GB2269290A - Three dimensional polarised viewing systems - Google Patents
Three dimensional polarised viewing systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2269290A GB2269290A GB9215329A GB9215329A GB2269290A GB 2269290 A GB2269290 A GB 2269290A GB 9215329 A GB9215329 A GB 9215329A GB 9215329 A GB9215329 A GB 9215329A GB 2269290 A GB2269290 A GB 2269290A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- polarised
- screen
- sense
- image
- conductors
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/04—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances
- A61B1/055—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances having rod-lens arrangements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/04—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances
- A61B1/042—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances characterised by a proximal camera, e.g. a CCD camera
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B23/00—Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies; Viewfinders; Optical aiming or sighting devices
- G02B23/24—Instruments or systems for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, e.g. fibrescopes
- G02B23/2407—Optical details
- G02B23/2415—Stereoscopic endoscopes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
- G02B30/20—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
- G02B30/22—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the stereoscopic type
- G02B30/25—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the stereoscopic type using polarisation techniques
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/332—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
- H04N13/337—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD] using polarisation multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/332—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
- H04N13/341—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD] using temporal multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/50—Constructional details
- H04N23/555—Constructional details for picking-up images in sites, inaccessible due to their dimensions or hazardous conditions, e.g. endoscopes or borescopes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00163—Optical arrangements
- A61B1/00165—Optical arrangements with light-conductive means, e.g. fibre optics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
- A61B17/3417—Details of tips or shafts, e.g. grooves, expandable, bendable; Multiple coaxial sliding cannulas, e.g. for dilating
- A61B17/3421—Cannulas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
- A61B90/37—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation
- A61B2090/373—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation using light, e.g. by using optical scanners
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/239—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using two 2D image sensors having a relative position equal to or related to the interocular distance
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/324—Colour aspects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/398—Synchronisation thereof; Control thereof
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
- Endoscopes (AREA)
Abstract
A three dimensional viewing system, e.g, for key hole surgery using a cannula 4 inserted through the stomach wall, has a pair of optical conductors 6, 8 inserted into the cannula 4 with their input ends 6A, 8A facing an area to be viewed. A pair of television cameras 10, 12 respectively face corresponding output ends 6B 8B of the conductors 6, 8. Alternatively, a single camera (30, Fig.2) may be used. The electrical outputs of the television camera(s) are fed to a colour monitor 16 through a change-over switch 14. A switchable polariser 18 is positioned in front of the monitor that the picture as viewed can be either horizontally or vertically polarised. A switching unit 22 switches the polariser 18 and the switch 14 in synchronism so that the picture from the camera 10 appearing on the monitor is always horizontally polarised and the picture from the camera 12 is always vertically polarised. The viewer wears spectacles 20 in which the glass in one eye is vertically polarised and the glass in the other eye is horizontally polarised. <IMAGE>
Description
THREE DIMENSIONAL VIEWING SYSTEMS
The present invention relates to three dimensional viewing systems.
Systems of viewing screen based images in three dimensions are well known. However, such systems are generally limited to recorded images. Viewing real time images in three dimensions is generally a more difficult proposition particularly if the objects to be viewed are normally in locations to which access is limited.
In non-invasive surgery, access to the abdominal cavity is generally through one or more relatively narrow cannulas. The cannulas must not only accommodate surgical instruments or tools to perform the necessary surgery but also a light conductor to illuminate the cavity and the input lead of an endoscope through which the surgeon can view the surgical operation. Since two or three personnel are involved in such surgery it is preferable to display an image of the interior of the abdominal cavity on a screen, such as a television screen, so that all can view the scene simultaneously.
However, such images tend to be in two dimensions and so those taking part in the surgery lack the three dimensional information in order to carry out accurate manoeuvres of the surgical instruments relative to the organs in the cavity.
It is an object of the invention to provide a screen based three dimensional viewing system.
According to the present invention there is provided a pair of optical conductors having spaced input ends positioned to view an area and provide stereoscopic images of the area at their output ends, a screen on which said images are projected, a pair of spectacles for viewing the screen having one eyepiece polarised in one sense and the other eyepiece polarised in another sense, a switchable polariser for changing the polarisation of the image on the screen as viewed through the spectacles alternately from one said sense to the other sense and switching means operable to switch repeatedly the images presented on the screen from one said stereoscopic image to the other and to switch the polariser in synchronisation therewith so that said one stereoscopic image can only be presented polarised in said one sense and the other stereoscopic image can only be presented polarised in the said other sense.
Advantageously, the two said opposite ends of the optical conductors are viewed by a respective one of two television cameras connected to a television receiver having said screen and wherein said switching means acts to alternatively inhibit the signals transmitted from each of the two cameras in turn to the receiver.
