GB2250200A - Fumigation method - Google Patents

Fumigation method Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2250200A
GB2250200A GB9025698A GB9025698A GB2250200A GB 2250200 A GB2250200 A GB 2250200A GB 9025698 A GB9025698 A GB 9025698A GB 9025698 A GB9025698 A GB 9025698A GB 2250200 A GB2250200 A GB 2250200A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
methyl bromide
cargo
pipe
hold
concentration
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Granted
Application number
GB9025698A
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GB9025698D0 (en
GB2250200B (en
Inventor
Christopher Russell Watson
John Trevor Rogerson
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IGROX CHEMICALS Ltd
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IGROX CHEMICALS Ltd
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Priority to GB9025698A priority Critical patent/GB2250200B/en
Publication of GB9025698D0 publication Critical patent/GB9025698D0/en
Publication of GB2250200A publication Critical patent/GB2250200A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2250200B publication Critical patent/GB2250200B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/20—Gaseous substances, e.g. vapours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M13/00—Fumigators; Apparatus for distributing gases
    • A01M13/003—Enclosures for fumigation, e.g. containers, bags or housings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M17/00—Apparatus for the destruction of vermin in soil or in foodstuffs
    • A01M17/008—Destruction of vermin in foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B9/00—Preservation of edible seeds, e.g. cereals
    • A23B9/16—Preserving with chemicals
    • A23B9/18—Preserving with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B9/00—Preservation of edible seeds, e.g. cereals
    • A23B9/16—Preserving with chemicals
    • A23B9/24—Preserving with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23B9/26—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A23B9/28—Microorganisms; Enzymes; Antibiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3409—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)

Abstract

In a method for fumigation of granular or particulate material in the hold of a ship using methyl bromide as fumigant, methyl bromide is fed into the sealed hold of the ship through one of two perforated pipes, a first pipe lying below the cargo and a second perforated pipe above the cargo. Hot methyl bromide vapour, intimately mixed with air, is introduced through one or other of the pipes using a reversible fan and is withdrawn through the other pipe and recirculated. Introduction of methyl bromide is continued until a desired theoretical concentration is achieved. During fumigation methyl bromide concentration at various points within the cargo is sampled and the direction of flow of methyl bromide is changed as necessary in order to achieve a substantially uniform concentration throughout the bulk of the cargo. The methyl bromide concentration is maintained about a minimum level such as to achieve a target concentration time product. After fumigation is complete methyl bromide is removed from the cargo preferably by blowing air into the hold through the pipe lying below the cargo.

