GB2260333A - Wax-like polysaccharide derivatives - Google Patents
Wax-like polysaccharide derivatives Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2260333A GB2260333A GB9221376A GB9221376A GB2260333A GB 2260333 A GB2260333 A GB 2260333A GB 9221376 A GB9221376 A GB 9221376A GB 9221376 A GB9221376 A GB 9221376A GB 2260333 A GB2260333 A GB 2260333A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- wax
- polysaccharide
- esterification
- long
- substitution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/10—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B13/00—Preparation of cellulose ether-esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B3/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids
- C08B3/08—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids of monobasic organic acids with three or more carbon atoms, e.g. propionate or butyrate
- C08B3/10—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids of monobasic organic acids with three or more carbon atoms, e.g. propionate or butyrate with five or more carbon-atoms, e.g. valerate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0087—Glucomannans or galactomannans; Tara or tara gum, i.e. D-mannose and D-galactose units, e.g. from Cesalpinia spinosa; Tamarind gum, i.e. D-galactose, D-glucose and D-xylose units, e.g. from Tamarindus indica; Gum Arabic, i.e. L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-glucuronic acid units, e.g. from Acacia Senegal or Acacia Seyal; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0096—Guar, guar gum, guar flour, guaran, i.e. (beta-1,4) linked D-mannose units in the main chain branched with D-galactose units in (alpha-1,6), e.g. from Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus; Derivatives thereof
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
Wax-like materials comprise a polysaccharide backbone substituted (e.g. by esterification) with long carbon chain residues. The polysaccharide may for example be based on a hemi-cellulose and the long carbon chains preferably have at least 14 carbon atoms.
Description
WAX-LIKE MATERIALS
The present invention relates to wax-like materials.
Paraffin derived waxes are used in food applications. They do however have the disadvantage that their relatively low molecular weight allows them to partition into fatty foods. For example, waxes are added in fairly large amounts to chewing gums. If chocolate is also placed in the mouth of a person chewing such gum, extraction of the wax into the chocolate can occur. There is thus a concomitant risk of ingestion of the wax. The same problem arises, for example, with waxes used for the coating of cartons for containing milk.
A further problem associated with the coating of cartons is the non-biodegradability of paraffin derived materials. For example, a carton used to contain milk or soft drink cannot be marketed as being truly biodegradable if coated with such a material.
According to the present invention there is provided a wax-like material comprising a polysaccharide backbone substituted with long carbon chain residues.
The preferred substitution is by esterification.
In the materials of the invention the wax-like properties are, in effect, provided by the long carbon chains which are immobilised by substitution in the polysaccharide molecule. The molecular weight of the wax-like material (which will of course be dependent on the length of the polysaccharide backbone as well as type and degree of substitution) will determine the temperature at which the wax-like material will melt. Typically the molecular weight of the wax-like material will be at least 8500 more preferably at least 18,000.
A wax-like material in accordance with the invention and having a molecular weight 80,000-90,000 will typically melt in the range 500-600.
Generally the molecular weight of the polysaccharide to be substituted will not exceed about 100,000.
The molecular weights referred to in the preceding paragraph are viscosity average molecular weights as determined by Gel
Permeation Chromatography using Pullulan standard (algalpolysaccharide).
Given that the long carbon chain substituents are "immobilised" on the polysaccharide there will be no partitioning of the wax-like material into fatty products. In other words, the molecular weight of the wax-like material is too large to allow it to partition into the fatty product.
The wax-like materials are most preferably obtained by esterification of a polysaccharide material incorporating hydroxyl groups with an acid (or acid derivative, e.g. the acid chloride) providing the long carbon chain. Such waxes as obtained by esterification are also inherently biodegradable; fission of the ester bond producing a degradable fatty acid and a degradable polysaccharide. The preferred polysaccharides to be esterified are those which are soluble (e.g. to 1 or 2 %) in solvents commonly used in esterification reactions.
Preferred polysaccharides are based on hemi-cellulose, e.g.
Galactomannans, xylans, and gums such as guar and acacia. If a hemicellulose is used, then it may not be necessary to modify the hydroxyl groups thereof to effect the substitution of the hemi-cellulose with the long carbon chain groups, although such modification is not precluded. It is also possible to use cellulose as the polysaccharide but in this case it will generally be necessary to use a modified form to allow the substitution reaction to proceed.
In many cases, it is preferred to use a hydroxyalkyl derivative (preferably one in which the alkyl group has 1-3 carbon atoms) to ensure the required solubility for the esterification reactions. Thus for example, preferred polysaccharides for use in the invention include hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropylated gums, e.g.
hydroxypropyl guar. In the case of these hydroxypropylated (and other hydroxyalkylated) compounds it is preferred that all three hydroxyl groups on the "monomeric " saccharide unit are substituted.
This degree of substitution in cellulose ensures that the strong hydrogen bonding in cellulose is sufficiently disrupted to allow the introduction of long carbon chain groups during the subsequent esterification reaction.
