GB2266150A - A measuring apparatus for tyre tread depth. - Google Patents
A measuring apparatus for tyre tread depth. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2266150A GB2266150A GB9207478A GB9207478A GB2266150A GB 2266150 A GB2266150 A GB 2266150A GB 9207478 A GB9207478 A GB 9207478A GB 9207478 A GB9207478 A GB 9207478A GB 2266150 A GB2266150 A GB 2266150A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- tread depth
- tyre tread
- providing
- processing unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B5/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques
- G01B5/18—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques for measuring depth
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/18—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring depth
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/26—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring depth
Abstract
An apparatus for measuring tyre tread depth comprises a linearly displaceable plunger 8 insertable into a groove in the tread of a tyre and extendable beyond a datum surface 12 which is locatable on the tread and a means in the form of an optical shaft encoder 11 for providing a signal which is a function of the distance of a free end of the plunger from the datum surface. The signal is fed to a processor (19) (Fig 2) which controls an alpha-numeric display (17), a memory (21) and audible warning means (20) which is triggered if the tread depth is less than or equal to a predetermined value. <IMAGE>
Description
A MEASURING APPARATUS
The invention relates to a tyre tread depth measuring apparatus.
Vehicle maintenance schemes for large fleet operators include regular checks on tyre condition.
It is well known, that for reasons of safety and to ensure maximum tyre-life, that a tyre should be maintained at the correct operating pressure and further that there is a certain minimum tread depth that is a legal requirement. For those operators having large fleets, particularly of multi-axle commercial vehicles, it is necessary to regularly check a large number of tyres for tread depth.
Typically a person responsible for such a check would use a manual gauge which is inserted into the tread so that a reading may be obtained from a scale provided on the gauge The reading thus obtained is then recorded on a suitable sheet. Generally two measurements are taken across the tread width at each of two locations on a tyre circumference. Often the sheet on which the measurements are recorded becomes dirtied during the checking process so that it is desirable to transfer the measurements to a clean sheet at the end of the test. Both the measuring process and the recording of the measurements are slow and prone to operator error.
Fleet vehicle maintenance is typically carried out in very limited time periods so that it is desirable that a tyre check for tread depth should be completed and the measurements collated speedily so that a maximum time is available to carry out the necessary maintenance work.
An object of the invention is to provide a measuring apparatus which enables rapid checks of tyre tread depth to be carried out.
Accordingly a measuring apparatus is provided comprising a linearly displaceable member insertable into a groove in the tread of a tyre and extendable beyond a datum surface locatable on the tread and a means for providing a signal which is a function of the distance of a free end of the member from the datum surface.
Preferably said signal providing means comprises means for detecting linear movement of said member and providing said signal in response thereto.
Advantageously the detecting means comprises means for converting linear movement of said displaceable member to a proportionate rotary movement and sensing means for sensing said rotary movement and providing said signal in response thereto.
The conversion means may comprise a rack provided on said displaceable member, a pinion cooperably engaging said rack.
Preferably the sensing means comprises an optical encoding means.
In a preferred embodiment, the optical encoding means comprises an optical shaft encoder mounted on a shaft rotatable in response to rotation of said pinion.
The datum surface may be provided by a datum plate, said plate being provided with an aperture through which said displaceable member protrudes.
Preferably the linearly displaceable member is biased such that the free end thereof is urged to a first position spaced from the datum surface and said signal providing means provides a signal which is a function of the distance said free end is displaced from said first position toward said datum surface.
The apparatus may comprise a spring means for providing said bias.
Preferably the apparatus further comprises a signal processing unit for processing said signal from said signal providing means.
The signal processing unit may comprise storing means for storing said processed signal.
Advantageously the signal processing unit comprises a processing means for processing said signal to derive tyre tread depth data therefrom.
Preferably the processing means is adapted to monitor said signal and to derive tyre tread depth data therefrom when said signal reaches a steady state condition.
Preferably the signal processing unit comprises data storing means for storing said tyre tread depth data.
Preferably the signal processing unit comprises display means for displaying an indication of said tyre tread depth data, which display may be alphanumeric.