In a modification, the said opposite ends of the optical conductors are directed at right angles to each other through a part-silvered mirror which acts to direct the two outputs of the optical conductors to a common television camera and including two optical switches respectively located in the light paths between the conductors and the part silvered mirror, said light switches being alternatively switched ON and OFF in response to said switching means.
Preferably each said light switch comprises a
Kerr cell.
Each said optical conductor may comprise a rod lens system in the form of a plurality of cylindrical lens elements positioned in predetermined serial spacing along a common axis.
Each conductor may comprise a circumferential array of longitudinally extending optical fibres for conducting light from adjacent the output ends towards the input end to illuminate said area.
Preferably a pivot is provided between said optical conductors to allow said input ends to move towards and away from each other to correct the stereoscopic images for changes in the distance between said input ends and said area.
The pivot is preferably a cylindrical element of resilient material with part cylindrical tangential recesses for partly accommodating said rod lens systems on opposite sides thereof.
The pivot is advantageously of hard rubber.
Preferably, the said rod lens systems and said pivot are housed in a common housing and are enveloped in an array of longitudinally extending optical fibres for providing additional illumination of said area and a filler of sponge like filler material for rendering said housing substantially fluid tight.
A three dimensional viewing system embodying the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system;
Figure 2 is a front elevation of a modification for use in the system of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a cross-section through a part of the system to be inserted into a cannula; and
Figure 4 is a longitudinal section through the part of the system shown in Figure 3.
In order to conduct non-invasive surgery in the abdominal cavity, the cavity is first pressurised by inserting a hollow needle and connecting it to a source of pressure. Once the cavity is inflated the abdominal wall becomes spaced from the organs within the cavity accordingly a series of apertures can be cut in the wall 2 and a hollow cylindrical cannula 4 inserted in each aperature. The cannulas thus provides the access to the cavity for a variety of instruments and devices. Various sealing systems are used to minimise the escape of air from the cannula.
The viewing system to be described includes a pair of optical conductors 6 and 8 inserted into the cannula. The input ends 6A and 8A of the optical conductors face an area to be viewed.
A pair of television cameras 10 and 12 respectively face corresponding output ends 6B and 8B of the conductors 6 and 8.
The electrical outputs of the two television cameras are fed to a colour monitor (television receiver) 16 through a change-over switch 14. A switchable polariser 18 is positioned in front of the screen so that the picture as viewed can be either horizontally or vertically polarised. A switching unit 22 operating in the range of 25 to 50 cycles per second acts to switch the polariser 18 and also the change over switch in synchronism so that the picture from the camera 10 appearing on the screen is always horizontally polarised and the picture from the camera 12 is always vertically polarised.
The viewer must wear spectacles in which the glass in one eye is vertically polarised and the glass in the other eye is horizontally polarised. If the viewer already wears spectacles, the lenses may be covered with
Polaroid film with the film covering one lens being rotated through 900 with respect to the film covering the other lens.
The viewer will thus perceive a three dimensional image of the area within the abdominal cavity. Optical fibres (not shown) are inserted into the cavity through the cannula 4 to illuminate the cavity. Surgical instruments are fed down one or more of the other cannulas to conduct surgical procedures. It will thus be appreciated that because the surgeon will be able to view the cavity and instruments in three dimensions and in colour, he can conduct the surgical procedures with greater accuracy and at higher speeds - both conducive to the well being of the patient.
In the modification shown in Figure 2, a single camera is used instead of the two cameras of Figure 1.
In this situation, the output end 8B of the conductor 8 directly faces the camera lens. A half silvered mirror 34 is positioned in the light path 32 between the output end 8B and the camera 30 at an angle of 450 to the light path. The other output end 6B is directed at right angles to the light path 32 and light upon impinging upon the mirror 34 is reflected into the lens of the camera 30.
An optical switch 36 is positioned in front of the output end 6B and an optical switch is positioned in front of the output end 8B.
A switch unit 40 responsive to the switch unit 22 of Figure 1, operates the two optical switches alternatively so as to suppress the light from each conductor 6 and 8 in turn from reaching the camera.
The net result is the same as is achieved with the system of Figure 1.
The optical switches are in the form of Kerr cells but it will be appreciated that other types of switches can be used, for example a polarisation switch in combination with a polariser.
In modification the Kerr cells and half silvered mirror can be replaced by an oscillatory prism to switch the camera between the two outputs.
The arrangement of the light conductors is more clearly shown in Figures 3 and 4. As shown, the conductors 6 and 8 are housed within a cylindrical housing 50. Each conductor is in the form of a series of axially spaced cylindrical lenses housed in a tube and forms a so called rod lens systems.
The wall of the tube is hollow and houses a circumferential array of axially aligned optical fibres.
