GB2261627A - Apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly - Google Patents

Apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly Download PDF

Info

Publication number
GB2261627A
GB2261627A GB9124588A GB9124588A GB2261627A GB 2261627 A GB2261627 A GB 2261627A GB 9124588 A GB9124588 A GB 9124588A GB 9124588 A GB9124588 A GB 9124588A GB 2261627 A GB2261627 A GB 2261627A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
assembly
ply
degassing
envelope
frame
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9124588A
Other versions
GB2261627B (en
GB9124588D0 (en
Inventor
Pierre Goelff
Andre Ribesse
Yves Debailleux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Glass Europe SA
Original Assignee
Glaverbel Belgium SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Glaverbel Belgium SA filed Critical Glaverbel Belgium SA
Priority to GB9124588A priority Critical patent/GB2261627B/en
Publication of GB9124588D0 publication Critical patent/GB9124588D0/en
Publication of GB2261627A publication Critical patent/GB2261627A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2261627B publication Critical patent/GB2261627B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/10—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure
    • B32B37/1018—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure using only vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
    • B32B17/10816—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor by pressing
    • B32B17/10825—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts
    • B32B17/10834—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts using a fluid
    • B32B17/10844—Isostatic pressing, i.e. using non rigid pressure-exerting members against rigid parts using a fluid using a membrane between the layered product and the fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/0007—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding involving treatment or provisions in order to avoid deformation or air inclusion, e.g. to improve surface quality
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/06—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the heating method

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus is disclosed for degassing a multi-ply assembly (7) comprises a frame (1) carrying a flexible, substantially impermeable membrane (6, 8) which is movable into position to cover the assembly while the latter occupies a predetermined area of a surface of a supporting structure (3) thereby to form an envelope enclosing at least the edges of the assembly to form an edge space in gas flow communication with spaces between plies of the assembly. Aspirating means including a passageway (14) are provided in gas flow communication with the interior of the envelope at its periphery for aspirating the edge space and thus degassing the inter-ply spaces of the assembly. Heating elements (5, 9) are also provided in such a way that heat is dissipated at a greater rate over a central region of the predetermined area than it is over a peripheral region of that area. The apparatus has the advantage that a multi-ply assembly may be easily and rapidly inserted therein for degassing. <IMAGE>