The display means may comprise at least one indicating element for providing an indication of a predetermined tyre tread depth condition.
Preferably the display means comprises a plurality of indicating elements arranged selectively to indicate predetermined different tyre tread depth conditions.
Advantageously the signal processing unit comprises audible means for providing an audible indication, particularly when the signal reaches said steady state condition.
The audible means may provide an audible indication of a predetermined tyre tread depth condition.
A predetermined tyre tread depth condition may correspond to a depth less than or equal to a predetermined depth.
Preferably the apparatus comprises an interface to enable said signal processing unit to communicate with an external device.
In order that the invention may be well understood, an embodiment thereof, which is given by way of example only, will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a tyre tread depth measuring apparatus; and
Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a tyre tread depth measuring apparatus.
In the figures a preferred embodiment of the measuring apparatus generally designated 1 is shown.
Figure 1 shows a measuring head portion 2 of the tyre tread depth measuring apparatus, which head portion 2 comprises a datum plate 6 having a datum surface 12 and a mounting bracket 5. A linearly displaceable member or plunger 8 shaped to be insertable into a groove of a tyre tread is perpendicularly mounted with respect to the datum surface and guided for linear displacement through an aperture provided in the datum plate by oilite bushes 7 and 13 provided in the bracket 5 and plate 6 respectively. A tension spring 3 is mounted between a mounting pin 14 of the bracket 5 and a mounting pin 15 disposed at the end portion of the plunger. The mounting pins 14, 15 extend perpendicularly of the bracket and plunger respectively and are sized such that a loop portion of each end of the tension spring may engage therewith.
The tension spring 3 is for biasing the linearly displaceable plunger 8 such that the free end thereof is urged to a first position spaced from the datum surface 12 (as illustrated in Figure 1).
A rack 10 is provided on the plunger and is aligned with the axis thereof. A pinion 4 is mounted on the shaft of an optical shaft encoder 11 such that the shaft is rotatable in response to rotation of the pinion 4. The shaft of the optical shaft encoder 11 with the pinion 4 mounted thereon is disposed perpendicularly to the rack such that the pinion may cooperably engage the rack for converting linear movement of the plunger 8 to a proportionate rotary movement of the shaft, which rotary movement is sensed by the optical encoder 11 which provides a signal in response thereto. Optical encoding devices are well known to those skilled in the art, therefore a detailed description thereof is not required for understanding the measuring apparatus.
In the particular arrangement shown in Fig. 1, wherein the plunger 8 is biased by the tension spring 3 such that the free end of the plunger is urged to a first position spaced from the datum surface, the signal provided by the optical shaft encoder 11 is a function of the distance the free end is displaced from the first position toward the datum surface.
It will be appreciated that when the first position is known, a tyre tread depth measurement is readily derivable from the signal provided by the encoder.
The head portion 2 further comprises a suitable casing 16 shown schematically in Fig. 1 for providing protection and improving the handleability thereof.
As shown in Fig. 2, the apparatus further comprises a signal processing unit 17 for processing the signal from the optical shaft encoder 11. In the preferred embodiment the signal processing unit is provided in a casing separately from the head portion 2 and is connected thereto by a flexible cable means 18 for enabling the signal from the optical encoder 11 to be communicated to the signal processing unit. It is to be understood that some or all elements of the signal processing unit as described hereinbelow may be housed in the head portion 2. However, it is advantageous that the head portion 2 be made as small as possible for improving handleability thereof.
The signal processing unit 17 comprises a processing means for processing the signal and deriving tread depth data therefrom, which data may be a tread depth measurement. It is an important feature of the measuring apparatus 1 that the processor 19 of the processing means is adapted to monitor the signal from the optical shaft encoder and will only process the signal to derive data therefrom when the signal reaches a steady state condition. Thus should the operator fail to hold the datum plate steadily against the tread of a tyre so that the signal provided fluctuates beyond a predetermined amount, the processor 19 will not derive data from the signal.
The signal processing unit is provided with audible means 20 for providing an audible indication when the signal reaches a steady state condition so that the operator will know that the processor 19 has approved the signal and derived tyre tread data therefrom so that he may go on to make the next measurement.