The fibres are connected to a light source (not shown) to illuminate the area being viewed.
The two tubes are held in spaced apart generally parallel relationship by a cylindrical pivot 52. The pivot is of resilient hard rubber with tangential cylindrical recesses to accommodate the tubes and allow them to pivot slightly about the axis of the cylindrical pivot.
A pair of collars 54 and 56 grip the upper ends of the conductors 6 and 8 and are interconnected with a screwthreaded rod 58. A central wheel 60 is rigid with the rod which has a screwthread in one direction on one side of the wheel and a screwthread in the opposite direction on the other side of the wheel. The screwthreads are operatively coupled with the collars 54 and 56 so that rotation of the wheel in one direction drives the upper ends of the conductors 6 and 8 apart and rotation of the wheel in the opposite direction draws the upper ends together. This feature allows the stereoscopic image to be adjusted depending upon whether the point to be viewed is close to or far away from the input ends of the conductors 6 and 8.
The operation of the wheel can be either manual or automated.
Surrounding the two conductors 6 and 8 and dispersed within the housing 50 are further axially aligned optical fibres 62. At their upper ends those fibres are brought together into a light input tube 64 which faces a lamp 66 or other source of illumination.
These fibres 62 thus provide additional illumination inside the cavity.
The residual space between the fibres 62 and the conductors 6 and 8 in the housing 50 is filled with a spongy filler which keeps the housing fluid tight but at the same time allows limited relative movement between the conductors 6 and 8.
While the conductors 6 and 8 have been described as rigid rod lenses it will be appreciated that flexible fibre optic bundles can be used instead.
While the system has been described in connection with so called key-hole surgery, it will be appreciated that it can be used in other environments which may or may not be difficult to access and in which three dimensional viewing is required.
Claims (13)
1. A three dimensional viewing system comprising a pair of optical conductors having spaced input ends positioned to view an area and provide stereoscopic images of the area at their output ends, a screen on which said images at said output ends can be projected, a pair of spectacles for viewing the screen having one eyepiece polarised in one sense and the other eyepiece polarised in another sense, a switchable polariser for changing the polarisation of the image on the screen as viewed through the spectacles alternately from one said sense to the other sense and switching means operable to switch repeatedly the images presented on the screen from one said stereoscopic image to the other and to switch the polariser in synchronisation therewith so that said one stereoscopic image can only be presented polarised in said one sense and the other stereoscopic image can only be presented polarised in the said other sense.
2. A system according to Claim 1, wherein the two said opposite ends of the optical conductors are viewed by a respective one of two television cameras connected to a television receiver having said screen and wherein said switching means acts to alternatively inhibit the signals transmitted from each of the two cameras in turn to the receiver.
3. A system according to Claim 1, wherein the said opposite ends of the optical conductors are directed at right angles to each other through a part-silvered mirror which acts to direct the two outputs of the optical conductors to a common television camera and including two optical switches respectively located in the light paths between the conductors and the part silvered mirror, said light switches being alternatively switched
ON and OFF in response to said switching means.
4. A system according to Claim 3, wherein each said light switch comprises a Kerr cell.
5. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein each said optical conductor comprises a rod lens system in the form of a plurality of cylindrical lens elements positioned in predetermined serial spacing along a common axis.
6. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein each conductor comprises a circumferential array of longitudinally extending optical fibres for conducting light from adjacent the output ends towards the input end to illuminate said area.
7. A system according to any preceding claim, including a pivot positioned between said optical conductors to allow said input ends to move towards and away from each other to correct the stereoscopic images for changes in the distance between said input ends and said area.
8. A system according to Claim 7, wherein the pivot is a cylindrical element of resilient material with part cylindrical tangential recesses for partly accommodating said rod lens systems on opposite sides thereof.
9. A system according to Claim 7 and Claim 8, wherein the pivot is of hard rubber.
10. A system according to any one of Claims 7 to 9, wherein the said rod lens systems and said pivot are housed in a common housing and are enveloped in an array of longitudinally extending optical fibres for providing additional illumination of said area and a filler of sponge like filler material for rendering said housing substantially fluid tight.
11. A three dimensional viewing system comprising first means for creating an image of an object from one angle and presenting the image on a screen polarised in one sense, second means for creating an image of said object from another angle and presenting the image on said screen polarised in another sense and polarising means for a viewer to inhibit light polarised in said one sense from reaching one eye and light polarised in said other source reaching the other eye, whereby the viewer can view the object as presented on the screen as a three dimensional object.
12. A system according to Claim 11, wherein said first and second means comprises a television camera which is switched between viewing said object from said one angle to said other angle repeatedly in rapid succession and a television receiver which synchronously switches the polarisation of the image presented on the screen.