Description

DEGAS SING A P P A R A T U S This invention relates to apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly as a step in forming a laminated panel, such apparatus comprising means for forming an envelope enclosing at least the edges of the assembly to form an edge space in gas flow communication with spaces between plies of the assembly, and means for aspirating said edge space and thus degassing the inter-ply spaces of the assembly.
Such apparatus is useful in particular in the series manufacture of laminated glazings in order to promote bonding between the various plies of the laminate and also to promote the avoidance of air being entrapped within the bonded laminate and the appearance of bubbles within the glazing.
Hitherto, apparatus for enveloping the edges of such multi-ply assemblies have been constituted as tubular devices which are slit to provide lips, and the assemblies are inserted into the slits so that those lips engage opposing margins of the assembly, or they have been constituted as bags into which the whole assembly is secured. Such apparatus suffer certain disadvantages, in particular the time required for securing them to a multi-ply assembly for degassing to take place.
It is an object of this invention to provide degassing apparatus into which a multi-ply assembly may be easily and rapidly inserted for degassing.
According to this invention, there is provided apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly as a step in forming a laminated panel, such apparatus comprising means for forming an envelope enclosing at least the edges of the assembly to form an edge space in gas flow communication with spaces between plies of the assembly, and means for aspirating said edge space and thus degassing the inter-ply spaces of the assembly, characterised in that such apparatus comprises a frame carrying a flexible, substantially impermeable membrane which is movable into position to cover a said assembly while the latter occupies a predetermined area of a surface of a supporting structure thereby to form a said envelope, aspirating means in gas flow communication with the interior of said envelope at its periphery, and means for heating a said assembly in such a way that heat is dissipated at a greater rate over a central region of said predetermined area than it is over a peripheral region of that area.
Apparatus according to the invention has the advantage of being very easy to load and unload with a multi-ply assembly. It will be appreciated that such apparatus is best used for the series degassing of a single size and shape of assembly, though it may in some cases be used for degassing smaller assemblies than those for which it is most appropriate. The supporting structure may be appropriately curved for the degassing of curved multi-ply assemblies, for example multi-ply assemblies destined for use as vehicle windscreens, or it may be flat and rectangular for the degassing of assemblies destined for use as rectangular window panes.The apparatus may be used in the manufacture of glass/plastics laminates (including glass/plastics/glass laminates) and in the manufacture of other laminates, for example fire-resistant glazing panels comprising glass sheets laminated together via one or more layers of intervening intumescent material such as hydrated sodium silicate.
The way in which the heating means is arranged to dissipate heat has particular advantages in the degassing of a multi-ply assembly as a step in forming a laminated panel. In general, bonding of the plies of a multi-ply assembly into a laminate is promoted by an increase of temperature, for example due to softening of one or more plies of the assembly as is the case with assemblies incorporating thermoplastic plies. (Of course this increase in temperature must not be such as to cause destruction of any of the material of the assembly.) Problems encountered in degassing are greater in the manufacture of rather large laminates because a correspondingly long time is required for proper degassing of the central portions of large multi-ply assemblies.If, therefore, the margins of the assembly were to be heated to a given temperature in the same time as, or more quickly than, the central portion, there would be a risk that the assembly would become bonded at its margins before degassing of its central portion had been completed, thus impeding or preventing any further degassing of the centre of the assembly. The adoption of the invention tends to avoid or at least reduce that risk, and the invention thus affords particular advantages when manufacturing laminates of large dimensions.
Dissipating heat at a greater rate over a central region of the area occupied by a multi-ply assembly than at a peripheral region of that area, tends to promote the initiation of bonding at the centre of the assembly rather than at its margins. This facilitates proper degassing of the assembly, and allows greater tolerances in the aspirating and heating schedules during degassing. The presence of such heating means allows the apparatus to be used for the degassing of a wide variety of multi-ply assemblies, and also allows a prebonding of many such assemblies. Firm bonding may then be obtained in a subsequent step, for example one in which the prebonded assembly is subjected to superatmospheric pressure and to heat.
Preferably, said apparatus comprises means arranged to serve as a spacer member holding said membrane and said surface of said supporting structure in spaced relation around the periphery of said envelope. One advantage of adopting this feature is that, for a size of spacer member appropriate to the size of the multi-ply assemblies to be degassed, stresses in the flexible membrane around its margin when in use and due to aspirating the interior of the envelope are reduced. The membrane is not stressed so much by flexure at its margins due to pressure differences across it as it would be if there were no such spacer. As a result, such membrane has a longer useful life. A further advantage is that when the envelope is aspirated, there will be a reduced concentration of compressive stresses on the assembly at its margins.This reduces any tendency for the glass at the margins of the multi-ply assembly to become bent or even broken.
Construction of the apparatus may be simplified when, as is preferred, said frame is arranged to serve as said spacer member.