Description

FUMIGAIIQN ME190D This invention relates to a fumigation method and more especially to a method for fumigation of granular or particulate material in the hold of ship using methyl bromide as fumigant.
Methyl bromide has been used for many years as a fumigant but its use has been limited for two main reasons. First, it is extremely strongly adsorbed on the surfaces of many of the materials that it is desired to fumigate and secondly it is extremely difficult to introduce it as a fumigant to achieve a substantially constant concentration throughout a bulk of material to be fumigated. The effect of methyl bromide as a fumigant is determined by a minimum concentration time product (CM?) for any given target, that is to say the fumigation time is concentration dependent and because of this difficulty of achieving consistant conentration throughout a large bulk of material it is necessary to use an excess of methyl bromide in order to ensure that the minimum CIP is reached in all parts of the material to be fumigated.This means of course that in those points in the bulk of the material where the concentration of methyl bromide is very high there is a very considerable risk that so much methyl bromide will be adsorbed onto the material as to render the material unsuitable for use without further treatment to remove the adsorbed methyl bromide. This adsorption problem is particularly troublesome in the fumiation of very porous materials such as wood bark but also arises with other granular or particulate materials such as grain or animal feeds.
For the fumigation of the material in the holds of ships it is extremely important that the fumigation can be carried out quickly since turn-round time is an extremely important consideration. For this reason it is particularly desirable to be able to use methyl bromide as a fumigant for material in the hold of a ship.
According to the invention methyl bromide is fed into the sealed hold of a ship through one of two pipe systems comprising a first pipe system arranged at the bottom of the hold and comprising a perforated pipe of relatively small diameter, say of the order of 80-150mm, and preferably comprising a single continuous pipe extending around the periphery of the hold, and lying below the cargo, and a second pipe system also comprising a perforated pipe but of relatively large diameter, say of the order of 300mm, above the cargo. The two pipe systems are connected through a reversible fan system such that methyl bromide is introduced into the hold through one pipe system and withdrawn through the other and recirculated.The upper pipe system is arranged such that hot methyl bromide vapour introduced into the pipe is thoroughly mixed with air before it is introduced into the hold. A plurality of probes for sensing methyl bromide concentration via, for example, a thermal conductivity meter, are located at various points throughout the cargo such as to give a statistical balance of readings throughout the cargo.
On start up hot methyl bromide vapour, preferably at a temperature of from 60 to 800C is fed into the upper tube in an amount such that the calculated minimum Cl? is reached in the hold within 15 to 24 hours. The probes within the cargo monitor the actual concentration in the region in which they are located. The direction of flow of methyl bromide through the cargo which is controlled by means of the reversible fan is altered depending on the point concentration readings as determined by the probes to achieve a substantially consistent concentration of methyl bromide throughout the bulk of the cargo. Additional hot methyl bromide vapour is added as required in the event that the overall concentration in the hold is reduced, for example, by adsorption or by leakage.At the end of the fumigation period when the target Cl? has been achieved at all probe points, methyl bromide circulation is stopped and the hold is unsealed to allow the methyl bromide to escape from the hold while blowing air into the hold through the lower pipe system. The methyl bromide/air mixture is maintained in a mobile state throughout fumigation and subsequent ventilation which minimises the adsorption effect.
The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of example with reference to the drawing which is a diagramatic view of a hold of a ship with the system installed.
As shown in the drawing the hold 1 has a hatch 2 and manhole 3. A first pipe system arranged in the lower part of the hold 1 comprises a vertical unperforated pipe 4 which enters the hold 1 through the manhole 3 and is connected at its lower end to a ring of perforated pipe 5 which extends around the periphery of the hold 1. Two more unperforated pipes 13 and 14 extend downwardly though manhole 3 and then upwardly to terminate above the cargo space in hold 1. The hold 1 is loaded with cargo which overlies the ring of pipe 5 and surrounds pipes 4, 13 and 14. A pipe 6 of perforated flexible collapsible tube is then laid over the cargo to extend along the length of the hold 1. Pipe 6 is connected to pipe 13 and is supported at least at the end remote from manhole 3. One pipe 6 extends over the cargo on each side of the hold 1.
Pipes 6 and 13 and pipe 14 together form the second pipe system.
The hatch 2 is then placed on the hold to seal the hold and a seal is also provided at the manhole 3 to prevent escape of methyl bromide from the hold. The end of pipes 4, 13 and 14 outside the hold is connected to a reversible fan system 7.
Pipes 13 and 14 are joined at a point before the connection to fan system 7 with valving (not shown) being provided to allow flow through one or other of pipes 13 and 14.
Methyl bromide from a source 8 is passed through a heat exchanger 9 and a pipe 10 which passes through the wall of the pipe 13 at a location outside the hold and extends through the inside of pipe 13 to the point of connection of pipe 13 to pipe 6.
On start-up the fan system 7 is arranged to blow through pipes 13 and 6 and to withdraw through pipes 5 and 4. Methyl bromide is passed through heat exchanger 9 into pipe 13 and thence to pipe 6. In the heat exchanger 9 the methyl bromide is vapourised and heated. The methyl bromide vapour is rapidly mixed with the turbulent air in pipe 6 and passes through the perforations in pipe 6 substantially uniformly along its length. The methyl bromide vapour is drawn through the cargo in the hold 1 and withdrawn through pipes 5 and 4 to be recirculated through the fan 7. Introduction of fresh methyl bromide is continued until the desired concentration is reached in the cargo. Should the methyl bromide level fall throughout the cargo to an extent that the target Cl? will not be reached in the target time top-up quantities of fresh methyl bromide are added.
The methyl bromide concentration at various points in the cargo is determined by probes 11 and the information passed to a monitoring system 12. The wires connecting the probes 11 to the monitoring system 12 leave the hold though pipe 14.
Recirculation continues throughout the fumigation with the methyl bromide/air mixture being drawn from pipe 5 and reintroduced through pipes 13 and 16 provided that the point concentration of methyl bromide as determined by the probes 11 is substantially constant and above the concentration required to achieve the target ClP in the target time. Should the concentration of methyl bromide become uneven between the top and bottom of the hold the flow is reversed by drawing methyl bromide/air mixture from pipe 14 and reintroducing it through pipes 4 and 5 to correct the deficiency.
The system of the invention provides a very satisfactory method of methyl bromide fumigation.
The following example illustrates the invention.
EXample Methyl bromide fumigation was carried out on two holds of a ship. The first hold had a volume of 1300m3 and held approximately 400 tonnes of coarse maritime pine bark at a temperature of 10-320C. The second hold had a volume of 1422m3 and contained approximately 400 tonnes of fine maritime pine bark at a temperature of 17-200C.
The pipe 4 extended completely around the perimeter of the hold at the bottom and was made of rigid PVC and had a diameter of 88mm. The pipe 6 was made of layflat polyethylene tube having a diameter of 30Orrn.
Seven sample points 11 were located in the first hold and nine sample points 11 were located in the second hold.
Also positioned in the cargo throughout the hold were ten target tubes containing bark beetles (Scolytides). Control tubes containing identical beetles were kept outside the hold in the same temperature conditions.
At the respective temperatures of the bark in the holds the specified minirmrm Cl? for the target insects was 800mm/h/l for the first hold and 650mg/h/l for the second hold. Methyl bromide vapour was passed into the holds through the pipes 6 at a temperature of 60-700C over a period of one hour until an excess over the calculated amount to Produce the minimum Cl? through out the bark had been introduced. After 6 hours all the probes 11 in the first hold showed even concentrations tut 5%) and the same situation was achieved in the second hold in 7 hours. The concentration then gradually decreased due to adsorption and leakage but the eveness of concentration at all probes was maintained until completion of fumigation.The minimum Cl? recorded in the first hold was 980mg/h/l and the maximum 1420mg/h/l. The average CIP was 1140mg/h/l. In the second hold the minimum Cl? was 850mg/h/l, the maximum 1340mg/h/l and the average 994mg/h/l. The direction of flow of the methyl bromide was reversed as required to maintain even concentration of methyl bromide in each hold.
After 22 hours the two holds were opened and air blown through pipe 4 and 5 to clear the holds of methyl bromide. After 20 hours ventilation the levels of methyl bromide throughout the bark were beloe the Occupational Exposure Level (OEL) of 5yplt (as measured by Drager tube of sample drawn from sample probes) and descharge of the bark commenced. The target insects in the target tubes were all found to dead.

Claims (10)

1. A method for fumigation of a granular or particulate cargo in the sealed hold of a ship, which comprises feeding heated methyl bromide vapour in intimate admixture with air into the hold of the ship through one of two pipe systems, the two pipe systems comprising a first pipe system arranged at the bottom of the hold and comprising a perforated pipe of relatively smaller diameter lying below the cargo and the second pipe system comprising a perforated pipe of relatively larger diameter lying above the cargo, the two pipe systems being connected through a reversible fan system such that the methyl bromide/air mixture is introduced into the hold through one pipe system and withdrawn through the other and recirculated, the second pipe system including means for introducing heated methyl bromide vapour into the pipe and intimately mixing the vapour with air before it is introduced into the hold, sampling the methyl bromide concentration at a plurality of points throughout the cargo and periodically changing the direction of flow of the methyl bromide/air mixture through the material depending on the methyl bromide concentration to maintain a substantially consistent concentration of methyl bromide throughout the bulk of the cargo, said methyl bromide concentration being above a minimum level such as to achieve a target concentration time product, and then removing methyl bromide from the cargo.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the perforated pipe of the first pipe system is of diameter 180 to 150run and the perforated pipe of the second pipe system is of diameter of the order of 300mm.
3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the first pipe system includes a single continuous pipe extending around the periphery of the bottom of the hold.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein sampling is effected by means of a plurality of probes for sensing methyl bromide concentration, said probes being located at points throughout the cargo such as to give a statistical balance of readings throughout the cargo.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein methyl bromide concentration is sensed via a thermal conductivity meter or meters.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the methyl bromide vapour is fed into the second pipes systems at a temperature of from 60 to 800C.
7. A method according to anyone of claims 1 to 6 wherein methyl bromide vapour in fed into the cargo in such an amount that the calculated minimum concentration time product is reached in the hold within 15 to 20 hours.
8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein additional hot methyl bromide vapour is added as required in the event that the overall concentration in the hold is reduced below the desired level.
9. A method according to claim 1 conducted substantially as described herein with reference to the drawing.
10. A method according to claim 1 conducted substantially as described in the example.
GB9025698A 1990-11-27 1990-11-27 Fumigation method Expired - Fee Related GB2250200B (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
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GB9025698D0 GB9025698D0 (en) 1991-01-09
GB2250200A true GB2250200A (en) 1992-06-03
GB2250200B GB2250200B (en) 1994-10-19

