GB2290797A - Improvements in or relating to vehicles - Google Patents

Improvements in or relating to vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2290797A
GB2290797A GB9515371A GB9515371A GB2290797A GB 2290797 A GB2290797 A GB 2290797A GB 9515371 A GB9515371 A GB 9515371A GB 9515371 A GB9515371 A GB 9515371A GB 2290797 A GB2290797 A GB 2290797A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
polymer
layers
carbon fibre
high crystallinity
composite material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9515371A
Other versions
GB9515371D0 (en
GB2290797B (en
Inventor
Paul John Martin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
McLaren Cars NV
Original Assignee
McLaren Cars NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB929208221A external-priority patent/GB9208221D0/en
Application filed by McLaren Cars NV filed Critical McLaren Cars NV
Publication of GB9515371D0 publication Critical patent/GB9515371D0/en
Publication of GB2290797A publication Critical patent/GB2290797A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2290797B publication Critical patent/GB2290797B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/242—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
    • D03D15/275—Carbon fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C63/00—Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C63/0017—Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of the material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D1/00—Woven fabrics designed to make specified articles
    • D03D1/0035—Protective fabrics
    • D03D1/0052—Antiballistic fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/20—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/242—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
    • D03D15/267—Glass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
    • B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037—Other properties
    • B29K2995/0086—Fatigue strength
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037—Other properties
    • B29K2995/0087—Wear resistance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037—Other properties
    • B29K2995/0089—Impact strength or toughness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
    • D10B2101/02—Inorganic fibres based on oxides or oxide ceramics, e.g. silicates
    • D10B2101/06—Glass
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
    • D10B2101/10—Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
    • D10B2101/12—Carbon; Pitch
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
    • D10B2101/20—Metallic fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D10B2321/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins
    • D10B2321/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins polyethylene
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
    • D10B2331/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
    • D10B2331/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
    • D10B2401/06—Load-responsive characteristics
    • D10B2401/062—Load-responsive characteristics stiff, shape retention
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
    • D10B2401/06—Load-responsive characteristics
    • D10B2401/063—Load-responsive characteristics high strength

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)

Abstract

A structure, for example, a vehicle body structure is coated with one or more layers of a material having a high tensile strength and a low modulus of elasticity. This protects the structure against wear and particularly against stone chippings or other ballistic damage. The layer or layers are preferably of high crystallinity, orientated polyethylene.