The long carbon chains preferably have at least 14 carbon atoms, more preferably 16 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferably the group has an even number of carbon atoms.
Examples of long carbon chain groups which may be introduced are thus myristyl, stearyl, palmityl, oleyl, elcosanoyl/arachridyl. These naturally occurring fatty acid derived groups are particularly preferred as they result in the production of biodegradable wax-like materials. The long carbon chain may include unsaturation which opens the possibility of providing a degree of cross-linking between the long chain substituents to modify the properties of the wax-like material.
It is preferred to use the acid chloride in the esterification reaction in view of its higher reactivity than the free acid.
If necessary a catalyst may be used for the esterification reaction, e.g. pyridine or other basic catalysts.
The esterification is preferably effected so that the degree of substitution of each "monomeric" saccharide unit is at least 2, more preferably at least 2.3.
The invention will be further described by way of example with reference to the following non-limiting Examples.
Example 1
5g of hydroxy-propyl cellulose (M Ult. ca 80,000) was dissolved in 250 cm3 of a 4:1 mixture of acetone and pyridine (base catalyst).
The mixture was heated to 500 C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 3 times molar excess (based on available hydroxyl groups) of stearoyl chloride. The resultant mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and then allowed to cool. The esterified product was isolated by precipitation in a large volume of distilled water, then dried and redissolved in toluene or acetone before final reprecipitation.
Degrees of substitution (i.e. number of stearyl groups substituted per "monomeric" saccharide residue) obtained using this method are typically greater than 2. These polymers melt at 50-60 C, and are totally hydrophobic.
Example 2
5g of hydroxyl propyl cellulose (M Ult.ca 100,000 Molar
Substitution (MS) ca 3) was dissolved in 250cm3 of a 3:1 mixture of acetone and pyridine (base catalyst). The mixture was heated to 500
C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 2 times molar excess (based on available hydroxyl groups) of stearoyl chloride. The mixture was refluxed for 45 minutes and then allowed to cool. The esterified product was isolated by precipitation in a large volume of distilled water, then dried and redissolved in toluene before final reprecipitation. DS obtained using this method is usually around two.
Wax-like polymers are obtained that melt at 90-1000 C. These polymers can also form fibres if reprecipitated into cold, moving water.
Example 3
5g of Larch Arabinogalactan (M Ult ca 28,000) was dispersed in 150 cm3 of a 2:1:1 mixture of acetone, pyridine and formamide. The mixture was heated to 600 C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 2.5 times molar excess of stearoyl chloride. The mixture was gently refluxed for 45 minutes and allowed to cool. The product was isolated by precipitation in a large volume of distilled water, then dried and redissolved in toluene before final reprecipitation.
Resultant polymers melt at 50-600 C.
Example 4
5g of Larch Arabinogalactan (M Ult ca 28,000) was dispersed in 150 cm3 of a 2:1:1 mixture of acetone, pyridine and formamide. The mixture was heated to 600 C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 2 times molar excess of palmitoyl chloride. The mixture was gently refluxed for 50 minutes and allowed to cool. The esterified product was isolated by precipitation into distilled water, then dried and redissolved in toluene before final reprecipitation. DS of around 2 are obtained using this method. Polymers melt at 60-70 C.
Example 5
5g of hydroxy-propyl guar gum (M Ult ca 27,000 MS ca 0.5) was dissolved in 150 cm3 of a 1:1 mixture of acetone and pyridine. The mixture was heated to 600 C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 2.5 times molar excess of stearoyl chloride. The mixture was gently refluxed for 50 minutes and then allowed to cool. Isolation of the product was as above. DS of 2-2.3 is obtained using this method. Polymer products melt at 50-600 C.
Example 6
5g of guar gum (M Ult ca 28,000) was dispersed in 150 cm3 of a 2:1:1 mixture of acetone, pyridine and formamide. The mixture was heated to 600 C in a reaction vessel, followed by the addition of a 3 times molar excess of palmitoyl chloride. The resultant mixture was gently refluxed for 1 hour and then allowed to cool. Isolation of the product was as above. The wax-like polymer obtained melts at 70-800 C.
Claims (19)
1. A wax-like material comprising a polysaccharide backbone substituted with long chain carbon residues.
2. A material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the substitution is by esterification.
3. A material as claimed in claim 1 or 2 having a molecular weight of at least 8,500.
4. A material as claimed in claim 3 having a molecular weight of at least 18,000.
5. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the molecular weight does not exceed about 100,000.
6. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the polysaccharide is based on a hemi-cellulose.
7. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the polysaccharide is based on cellulose.
8. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the polysaccharide is a hydroxyalkyl derivative thereof.
9. A material as claimed in claim 8 wherein the alkyl group has 13 carbon atoms.
10. A material as claimed in claim 8 or 9 wherein 3 hydroxyl groups of the "monomeric" saccharide unit are substituted.
11. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the long carbon chains have at least 14 carbon atoms.