The adoption of one or both of such preferred features also has the advantage of allowing the adoption of a further advantageous optional feature of the invention, namely that said spacer member includes at least one passageway for placing said aspirating means in gas flow communication with the interior of said envelope. This is a very convenient way of providing for the degassing of the interior of the envelope and of a multi-ply assembly held therein. An internal passageway of the spacer member may for example be in communication with the interior of the envelope through one of more rows of holes or through a continuous slot.
Advantageously, the peripherally inner face of said spacer member is faced with a foam material. It is envisaged that the spacer as such will usually be made of a metal, and the apparatus was primarily designed for use in the manufacture of laminates comprising glass sheets. The presence of the foam material protects the edges of the multi-ply assembly against direct contact with the spacer, for example due to a slight misalignment of the multi-ply assembly on the surface of said supporting structure, so protecting the edges of the assembly against chipping or other damage. The foam material carried by the peripherally inner face of the spacer member serves the additional function of affording thermal insulation to that member.
This helps to avoid or reduce any distortion of the spacer member due to thermal expansion.
The membrane may be attached to a said frame quite loosely if reliance is to be placed on compressive forces between a frame member and the supporting structure in order to effect a seal at the periphery of the envelope, however such sealing is more easily assured if, as is preferred, said membrane is sealed to said frame.
In order to promote the efficiency of the heating means, it is preferred that such heating means is backed by thermally insulating material.
Said heating means may be constituted in any suitable form. It is desirable that the heating means should comprise one or more electrical resistance heating elements, since such are convenient to use and easy to control. It will be appreciated that the optimum maximum temperature to be obtained during degassing may vary from one type of multi-ply assembly to another, for example due to the base composition or plasticiser content of a thermoplastic ply which is to be bonded to one or more glass plies. It is very easy to regulate the heat dissipated by an electrical resistance heating element, and thus the maximum temperature which will be attained by the multi-ply assembly, by regulating the heating current supplied to the heater. Such a heating element may be bonded to, or laminated within, a flexible sheet of electrically insulating material such as a plastics sheet.Of course the plastics material of such a sheet should be able to withstand the temperatures which it will reach during use. The pattern of heat dissipation required may easily be obtained by a suitable arrangement of the heating element or elements on such a sheet.
Advantageously, such heating means is carried beneath said surface of said supporting structure. The heating means may thus be a stationary part of the apparatus and this simplifies the supply of heating current thereto, and it also contributes to the ease of insertion or removal of multi-ply assemblies. Also, in cases where it is thought sufficient to heat the multi-ply assembly from one side only, this relieves the movable frame of unnecessary weight.
Generally speaking, however, it is believed that better results in terms of degassing and ultimately bonding of a multi-ply assembly will be achieved if that assembly is heated from both sides during degassing, and it is accordingly preferred that said frame and flexible membrane carry additional heating means. The provision of such additional heating means gives especial advantages when a rather thick multi-ply assembly is being degassed, and/or when a plurality of separate multi-ply assemblies are being degassed simultaneously in the same apparatus.
Preferably, said additional heating means is arranged and adapted to dissipate heat substantially in register with the heating means carried beneath said surface of said supporting structure. This promotes substantially symmetrical heating of the multi-ply assembly from its two sides.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing which shows a detail cross-section through one edge of an apparatus according to this invention.
In the drawing, a degassing apparatus comprises a supporting frame 1 which carries a slab of thermally insulating material 3 providing the structural strength of the surface of the apparatus. The insulating slab 3 is faced with a sheet 4 of p.t.f.e. and a heating element 5 is located above the p.t.f.e. sheet 4 and beneath a first flexible, substantially impermeable membrane 6 which defines the surface of the supporting structure constituted by the supporting frame 1 and slab 3 of the apparatus. The flexible membrane 6, the heating element 5 and the p.t.f.e.
sheet 4 are held in place by a securing frame member 13 rebated into the margin of the insulating slab 3.
A multi-ply sandwich assembly generally indicated at 7 is placed on the laminating apparatus which is provided with a frame member 11 which carries a second flexible, substantially impermeable membrane 8 sealed to the frame member. The frame member 11 also carries a sealing strip 12. The multi-ply assembly is positioned on the laminating apparatus and the frame is lowered. The sealing strip 12 is pressed against the first, lower flexible membrane 6 and the securing frame member 13 by means of a manually operable clamping arm 2, whereby the multi-ply assembly is contained within a gas-tight envelope constituted by the lower flexible membrane 6 and the upper flexible membrane 8 which is carried by the frame. The frame 11 acts as a spacer member holding the two membranes 6 and 8 in spaced relation around the periphery of the envelope.The upper flexible membrane 8 may include bellows-type folds stacked above the spacer frame 11 in order to provide additional membrane material to relieve any tensile stresses to which that membrane may be subjected in use.