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO VEHICLES The present invention relates to a method of protecting a structure against wear.
The bodywork of vehicles, such as automobiles and aircraft, may be made from metal or from composite materials such as glass fibre, carbon fibre or boron fibre.
Such structures are liable to damage from stone chippings or other ballistic damage.
It is an object of the present invention to reduce ballistic damage.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of protecting a structure against wear by applying to the structure one or more layers of a material having a high tensile strength and a low modulus of elasticity.
Said material is preferably fibrous. For example, said material may be an orientated polymer.
In a preferred embodiment the material has a high crystallinity. Preferably, the material is a high crystallinity, orientated, polyethylene.
Preferably, said layer or layers of material are coated on the external surface of a vehicle structure.
In an embodiment, said vehicle structure is made of a composite material comprising a combination of first and second materials, said first material being a high crystallinity orientated polymer, and said second material being a structural fibrous material.
For example, the first and second materials are provided in a matrix, and the matrix is of vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic resin or of polyethylene or polyester.
Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing which illustrates the stress characteristic of a composite material as compared to the stress characteristic of carbon fibre.
A composite material from which a body structure for a vehicle may be formed will first of all be described. The composite material includes at least 50% of a high crystallinity orientated polymer, such as polyethylene, which exhibits goods noise attenuation capabilities. This material has a high specific tensile strength, low moduli of elasticity, and low density.
The second material is, for example, carbon fibre, and has a high modulus and a low density. This second material is sufficiently rigid to give any structure made therefrom the required panel stiffness properties.
In the composite material, the two materials are combined, for example by weaving together the fibres thereof, and then embedding the interwoven fibres in an epoxy matrix. This composite material is then processed for example using wet lay-up, pre-combined, preimpregnation, resin transfer methods, or interleaved resin or polymer films, to produce the body structure of a vehicle. The resulting structure has a high specific stiffness. However, the high crystallinity polymer exhibits hysteresis and subsequent energy loss as it is loaded and unloaded, and this provides good noise attenuation.
The composite material structures which have been used heretofore, for example, made of carbon fibre in an epoxy resin, are subject to brittle and catastrophic failure.
This is avoided with a structure made of the composite material described herein in that the polymer fibres exhibit a plastic deformation zone in their stress-strain relationship. This, coupled with the substantial difference moduli, results in the stiffer and more brittle carbon fibres failing first. The unfailed polymer fibres hold the structure together, preventing total failure or even absorbing further loads.
The characteristics of the carbon fibre material and of the high crystallinity polymer are shown in the accompanying stress/strain graph. It will be seen that at a predetermined force there is brittle fracture of the carbon fibre, whereas with the combined composite material, there is a plastic type deformation.
If the composite material is subjected to high forces, the carbon fibre initially takes the majority of the load due to its high modulus. However, once the strain limit of the carbon fibre is reached, it fails. However, so long as there is sufficient high crystallinity polymer in the structure, this material takes over and continues to carry the load. Its moduli are substantially lower and will deflect more per unit force. The effect is the plastic type deformation which is so apparent from the accompanying graph. Thus, the unfailed polymer fibres hold the structure together and prevent total failure.
Under impact conditions, that is a compressive failure, the carbon fibre again takes the majority of the initial load because of its higher modulus. As the carbon fibre fails, the structure can start to collapse. However, the polymer fibres have a low sheer strength. Accordingly, although the polymer fibres come away from the resin and from the layers adjacent to it, the polymer fibres do not break, they just bend. The result is that under a direct compressive shock load, for example as occurs in a car crash, although the carbon fibre fails, the polymer fibres do not. As previously, the polymer fibres hold the structure together.
The particular composite material incorporating carbon fibre has a large advantage in a compressive force situation. High strength carbon fibre can absorb more energy per unit mass than any other material. Under compressive shock loading, it absorbs energy because the fibres buckle over very short distances and then snap off.
This buckling and breaking absorbs the energy, but the better the structure at absorbing energy, the smaller the span over which the structure buckles.
After an impact occurs on a material including carbon fibre alone, little is left except dust, and so any additional shock compressive loads cannot be absorbed.
However, by hybridising carbon fibre with the polymer fibres, the advantage of the high energy absorbence of the carbon fibre is utilised, and the polymer fibres hold the structure together. Thus, even when the carbon fibre has failed, there still remains a collapsed structure capable of absorbing further energy.
A structure made of the composite material described herein has an improved transfer ballistic resistance as compared to known composite materials. This is because the high strain to failure ratio of the high crystallinity polymer allows the structure time to deflect and snag a projectile. The carbon fibre is very strain dependent, and this low strain to failure does not give the material any chance to deflect substantially before it fails. The polymer fibres again can carry the energy away after the carbon fibre has failed, and so reduce the possibility of through penetration. This is extremely useful as it enables the structure to resist stone chippings and other ballistic damage.
To take full advantage from the ballistic resistance of high crystallinity polymer, the external surface of a vehicle structure is coated with one or more layers of the high crystallinity polymer. The vehicle structure may be made of any material but it is preferred that it be made of the composite material described herein.
The polymer material also exhibits a work toughening characteristic which is extremely useful in resisting ballistic penetration. Thus, after it has been initially stretched, the high crystallinity polymer is subject to further molecular orientation which provides the work toughening. After a first strike, for example, by a stone chipping, if penetration has not occurred, more energy would be required on subsequent impacts to successfully penetrate. Thus, the energy required to penetrate a previously impacted zone of the high crystallinity polymer which has not failed is actually higher than that of the virgin structure.
This work toughening effect, coupled with the self lubricating properties of the high crystallinity polymer and the low modulus of the material improve its wear resistance considerably, for example, as compared with a conventional composite of pure carbon fibre with an epoxy matrix, for example.
The polymer material is of a neutral colour. This means that the thickness of any subsequent surface finish can be reduced as compared to a conventional composite material, and this also saves weight.
Accordingly, a composite material as described above is light, has sufficient stiffness but yet attenuates noise. It is also resistant to penetration by stone chippings and the like. The material is therefore ideal for use to provide the structure of road vehicles and/or to form impact zones or wear resistant zones on such vehicles.
A composite material as described herein is described and claimed in our copending application No. 2266891 from which the present application is divided.