The signal processing unit further comprises storing means which includes a memory 21 for storing the tyre tread depth data derived from the signal by the processor 19. The data thus stored is available for subsequent analysis. An interface 22 is provided which enables the signal processing unit to communicate with external devices. For example, the tyre tread depth data stored in the memory 21 may be down-loaded via the interface 22 to a disk-drive or a printing device.
The signal processing unit further comprises display means for supplying an indication of the tyre tread depth data. Two forms of display are provided.
The first display means provides an alpha-numeric display of the tyre depth tread data so that the operator may read off a tyre tread depth measurement if desired. The second display means comprises a plurality of indicating devices, namely three LEDs arranged selectively to indicate predetermined different tyre tread depth conditions. It is preferred that the LEDs be differently coloured; for example, red, amber and green. The red, amber and green indicating elements are arranged such that if a depth measurement is less than or equal to a predetermined condition, namely the legal minimum tread depth requirement, the red LED is activated to indicate that condition. Thus the operator is warned that at the point of measurement the tyre does not conform to the legal requirement for tread depth or is just equal to that requirement.Likewise, if the depth measurement is within a predetermined range which is just greater than the minimum requirement the amber LED is activated and if the measurement exceeds this range the green LED is activated. The operator thereby receives an easily assimilated indication of the tyre tread depth condition allowing a rapid check to be made.
A method of performing a tyre tread depth check with the apparatus will now be described. It is to be understood that the apparatus is preferably sized to be portable such that the operator is able to grasp the head portion 2 in one hand for positioning against the tyre tread and the signal processing unit in the other hand for observing the display means. It will be appreciated also that means may readily be provided such that the apparatus may supply visual prompts to the operator so that the checking of a set of tyres on a vehicle is carried out in a predetermined sequence and data relating to vehicle registration and the odometer reading may be input to the processor and stored in memory.
The operator having input any required data as described above to the signal processing unit 17 performs the tyre tread depth check in a predetermined sequence according to prompts from the apparatus or by virtue of his training. The head portion 2 is placed against the tyre tread such that the datum surface 12 of the datum plate 6 rests on the tread surface and is substantially perpendicular thereto and the linearly displaceable plunger 8 may extend into the tread groove at the required measurement point. When the head portion 2 is being held sufficiently steadily for the signal provided by the optical shaft encoder 11 to achieve a steady state condition, the operator is given an audible prompt that the measurement is complete so that he may remove the head portion 2 from the tyre tread so that it may be repositioned to take the next measurement. The operator is able to read off the measurement taken by means of the alphanumeric display means if desired or to obtain a visual indication of the tyre tread depth condition as provided by the red, amber or green LEDs before making the next measurement.
Typically, as described above, a tyre tread depth check made with a conventional gauge comprises measurement of tread depth and subsequent recording thereof in two grooves across the tread width, performed at each of two points on the tyre circumference. A measurement made with the tyre tread measuring apparatus 1 may be made in approximately three seconds such that a greater number of measurements may be taken in a time which is substantially less than that required for a conventional check. It is envisaged that each groove across the tread width be measured at at least two points on the circumference of the tyre. It will be appreciated that since recent legislation requires a minimum tread depth across the entire tread width of a tyre, which was not previously the case, a check of tread depth across the entire width and not a selection of points across that width is desirable.
Further, that the readings thus obtained may be subsequently analyzed to check for uneven tyre wear.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiment is for illustration purposes only and it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications thereto may easily be made. For example, the means for detecting linear movement of the plunger may comprise a linearly displaceable transducer, such as a linearly variable differential transformer (L.V.D.T) which may be directly connected to the plunger or linked thereto by means of a linkage mechanism. Also, the display means are not a required feature of the apparatus; the measurements may simply be stored in the memory for subsequent display by an external device. Alternatively, an audible alarm may provide an audible indication of a predetermined tyre tread depth condition which condition may be that the tread depth is less than or equal to the legal minimum requirement.
It will also be appreciated that the storing means is not limited to a memory for holding tyre tread depth data, but may also comprise a sample and hold device for temporarily storing the signal from the signal providing means or additional memory for storing additional tyre tread depth measurements such as previous measurements for comparison purposes and data relating to particular vehicles such as axle configuration.
Claims (24)
1. A tyre tread depth measuring apparatus comprising a linearly displaceable member insertable into a groove in the tread of a tyre and extendable beyond a datum surface locatable on the tread and a means for providing a signal which is a function of the distance of a free end of the member from the datum surface.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said signal providing means comprises means for detecting linear movement of said member and providing said signal in response thereto.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein said detecting means comprises means for converting linear movement of said displaceable member to a proportionate rotary movement and sensing means for sensing said rotary movement and providing said signal in response thereto.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said conversion means comprises a rack provided on said displaceable member, a pinion cooperably engaging said rack.
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein said sensing means comprises an optical encoding means.
6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5 when appended to claim 4, wherein said optical encoding means comprises an optical shaft encoder mounted on a shaft rotatable in response to rotation of said pinion.
7. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said datum surface is provided by a datum plate, said plate being provided with an aperture through which said displaceable member protrudes.
8. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said linearly displaceable member is biased such that the free end thereof is urged to a first position spaced from the datum surface and said signal providing means provides a signal which is a function of the distance said free end is displaced from said first position toward said datum surface.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, comprising a spring means for providing said bias.
10. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a signal processing unit for processing said signal from said signal providing means.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein said signal processing unit comprises storing means for storing said processed signal.
12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein said signal processing unit comprises a processing means for processing said signal to derive tyre tread depth data therefrom.
13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein said processing means is adapted to monitor said signal and to derive tyre tread depth data therefrom when said signal reaches a steady state condition.
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein said signal processing unit comprises data storing means for storing said tyre tread depth data.
15. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 12, 13 or 14 wherein said signal processing unit comprises display means for displaying an indication of said tyre tread depth data.
16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein said indication is alpha-numeric.
17. an apparatus as claimed in claim 15 or 16, wherein said display means comprises at least one indicating element for providing an indication of a predetermined tyre tread depth condition.
18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein said display means comprises a plurality of indicating elements arranged selectively to indicate predetermined different tyre tread depth conditions.
19. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein said signal processing unit comprises audible means for providing an audible indication.
20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein said audible means provides an audible indication when said signal reaches said steady state condition.
21. An apparatus as claimed in claim 19 or 20, wherein said audible means provides an audible indication of a predetermined tyre tread depth condition.
22. An apparatus as claimed in claim 17 or 21, wherein said predetermined tyre tread depth condition corresponds to a depth less than or equal to a predetermined depth.
23. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 22, further comprising an interface to enable said signal processing unit to communicate with an external device.
24. A tyre tread depth measuring apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9207478A GB2266150A (en) | 1992-04-06 | 1992-04-06 | A measuring apparatus for tyre tread depth. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9207478A GB2266150A (en) | 1992-04-06 | 1992-04-06 | A measuring apparatus for tyre tread depth. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9207478D0 GB9207478D0 (en) | 1992-05-20 |
GB2266150A true GB2266150A (en) | 1993-10-20 |
Family
ID=10713520
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9207478A Withdrawn GB2266150A (en) | 1992-04-06 | 1992-04-06 | A measuring apparatus for tyre tread depth. |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2266150A (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2274711A (en) * | 1993-01-29 | 1994-08-03 | Michael Alfred John Stanton | Illuminated depth checking gauge |