The spacer frame 11 also carries an optional upper heating element 9 located above the upper flexible membrane 8, and its peripherally inner face is faced with open-cell foam material 10. The spacer frame 11 is of hollow construction having an internal passageway 14 serving as an aspirating airway which communicates with the interior of the envelope via holes such as 15 in the peripherally inner face of the spacer frame. The aspirating passageway 14 is connected to a vacuum pump which is not shown.
In a particular embodiment of the invention suitable for the manufacture of laminated glazing panels, the lower heating element 5 is arranged according to a pattern such that the rate at which heat is dissipated varies stepwise with the distance from the nearest edge of the largest multi-ply assembly which can be inserted into the apparatus. Between 0 and 8mm of such edge, no heat is dissipated. From 8mm to 3cm from such edge heat is dissipated at a rate of 600W/m2, and from 3cm from the edge to 23cm from the edge, the rate is 2250W/m2. The maximum heat dissipation rate of 3000W/m2 is achieved at all points more than 23cm from the location of the edge of the largest assembly which can be accommodated by the laminating apparatus.The optional upper heating element 9 carried by the spacer frame 11 may be, and preferably is, arranged to dissipate heat in the same pattern, in register with the pattern of the lower heating element 5.
In embodiments where the heating elements are spaced from the spacer frame 11, this being the preferred arrangement, the foam material 10 carried by the peripherally inner face of the spacer frame member 11 serves the additional function of affording thermal insulation to that member. This helps to avoid or reduce any distortion of the spacer frame member due to thermal expansion.
The spacer frame member may be of an independent construction so that it may be taken up manually and moved to any desired location. Alternatively, such spacer frame could be connected to lifting gear, for example overhead lifting gear. As a further alternative, such spacer frame could be attached to the laminating apparatus by hinges.
The use of hinges and/or lifting gear is preferred.
The arrangement permits the rapid and easy insertion of a multi-ply assembly and the equally rapid and easy removal of a degassed laminate from the apparatus: this advantage is independent of the size of the apparatus. The apparatus also has the advantage of being able to be built to accommodate quite large multi-ply assemblies, for example as large as 1.5m x 2.5m or even larger, which can be laminated and then cut into smaller sizes as required.
In a variant of this apparatus, the upper heating element 9 is absent.
EXAMPLE 1 A laminate is to be formed of a single glass sheet and a single thermoplastic ply. To this end, a glass sheet 16 and thermoplastic ply 17 are brought together, face-to-face, to form a two-ply assembly. In order to promote even bonding of those two plies, and in order to protect the thermoplastics ply 17 from damage while it is heated and therefore soft, a mould plate 18 treated to resist adhesion of the thermoplastic material is laid over the thermoplastic ply to form a three-ply sandwich 7. If desired, the sandwich assembly 7 may be held together using adhesive tape such as shown at 19, such tape of course being arranged so as not to interfere with the effectiveness of the degassing process.Of course additional thermoplastic and/or glass plies could be incorporated between the glass sheet 16 and thermoplastic ply 17 if desired, and if it is desired to manufacture a laminate with two exposed thermoplastic plies, this can easily be done by using two mould plates.
The multi-ply assembly is placed in the degassing apparatus illustrated in the drawing.
In a specific example of a process according to the invention a 0.6 mm film of plasticised polyurethane is bonded to a 3 mm sheet of float glass. It had previously been ascertained that effective bonding between polyurethane film and float glass commenced at a temperature of about 1000C.
After the multi-ply assembly had been placed in the apparatus, the vacuum pump was switched on to reduce the pressure in the edge space around the assembly from atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) to a sub-atmospheric pressure having an absolute value of about 13 kPa. This edge pressure reduction was accomplished in less than 1 minute.
Three minutes after the commencement of edge pressure reduction, the heating means was switched on so as to increase the temperature of the multi-ply assembly progressively from ambient temperature (2000).
Heating continued until the central portion of the multi-ply assembly had reached a temperature of about 1000C. This temperature was that at which effective adherence commenced between the laminate plies. The heating current supplied was then reduced and heating ceased when the margins of the assembly also reached that temperature.
The vacuum pump was then switched off and the pressure within the hollow spacer frame member which acted to degas the multi-ply assembly was allowed to return to atmospheric.
The degassed and pre-bonded two-ply assembly an associated mould plate was then removed from the apparatus illustrated and transferred to an autoclave in which the pre-bonded assembly was subjected to further heating and to super-atmospheric laminating pressure to effect final bonding.
Super-atmospheric pressure in the autoclave was maintained at 800 kPa, and the assembly was heated to 1200C. This maximum temperature was maintained for fifteen minutes, whereafter the assembly was allowed to cool. After seventy five minutes cooling time, the temperature of the multi-ply assembly had dropped back to about 600C, and the pressure within the autoclave was allowed to return to atmospheric.
The laminate was then removed from the autoclave, separated from the mould plate 18, and stored overnight prior to inspection. The plies of the laminate were found to be firmly bonded together.
In a variant of this example, a glass/plastics/glass laminate was formed.
In a second variant, two multi-ply assemblies were laid up together, separated by a film of polytetrafluoroethylene, and they were degassed simultaneously, use being made of lower and upper heating elements.
In a third variant, for the degassing of multi-ply assemblies destined to be formed into curved, laminated windscreens for vehicles, the supporting structure of the apparatus has a corresponding curvature.