12. A material as claimed in claim 11 wherein the long carbon chains have 16 to 20 carbon atoms.
13. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the long carbon chains have an even number of carbon atoms.
14. A material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the long carbon chain groups are selected from myristyl, stearyl, palmityl, oleyl, elcosanoyl/arachridyl.
15. A method of producing a wax-like material comprising substituting a polysaccharide with long carbon chain residues.
16. A method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the substitution is esterification.
17. A method as claimed in claim 16 wherein the esterification is effected with an acid chloride which includes the long chain alkyl group.
18. A method as claimed in claim 16 or 17 wherein the esterification is effected in the presence of a basic catalyst.
19. A method as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 18 wherein the degree of substitution of each "monomeric" saccharide unit is at least 2, more preferably at least 2.3.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9221376A GB2260333A (en) | 1991-10-11 | 1992-10-12 | Wax-like polysaccharide derivatives |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB919121613A GB9121613D0 (en) | 1991-10-11 | 1991-10-11 | Wax-like materials |
GB9221376A GB2260333A (en) | 1991-10-11 | 1992-10-12 | Wax-like polysaccharide derivatives |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9221376D0 GB9221376D0 (en) | 1992-11-25 |
GB2260333A true GB2260333A (en) | 1993-04-14 |
Family
ID=26299681
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9221376A Withdrawn GB2260333A (en) | 1991-10-11 | 1992-10-12 | Wax-like polysaccharide derivatives |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2260333A (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4427879A1 (en) * | 1994-08-06 | 1996-02-08 | Chemtec Leuna Ges Fuer Chemie | Biodegradable wax compsn. |
WO1998022512A1 (en) * | 1996-11-20 | 1998-05-28 | The University Of Montana | Water soluble lipidated arabinogalactan |
WO1998035001A1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-13 | Unilever N.V. | Fractionation of triglyceride fats |
US6290978B2 (en) | 1998-04-27 | 2001-09-18 | Larex, Inc. | Derivatives of arabinogalactan and compositions including the same |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB515908A (en) * | 1937-06-15 | 1939-12-18 | Deutsche Hydrierwerke Ag | Improvements in or relating to the treatment of fibrous textile materials |
GB611665A (en) * | 1945-05-03 | 1948-11-02 | British Celanese | Improvements in the production of cellulose esters |
GB1025152A (en) * | 1962-02-07 | 1966-04-06 | Gevaert Photo Prod Nv | Preparation of organic esters of polysaccharides |
GB1256418A (en) * | 1968-05-22 | 1971-12-08 | Gillette Co | Dermatological water- and detergent-barrier compositions |
GB1326749A (en) * | 1970-06-08 | 1973-08-15 | Mar Pha Etu Expl Marques | Heparin esters |
GB1414388A (en) * | 1972-12-18 | 1975-11-19 | Hayashibara Biochem Lab | Pullulan derivatives and their use in the production of shaped bodies |
-
1992
- 1992-10-12 GB GB9221376A patent/GB2260333A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB515908A (en) * | 1937-06-15 | 1939-12-18 | Deutsche Hydrierwerke Ag | Improvements in or relating to the treatment of fibrous textile materials |
GB611665A (en) * | 1945-05-03 | 1948-11-02 | British Celanese | Improvements in the production of cellulose esters |
GB1025152A (en) * | 1962-02-07 | 1966-04-06 | Gevaert Photo Prod Nv | Preparation of organic esters of polysaccharides |
GB1256418A (en) * | 1968-05-22 | 1971-12-08 | Gillette Co | Dermatological water- and detergent-barrier compositions |
GB1326749A (en) * | 1970-06-08 | 1973-08-15 | Mar Pha Etu Expl Marques | Heparin esters |
GB1414388A (en) * | 1972-12-18 | 1975-11-19 | Hayashibara Biochem Lab | Pullulan derivatives and their use in the production of shaped bodies |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4427879A1 (en) * | 1994-08-06 | 1996-02-08 | Chemtec Leuna Ges Fuer Chemie | Biodegradable wax compsn. |
DE4427879C2 (en) * | 1994-08-06 | 2000-02-17 | Chemtec Leuna Ges Fuer Chemie | Biodegradable in-situ wax compositions and methods of preparation |
WO1998022512A1 (en) * | 1996-11-20 | 1998-05-28 | The University Of Montana | Water soluble lipidated arabinogalactan |
US6258796B1 (en) * | 1996-11-20 | 2001-07-10 | The University Of Montana | Water soluble lipidated arabinogalactan |
US6303584B1 (en) | 1996-11-20 | 2001-10-16 | The University Of Montana | Water soluble lipidated arabinogalactan |
WO1998035001A1 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 1998-08-13 | Unilever N.V. | Fractionation of triglyceride fats |
US6162934A (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2000-12-19 | Lipton, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Fractionation of triglyceride fats |
US6290978B2 (en) | 1998-04-27 | 2001-09-18 | Larex, Inc. | Derivatives of arabinogalactan and compositions including the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9221376D0 (en) | 1992-11-25 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |