GB2253175A - Diffusion bonding of oxidation-resistant foils - Google Patents
Diffusion bonding of oxidation-resistant foils Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2253175A GB2253175A GB9203455A GB9203455A GB2253175A GB 2253175 A GB2253175 A GB 2253175A GB 9203455 A GB9203455 A GB 9203455A GB 9203455 A GB9203455 A GB 9203455A GB 2253175 A GB2253175 A GB 2253175A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- oxidation
- foils
- titanium
- substrate
- diffusion bonding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/02—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
- B23K20/023—Thermo-compression bonding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/14—Preventing or minimising gas access, or using protective gases or vacuum during welding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Description
425-1 75 1 DIFFUSION BONDING OF OXIDATION-RESISTANT FOILS The present
invention relates to oxidation protection of titanium materials, and more particularly to the utilization of diffusion bonding of protective foils on titanium materials.
Titanium aluminides suffer from the inability to form a self-protective oxidation-resistant barrier on exposure to an oxidizing environment. This is because:he alloy tends to form mixed oxide scales that tend to crack upon thermal cycling and form a complex layered oxide that spalls. In addition, the oxide film that is contact with the metal substrate dissolves some of the oxygen from the oxide scale. This leads to diffusion of oxygen from the surface into the metal substrate and subsequent embrittlement.
In the case of a metal matrix composite (MMC) consisting of high strength filaments embedded in the metal matrix, additional complications arise due to internal stresses generated by the mismatch in thermal expansion between f iber and matrix. This leads to crack formation at the surface during cyclic oxidation, crack propagation into the metal matrix and eventual mechanical failure of the composite.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for protecting'a substrate of titanium material from oxidation comprising the steps: applying an oxidation- resistant foil on at least one surface of the substrate to form an assembly; evacuating the air space around the assembly to pressures below 10-4 Torr; applying external pressure to the assembly to ensure intimate contact between the foil and substrate; applying heat to the foil covered substrate for completing diffusion bonding therebetween.
a 1 2 In order to provide an oxidation-resistant surface on titanium alloys that does not degrade the mechanical properties of the baseline material, it is necessary to provide a ductile surface layer that will bond to the aluminide and that forms a protective surface oxide on exposure to an oxidizing environment. This can be accomplished by bonding a ductile foil of an alloy that has a low solubility and diffusivity for oxygen and forms a protective oxide on exposure to an oxidizing environment. An examination of candidate alloys that will fit these requirements suggests that thin alloy foils ok FeCrAl, FeNicr, NicrAl, and HiCr as well as the corresponding additions of yttrium to these alloys would be effective in providing the required oxidation resistance.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:- FIG. 1 is a plot of the elemental.scan lines for diffusion-bonded titanium material treated in accordance with the present method; FIG. 2 is a plot showing the effect of surface modified titanium alloy on cyclic air oxidation.
To minimize interactive effects between the alloy foils and a titanium alloy substrate, diffusion bonding of the above-mentioned foils to the titanium alloy substrate is required. Diffusion bonding comprises compressing the titanium alloy (or composite) between two foils of the desired material and vacuum heating the assembly for the minimum time and temperature to obtain an intimate metallurgical bond between the titanium alloy and the foil. Sufficient pressure is applied to the assembly to obtain 4 1 3 intimate contact between the foils and the titanium alloy during the diffusion bonding operation. Under these conditions, atoms of foil material and the titanium alloy substrate will diffuse across the substrate surfaces to form a metallurgical bond. This bonding operation in effect seals off the original titanium alloy surface from the damaging effects of the oxidizing environment and provides a ductile oxidationresistant surface. The choice of materials and processing steps to diffusion bond the ductile alloy foils to the titanium alloy to create an oxidation- resistant surface constitute the main features of this disclosure.
The following exanples illustrate the present invention.
Example No. 1
A titanium aluminide (Ti-24Al-11Nb) substrate surface is prepared by either mechanical polishing or by chemical cleaning in a nitric acid-HF etch. A thin foil thickness=0.381nm (0.0015in.) of an FeCrAl alloy (Fe-22Cr-Ml) is cleaned in acetone and rinsed in nethanol. The titanium aluminide sheet (thickness= 12. 7nTn (0.050in.) is sandwiched between two foils of the FeCrAl alloy and placed inside a vacuum hot press. The hot press is evacuated to pressures below 10-4 Torr. Pressures in the range of 1-5 k.s.i. are applied to the three-layer assembly which is heated in the range of 900-1100C for periods of 1-5 hours. The diffusion-bonded composite is removed from the assembly. Metallographic analysis of the interface between the foils and the aluminide indicates that an excellent bond between the two different phases has been achieved. Scanning electrd.
microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis (SEM/EDS) indicates that diffusion of titanium and iron across the interface between the foils and the aluminide has occurred.
FIG. 1 illustrates typical SEM/EDS for the elemental distribution across the interface of a diffusion-bonded composite of Ti-24Al-llNb substrate and FeCrAl foils. FIG. 2 illustrates typical furnace air oxidation results at 8150C 1 4 for a Ti-24Al-UNb alloy diffusion bonded to FeCrAl foils and shows that a significant improvement in oxidation performance has been achieved over the bare alloy.
Example No. 2
A titanium alloy (Ti-24A1-11Nb) composite is fabricated by laying up alternating layers of titanium alloy foil and reinforcing fibers (SiC) and diffusion bonding the layers together to consolidate the composite. To incorporate the oxidation-resistant foil chosen from the group described above, it is incorporated into the manufacturing process for the composite and bonding occurs as in Example No. 1. The composite is substantially ready to use in a high temperature oxidizing environment. This approach eliminates the need to provide a separate coating process for the composite and should offer a more reliable method of attaching an oxidation-resistant layer to a titanium alloy MMC.