Claims (11)

CfrAIMS
1. Apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly as a step in forming a laminated panel, such apparatus comprising means for forming an envelope enclosing at least the edges of the assembly to form an edge space in gas flow communication with spaces between plies of the assembly, and means for aspirating said edge space and thus degassing the inter-ply spaces of the assembly, characterised in that such apparatus comprises a frame carrying a flexible, substantially impermeable membrane which is movable into position to cover a said assembly while the latter occupies a predetermined area of a surface of a supporting structure thereby to form a said envelope, aspirating means in gas flow communication with the interior of said envelope at its periphery, and means for heating a said assembly in such a way that heat is dissipated at a greater rate over a central region of said predetermined area than it is over a peripheral region of that area.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising means arranged to serve as a spacer member holding said membrane and said surface of said supporting structure in spaced relation around the periphery of said envelope.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said frame is arranged to serve as a said spacer member.
4. Apparatus according to claim 2 or 3, wherein said spacer member includes at least one passageway for placing said aspirating means in gas flow communication with the interior of said envelope.
5. Apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 4, wherein the peripherally inner face of said spacer member is faced with a foam material.
6. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein said membrane is sealed to said frame.
7. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein such heating means comprises one or more electrical resistance heating elements.
8. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein such heating means is backed by thermally insulating material.
9. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein such heating means is carried beneath said surface of said supporting structure.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said frame and flexible membrane carry additional heating means.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said additional heating means is arranged and adapted to dissipate heat substantially in register with the heating means carried beneath said surface of said supporting structure.
GB9124588A 1991-11-20 1991-11-20 Degassing apparatus Expired - Fee Related GB2261627B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9124588A GB2261627B (en) 1991-11-20 1991-11-20 Degassing apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9124588A GB2261627B (en) 1991-11-20 1991-11-20 Degassing apparatus

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9124588D0 GB9124588D0 (en) 1992-01-08
GB2261627A true GB2261627A (en) 1993-05-26
GB2261627B GB2261627B (en) 1995-07-12

Family

ID=10704888

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9124588A Expired - Fee Related GB2261627B (en) 1991-11-20 1991-11-20 Degassing apparatus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2261627B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6077066A (en) * 1996-11-22 2000-06-20 Atlantic Research Corporation Tooling apparatus for composite fabrication
WO2014181120A2 (en) * 2013-05-09 2014-11-13 The Mansfield Process Limited Glass lamination method and apparatus

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6077066A (en) * 1996-11-22 2000-06-20 Atlantic Research Corporation Tooling apparatus for composite fabrication
US6217310B1 (en) * 1996-11-22 2001-04-17 Atlantic Research Corporation Tooling apparatus for composite fabrication
WO2014181120A2 (en) * 2013-05-09 2014-11-13 The Mansfield Process Limited Glass lamination method and apparatus
WO2014181120A3 (en) * 2013-05-09 2015-01-29 The Mansfield Process Limited Glass lamination method and apparatus
GB2533475A (en) * 2013-05-09 2016-06-22 The Mansfield Process Ltd Glass lamination method and apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2261627B (en) 1995-07-12
GB9124588D0 (en) 1992-01-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4944822A (en) Method for press-bonding laminated assembly
US4067764A (en) Method of manufacture of solar cell panel
US4504341A (en) Fabricating shaped laminated transparencies
US3960627A (en) Manufacture of glazing
KR900002977A (en) Automotive windshields for head up display systems
JP2002337256A (en) Vacuum heat insulation panel and its manufacturing method
GB1430484A (en) Method of producing laminated sheet-like material
GR3023971T3 (en) Fire-resistant panel
EP0194555B1 (en) Process for producing a laminate
CA1253781A (en) Vacuum ring for producing laminated glass
CN111670115A (en) Non-mounted electrically controllable functional element with protective film
WO1998030511A1 (en) Process for the production of laminated glass
GB1426306A (en) Vacuum press
GB2289649A (en) Laminated glass safety pane
GB2261627A (en) Apparatus for degassing a multi-ply assembly
AU579371B2 (en) Method and apparatus for applying an anti-lacerative plastic layer to glass
US5028287A (en) Method for applying an anti-lacerative plastic layer to glass
GB2241468A (en) Composite glazing panel
JP3135197B2 (en) Glass resin composite board
JP3099202B2 (en) Method for manufacturing flexible lightweight solar cell module
CA1209892A (en) Fabricating shaped laminated transparencies
EP0816901B1 (en) Apparatus for setting a gap between glass substrates
JP2000348155A (en) Ic card manufacturing device
JP2000015697A (en) Laminating apparatus
US4834829A (en) Vacuum ring for producing laminated glass

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19971120