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0865731A1 (en) * 1997-03-18 1998-09-23 The Boc Group, Inc. Gas fumigation
WO2007002581A3 (en) * 2005-06-28 2007-03-29 Steris Inc An integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
US8178145B1 (en) * 2007-11-14 2012-05-15 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Methods and systems for applying sprout inhibitors and/or other substances to harvested potatoes and/or other vegetables in storage facilities
US9605890B2 (en) 2010-06-30 2017-03-28 Jmc Ventilation/Refrigeration, Llc Reverse cycle defrost method and apparatus
US10076129B1 (en) 2016-07-15 2018-09-18 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Systems and methods for inhibiting spoilage of stored crops
WO2021237290A1 (en) * 2020-05-26 2021-12-02 Fintran Australia Pty Ltd System and method for fumigating a vessel with crew protection

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB501269A (en) * 1936-05-23 1939-02-20 Mark Ralph Colby Method of and apparatus for preventing damage to cargo in cargo compartments
SU793546A1 (en) * 1979-04-20 1981-01-07 Кубанский Филиал Всесоюзногоордена Трудового Красного Знаменинаучно-Исследовательского Инсти-Тута Зерна И Продуктов Его Переработки Method of fumigation of grain in silos

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB501269A (en) * 1936-05-23 1939-02-20 Mark Ralph Colby Method of and apparatus for preventing damage to cargo in cargo compartments
SU793546A1 (en) * 1979-04-20 1981-01-07 Кубанский Филиал Всесоюзногоордена Трудового Красного Знаменинаучно-Исследовательского Инсти-Тута Зерна И Продуктов Его Переработки Method of fumigation of grain in silos

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0865731A1 (en) * 1997-03-18 1998-09-23 The Boc Group, Inc. Gas fumigation
US6047497A (en) * 1997-03-18 2000-04-11 The Boc Group, Inc. Gas fumigation method and system
US6615534B1 (en) 1997-03-18 2003-09-09 Cytec Canada, Inc. Gas fumigation method and system
CN101198361B (en) * 2005-06-28 2013-06-05 斯泰尔瑞斯公司 An integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
US7622074B2 (en) 2005-06-28 2009-11-24 Steris Inc. Integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
AU2006261863B2 (en) * 2005-06-28 2009-11-26 Steris, Inc. An integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
US7811531B2 (en) 2005-06-28 2010-10-12 Steris, Inc. Integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
WO2007002581A3 (en) * 2005-06-28 2007-03-29 Steris Inc An integrated decontamination/aeration system for vehicles
US8178145B1 (en) * 2007-11-14 2012-05-15 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Methods and systems for applying sprout inhibitors and/or other substances to harvested potatoes and/or other vegetables in storage facilities
US9605890B2 (en) 2010-06-30 2017-03-28 Jmc Ventilation/Refrigeration, Llc Reverse cycle defrost method and apparatus
US10076129B1 (en) 2016-07-15 2018-09-18 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Systems and methods for inhibiting spoilage of stored crops
US10638780B1 (en) 2016-07-15 2020-05-05 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Systems and methods for inhibiting spoilage of stored crops
US10653170B1 (en) 2016-07-15 2020-05-19 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Systems and methods for inhibiting spoilage of stored crops
US11399555B1 (en) 2016-07-15 2022-08-02 JMC Enterprises, Inc. Systems and methods for inhibiting spoilage of stored crops
WO2021237290A1 (en) * 2020-05-26 2021-12-02 Fintran Australia Pty Ltd System and method for fumigating a vessel with crew protection
EP4156924A4 (en) * 2020-05-26 2024-07-31 Fintran Australia Pty Ltd System and method for fumigating a vessel with crew protection

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9025698D0 (en) 1991-01-09
GB2250200B (en) 1994-10-19

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PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20011127