a headlamp of a vehicle
EP2128590A1 (en) 2008-05-28 2009-12-02 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Method and device for calibrating a horizontal bright-dark border created by a headlamp of a vehicle
DE102008025458B4 (en) * 2008-05-28 2020-03-12 HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA Method and device for calibrating a horizontal cut-off line generated by a headlight of a vehicle
EP2416139A1 (en) * 2010-08-04 2012-02-08 Audi AG Method for calibrating a vehicle system managing at least one headlamp on a motor vehicle
WO2012048795A1 (en) * 2010-10-16 2012-04-19 Daimler Ag Method for justifying and/or adjusting at least one headlamp of a vehicle

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GB9605349D0 (en) 1996-05-15
JPH08261878A (en) 1996-10-11
JP3092046B2 (en) 2000-09-25
GB2299163B (en) 1999-04-28

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Effective date: 20050313