13. A three dimensional viewing system substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9215329A GB2269290A (en) | 1992-07-18 | 1992-07-18 | Three dimensional polarised viewing systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9215329A GB2269290A (en) | 1992-07-18 | 1992-07-18 | Three dimensional polarised viewing systems |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9215329D0 GB9215329D0 (en) | 1992-09-02 |
| GB2269290A true GB2269290A (en) | 1994-02-02 |
Family
ID=10718953
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9215329A Withdrawn GB2269290A (en) | 1992-07-18 | 1992-07-18 | Three dimensional polarised viewing systems |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2269290A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0682451A3 (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1998-05-20 | Precision Optics Corporation | Viewing scope with image intensification |
| ES2329742A1 (en) * | 2006-07-13 | 2009-11-30 | S.L. Antonio Firagest | Visualization system, especially for surgical interventions guided by images. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
| FR2939909A1 (en) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-18 | Univ Pasteur | Video multiplexing and synchronization module for stereoscopic image projection system, has generating unit to generate synchronization control signal to control commutation device to obtain commutation of polarization |
Citations (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1061052A (en) * | 1961-10-25 | 1967-03-08 | Richard Langton Gregory M A | Improvements in or relating to microscopes |
| GB1448520A (en) * | 1974-10-25 | 1976-09-08 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Stereoscopic display device |
| GB2000605A (en) * | 1977-07-01 | 1979-01-10 | Sony Corp | Stereoscopic image-viewing apparatus |
| GB2040134A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1980-08-20 | Marconi Co Ltd | Stereoscopic television systems |
| EP0136696A2 (en) * | 1983-10-03 | 1985-04-10 | Polaroid Corporation | Stereo imaging system and a liquid crystal cell therefor |
| US4651201A (en) * | 1984-06-01 | 1987-03-17 | Arnold Schoolman | Stereoscopic endoscope arrangement |
| EP0233636A2 (en) * | 1986-02-17 | 1987-08-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Virtual stereographic display system |
| EP0237283A2 (en) * | 1986-03-13 | 1987-09-16 | Tektronix, Inc. | Stereoscopic multicoloured image projection system with passive viewing apparatus |
| GB2211375A (en) * | 1985-04-26 | 1989-06-28 | Tektronix Inc | Passive viewing apparatus for stereoscopic imaging system |
| US4862873A (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1989-09-05 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Stereo endoscope |
| US4873572A (en) * | 1987-02-27 | 1989-10-10 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Electronic endoscope apparatus |
| WO1992019008A1 (en) * | 1991-04-18 | 1992-10-29 | Mckinley Optics, Inc. | Stereo video endoscope objective lens system |
-
1992
- 1992-07-18 GB GB9215329A patent/GB2269290A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1061052A (en) * | 1961-10-25 | 1967-03-08 | Richard Langton Gregory M A | Improvements in or relating to microscopes |
| GB1448520A (en) * | 1974-10-25 | 1976-09-08 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Stereoscopic display device |
| GB2000605A (en) * | 1977-07-01 | 1979-01-10 | Sony Corp | Stereoscopic image-viewing apparatus |
| GB2040134A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1980-08-20 | Marconi Co Ltd | Stereoscopic television systems |
| EP0136696A2 (en) * | 1983-10-03 | 1985-04-10 | Polaroid Corporation | Stereo imaging system and a liquid crystal cell therefor |
| US4651201A (en) * | 1984-06-01 | 1987-03-17 | Arnold Schoolman | Stereoscopic endoscope arrangement |
| GB2211375A (en) * | 1985-04-26 | 1989-06-28 | Tektronix Inc | Passive viewing apparatus for stereoscopic imaging system |
| EP0233636A2 (en) * | 1986-02-17 | 1987-08-26 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Virtual stereographic display system |
| EP0237283A2 (en) * | 1986-03-13 | 1987-09-16 | Tektronix, Inc. | Stereoscopic multicoloured image projection system with passive viewing apparatus |
| US4873572A (en) * | 1987-02-27 | 1989-10-10 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Electronic endoscope apparatus |
| US4862873A (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1989-09-05 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Stereo endoscope |
| WO1992019008A1 (en) * | 1991-04-18 | 1992-10-29 | Mckinley Optics, Inc. | Stereo video endoscope objective lens system |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0682451A3 (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1998-05-20 | Precision Optics Corporation | Viewing scope with image intensification |
| ES2329742A1 (en) * | 2006-07-13 | 2009-11-30 | S.L. Antonio Firagest | Visualization system, especially for surgical interventions guided by images. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
| FR2939909A1 (en) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-18 | Univ Pasteur | Video multiplexing and synchronization module for stereoscopic image projection system, has generating unit to generate synchronization control signal to control commutation device to obtain commutation of polarization |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9215329D0 (en) | 1992-09-02 |
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