Claims (10)

1. A method of protecting a structure against wear by applying to the structure one or more layers of a material having a high tensile strength and a low modulus of elasticity.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said material is fibrous.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein said material is an orientated polymer.
4. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the material is a high crystallinity, orientated, polyethylene.
5. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said layer or layers of material are coated on the external surface of a vehicle structure.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 5, wherein said vehicle structure is made of a composite material comprising a combination of first and second materials, said first material being a high crystallinity orientated polymer, and said second material being a structural fibrous material.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the first and second materials are provided in a matrix, and the matrix is of vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic resin or of polyethylene or polyester.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 6 or Claim 7, wherein said first material is fibrous.
9. A method as claimed in any of Claims 6 to 8, wherein said layer or layers coated on the external surface of the vehicle structure are of said first material of said composite material.
10. A vehicle structure coated with one or more layers of material by a method as claimed in any preceding claim.
GB9515371A 1992-04-14 1993-04-14 Improvements in or relating to vehicles Expired - Fee Related GB2290797B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB929208221A GB9208221D0 (en) 1992-04-14 1992-04-14 Improvements in or relating to vehicles
GB9307654A GB2266891A (en) 1992-04-14 1993-04-14 Improvements in or relating to vehicles

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9515371D0 GB9515371D0 (en) 1995-09-20
GB2290797A true GB2290797A (en) 1996-01-10
GB2290797B GB2290797B (en) 1996-09-04

Family

ID=26300716

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9515371A Expired - Fee Related GB2290797B (en) 1992-04-14 1993-04-14 Improvements in or relating to vehicles

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2290797B (en)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5015484B1 (en) * 1970-12-17 1975-06-05
GB2093043A (en) * 1981-02-13 1982-08-25 Gk Technologies Electric cables having flexible polyolefin insulation
JPS6058459A (en) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc Polypropylene resin composition
US4758628A (en) * 1987-06-03 1988-07-19 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of polyethylene and polychloroprene gel
EP0294150A2 (en) * 1987-05-29 1988-12-07 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Fiber reinforced polymer molded body

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0290908A (en) * 1988-09-28 1990-03-30 Watanabegiichi Seisakusho:Kk Filter

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5015484B1 (en) * 1970-12-17 1975-06-05
GB2093043A (en) * 1981-02-13 1982-08-25 Gk Technologies Electric cables having flexible polyolefin insulation
JPS6058459A (en) * 1983-09-08 1985-04-04 Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc Polypropylene resin composition
EP0294150A2 (en) * 1987-05-29 1988-12-07 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Fiber reinforced polymer molded body
US4758628A (en) * 1987-06-03 1988-07-19 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Thermoplastic elastomeric blends of polyethylene and polychloroprene gel

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WPI Abstract Accession No 75-45306W/27 & JP 50015484 B *
WPI Abstract Accession No 85-118786/20 & JP 60058459 A *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9515371D0 (en) 1995-09-20
GB2290797B (en) 1996-09-04

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
732E Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977)
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20050414