In operation, the present method for bonding a ductile oxidation-resistant foil of an alloy provides an oxidationresistant surface for structural titanium alloys for use at elevated temperatures. The alloys may be chosen from the group of alloys, FeCrAl(Y), FeCrNi, NiCrAl(Y) and NiCr. These alloys can be obtained in the form of thin foils (i.e.,, 0.5-3mils) and the titanium alloy in the form of sheet or plate stock is sandwiched between the two foils. The assembly is placed inside a vacuum diffusion bonding apparatus and evacuated to pressures below 10-4 Torr before heat and pressure are applied. Pressure in the range l-'!:.
k.s.i. is applied externally to the assembly. The assembly is heated to temperatures in the range 900-1100C for periods of 1-5 hours to effect the diffusion bonding of the two materials.
This process offers the advantage of directly incorporating the oxidation-resistant surface into the manufacturing process for a titanium alloy MMC and eliminating the need for a separate coating process. This is particularly advantageous for complex parts and shapes that are made of composite material that need to be coated for oxidation prot. ection.
6 CLA.IMS:
1. A method for protecting a substrate of titanium material from oxidation comprising the steps:
applying an oxidation-resistant foil on at least one surface of the substrate to form an assembly; evacuating the air space around the assembly to pressures below 10-4 Torr; applying external pressure to the assembly to ensure intimate contact between the foil and substrate; applying heat to the foil covered substrate for completing diffusion bonding therebetween.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from titanium alloys and titanium aluminide.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the foil is selected from FeCrAl, FeNiCr, NiCrAl and NiCr.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the oxidation-resistant foil further includes a component of yttrium.
5. A method as claimed in claimed in claim 3, wherein the foil is FeCrAl and wherein the heat applied is in the range 900 to 11000C.
6. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the external pressure applied is in the range 1-5 k.s.i.
7. A method for protecting a substrate of titanium material from oxidation substantially as hereinbefore described in either one of the foregoing examples.
8. A substrate of titanium material protected from oxidation by the method of any one of claims I to 7.
i
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US65645391A | 1991-02-19 | 1991-02-19 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9203455D0 GB9203455D0 (en) | 1992-04-01 |
| GB2253175A true GB2253175A (en) | 1992-09-02 |
| GB2253175B GB2253175B (en) | 1994-08-24 |
Family
ID=24633090
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9203455A Expired - Fee Related GB2253175B (en) | 1991-02-19 | 1992-02-18 | Diffusion bonding of oxidation-resistant foils |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE4204449A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2672833B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2253175B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2257385B (en) * | 1991-07-11 | 1994-11-02 | Rolls Royce Plc | Improvements in or relating to diffusion bonding |
| DE4430779C2 (en) * | 1994-08-30 | 1996-08-29 | Chuang Tung Han | Process for making a diffusion bond at low pressure |
| FI109233B (en) | 2000-02-23 | 2002-06-14 | Outokumpu Oy | Heat sink and method for making the heat sink |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1346322A (en) * | 1971-03-11 | 1974-02-06 | Kobe Seikosho Kk | Surface hardened titanium or zirconium and their alloys and method of producing the same |
| GB2022486A (en) * | 1978-06-08 | 1979-12-19 | Gen Electric | Method for diffusion bonding sheet claddings to substrates |
| GB2042393A (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-09-24 | Gen Electric | Method of diffusion bonding duplex sheet cladding to substrates |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS518857B2 (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1976-03-22 | ||
| US4145481A (en) * | 1977-08-03 | 1979-03-20 | Howmet Turbine Components Corporation | Process for producing elevated temperature corrosion resistant metal articles |
| JPS5654903A (en) * | 1979-10-13 | 1981-05-15 | Toshiba Corp | Turbine blade and its manufacture |
| DE3339954A1 (en) * | 1982-11-05 | 1984-06-28 | Nippon Gakki Seizo K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka | Composite material for spectacle frames and method of producing it |
| GB8711697D0 (en) * | 1987-05-18 | 1987-06-24 | Secr Defence Brit | Coated titanium articles(ii) |
| US5077140A (en) * | 1990-04-17 | 1991-12-31 | General Electric Company | Coating systems for titanium oxidation protection |
| JP3405639B2 (en) * | 1996-07-12 | 2003-05-12 | 東洋電機製造株式会社 | DC high-speed circuit breakers for railway vehicles |
-
1992
- 1992-02-11 FR FR9201516A patent/FR2672833B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-02-14 DE DE19924204449 patent/DE4204449A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-02-18 GB GB9203455A patent/GB2253175B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1346322A (en) * | 1971-03-11 | 1974-02-06 | Kobe Seikosho Kk | Surface hardened titanium or zirconium and their alloys and method of producing the same |
| GB2022486A (en) * | 1978-06-08 | 1979-12-19 | Gen Electric | Method for diffusion bonding sheet claddings to substrates |
| GB2042393A (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-09-24 | Gen Electric | Method of diffusion bonding duplex sheet cladding to substrates |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE4204449A1 (en) | 1992-08-27 |
| GB9203455D0 (en) | 1992-04-01 |
| FR2672833B1 (en) | 1996-07-12 |
| FR2672833A1 (en) | 1992-08-21 |
| GB2253175B (en) | 1994-08-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19990218 |