GB2342448A (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2000-04-12 | Thomas Howarth Kay | Tyre wear measurement, recording and printing unit |
FR2791426A1 (en) * | 1999-03-23 | 2000-09-29 | Philippe Channet | Accessory for controlling wear and tear on pneumatic tyre has first section resting on surface of tyre, and second section inserted in tread design |
DE19949337B4 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2004-01-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for measuring profiles |
GB2460115A (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-11-25 | Pneu Logic Corp Ltd | Tyre probe arrangement |
US20210048374A1 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2021-02-18 | Midtronics, Inc. | Tire tread gauge using visual indicator |
US11474153B2 (en) | 2019-11-12 | 2022-10-18 | Midtronics, Inc. | Battery pack maintenance system |
US11486930B2 (en) | 2020-01-23 | 2022-11-01 | Midtronics, Inc. | Electronic battery tester with battery clamp storage holsters |
US11513160B2 (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2022-11-29 | Midtronics, Inc. | Vehicle battery maintenance device |
US11548404B2 (en) | 2012-06-28 | 2023-01-10 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
US11650259B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2023-05-16 | Midtronics, Inc. | Battery pack maintenance for electric vehicle |
US11668779B2 (en) | 2019-11-11 | 2023-06-06 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
US11740294B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2023-08-29 | Midtronics, Inc. | High use battery pack maintenance |
US11926224B2 (en) | 2012-06-28 | 2024-03-12 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1211575A (en) * | 1968-01-26 | 1970-11-11 | Dennis Albert Pinches | Improvements relating to indicating devices |
US4195413A (en) * | 1978-01-24 | 1980-04-01 | Bridgestone Tire Company Limited | Device for measuring depth of tire tread groove in a tire |
US4227308A (en) * | 1978-09-15 | 1980-10-14 | Tibar Corporation | Interface device |
US4631831A (en) * | 1986-01-31 | 1986-12-30 | Bandag Licensing Corporation | Tread depth probe and computer |
WO1991014919A1 (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-10-03 | Galvin, Robert | Device for monitoring the wear on a tyre and the geometry of a vehicle's road wheels |
-
1992
- 1992-04-06 GB GB9207478A patent/GB2266150A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1211575A (en) * | 1968-01-26 | 1970-11-11 | Dennis Albert Pinches | Improvements relating to indicating devices |
US4195413A (en) * | 1978-01-24 | 1980-04-01 | Bridgestone Tire Company Limited | Device for measuring depth of tire tread groove in a tire |
US4227308A (en) * | 1978-09-15 | 1980-10-14 | Tibar Corporation | Interface device |
US4631831A (en) * | 1986-01-31 | 1986-12-30 | Bandag Licensing Corporation | Tread depth probe and computer |
WO1991014919A1 (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-10-03 | Galvin, Robert | Device for monitoring the wear on a tyre and the geometry of a vehicle's road wheels |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2274711A (en) * | 1993-01-29 | 1994-08-03 | Michael Alfred John Stanton | Illuminated depth checking gauge |
GB2342448A (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2000-04-12 | Thomas Howarth Kay | Tyre wear measurement, recording and printing unit |
FR2791426A1 (en) * | 1999-03-23 | 2000-09-29 | Philippe Channet | Accessory for controlling wear and tear on pneumatic tyre has first section resting on surface of tyre, and second section inserted in tread design |
DE19949337B4 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2004-01-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for measuring profiles |
GB2460115A (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-11-25 | Pneu Logic Corp Ltd | Tyre probe arrangement |
GB2460115B (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2012-01-11 | Transense Technologies Plc | A probe arrangement |
US11650259B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2023-05-16 | Midtronics, Inc. | Battery pack maintenance for electric vehicle |
US11740294B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2023-08-29 | Midtronics, Inc. | High use battery pack maintenance |
US11548404B2 (en) | 2012-06-28 | 2023-01-10 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
US11926224B2 (en) | 2012-06-28 | 2024-03-12 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
US11513160B2 (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2022-11-29 | Midtronics, Inc. | Vehicle battery maintenance device |
US11566972B2 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2023-01-31 | Midtronics, Inc. | Tire tread gauge using visual indicator |
US20210048374A1 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2021-02-18 | Midtronics, Inc. | Tire tread gauge using visual indicator |
US11668779B2 (en) | 2019-11-11 | 2023-06-06 | Midtronics, Inc. | Hybrid and electric vehicle battery pack maintenance device |
US11474153B2 (en) | 2019-11-12 | 2022-10-18 | Midtronics, Inc. | Battery pack maintenance system |
US11486930B2 (en) | 2020-01-23 | 2022-11-01 | Midtronics, Inc. | Electronic battery tester with battery clamp storage holsters |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB9207478D0 (en) | 1992-05-20 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |