GB2231699A - Obtaining information characterising a person or animal - Google Patents

Obtaining information characterising a person or animal Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2231699A
GB2231699A GB9010358A GB9010358A GB2231699A GB 2231699 A GB2231699 A GB 2231699A GB 9010358 A GB9010358 A GB 9010358A GB 9010358 A GB9010358 A GB 9010358A GB 2231699 A GB2231699 A GB 2231699A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
areas
pair
animal
area
measure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB9010358A
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GB9010358D0 (en
Inventor
Robin Lewis Sherman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
National Research Development Corp UK
Original Assignee
National Research Development Corp UK
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by National Research Development Corp UK filed Critical National Research Development Corp UK
Publication of GB9010358D0 publication Critical patent/GB9010358D0/en
Publication of GB2231699A publication Critical patent/GB2231699A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/117—Identification of persons
    • A61B5/1171—Identification of persons based on the shapes or appearances of their bodies or parts thereof
    • A61B5/1176—Recognition of faces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
    • G06V10/20—Image preprocessing
    • G06V10/24—Aligning, centring, orientation detection or correction of the image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
    • G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
    • G06V40/16—Human faces, e.g. facial parts, sketches or expressions
    • G06V40/168—Feature extraction; Face representation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
    • G07C9/20—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass
    • G07C9/22—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass in combination with an identity check of the pass holder
    • G07C9/25—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass in combination with an identity check of the pass holder using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voice recognition
    • G07C9/253—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass in combination with an identity check of the pass holder using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voice recognition visually

Abstract

In recognising persons from stored data, a problem arises in deriving data which is characteristic of a person but can be held in a reasonably small store, such as in a credit card, or can be transmitted in a reasonably short time. In the present invention such data is derived by measuring features of similar parts of the body, for example similar areas 21 and 22 on opposite sides of the face, reducing this data statistically and then subtracting corresponding data values. <IMAGE>

Description

METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION FOR CHARACTERISING A PERSON OR ANIMAL The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for obtaining information enabling a specific person or animal to be distinguished and recognised from other persons or animals of the same type. Principally the apparatus is useful in identifying persons for monetary transactions and security purposes. The information obtained is suitable for storage on a credit or other card; either on a magnetic stripe or in semiconductor memory forming part of the card.
A major problem which arises in connection with monetary transactions and security arrangements is that a credit or security card, or personal identification number (PIN) or security number can be stolen and then presented at the appropriate point. Usually there is no consistently reliable way of checking that the person presenting the card or number is the person authorised by that card or number. In some systems this problem is overcome by placing a photograph on the card so that a manual check can be carried out by a security officer looking at the card, but this scheme requires manual intervention and the use of a card which already contains a photograph.In another arrangement a computer system may contain stored images of all card holders so that when a card or PIN number is presented an operator can call up the appropriate image and compare it with the person presenting the card or number. However, such a system requires a great deal of computer storage in order to store a large number of images and in general can only be used in a relatively expensive installation for a particular site. Thus it is not suitable for a large user such as a bank where there are a great many account holders and the points at which the cards and PIN numbers are presented are spread over a large area and possibly in more than one country.While in theory such a system could operate on line, it depends on sending a large amount of information over a computer network with the disadvantages of extended checking times, costly installations and reliance on a computer network.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of obtaining information for characterising an animal comprising selecting a plurality of pairs of areas on or in the animal body with the areas of each pair relating to nominally or approximately similar parts of the animal body, measuring a feature of each area in each pair, and storing for each pair a measure derived for the features measured for the areas of that pair as information characterising that animal.
In most applications the animal is, of course, a person and the pairs of areas relate to parts of that person's body such as halves of the face, or the hands or the feet. One pair of areas may, for example, include the eyes, and another the ends of the mouth. The feature for the area measured may, for example, be the position of the eyes relative to a centre line, the colour of the eyes or the colours of areas of skin equidistant from a facial centre line.
These features are compared with one another to determine any asymmetry, for example by subtracting values representing the feature and then storing the difference. In this way a large measure of data reduction is achieved with the advantage that by storing the said measures derived an assembly of characterising information is obtained.
Further data reduction can be achieved by storing information relating to the areas of the pairs and then reducing the information relating to each area, for example by storing for each area the grey scale and/or colour of picture elements (pixels) from the area in an image obtained from a video camera. For each pixel a number of bytes specifying the grey scale and/or colour of the pixel is obtained and the pixels for that area are subjected to a statistical form of data reduction, for example the average or mean can be taken, if necessary, together with the standard deviation. The resulting values for areas in each pair are then subtracted in order to provide the information which is stored as characterising information.
Where the areas are located in a nominally symmetrical part of the body, such as the face, the method of the first aspect may include establishing a centre line in an image of a portion of the animal body, and selecting the pairs of areas at equal distances from the centre line but on either side thereof.
The centre line may be established by identifying such features as the eyes, the centre of the nose and the ends of the mouth in the image and establishing the centre line as being halfway between the eyes, at the centre of the nose and halfway between the ends of the mouth.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for obtaining information for characterising an animal comprising means for use in measuring a feature of each area in pairs of areas on, or in, an animal body, with the areas in each pair relating to nominally or approximately similar parts of the animal body.
The apparatus mav also include means for deriving, for each pair of areas, a measure derived from the features of the areas of that pair. In addition the apparatus may also include means for storing the measures so derived.
Apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention is usually used in two different situations: firstly in an initialising situation and secondly in a normal operating situation. In the initialising situation the apparatus according to the invention is supplemented by the means for deriving the said measures and the means for storing the measures derived, for example in a computer memory and/or in a portable memory such as a magnetic stripe on a card or semiconductor storage in an intelligent or smart card.
In the normal operating situation the apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention may be supplemented by means for reading the stored measures, for example as stored on or in a card, and presenting the information visually so that it can be compared by an operator with the said measures as derived from the apparatus of the first aspect of the invention. Alternatively the apparatus may contain means for comparing the information stored on a card or in some other way with the measures derived from the apparatus of the second aspect of the invention so that checking identity is carried out automatically.
Certain embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows an image of a man's face with an asymmetric reference line and areas for comparison, Figure 2 shows the image with a centre line and selected areas for asymmetry comparison, Figure 3 shows an embodiment of apparatus according to the invention for use in deriving data characteristic of a person's face, and Figure 4 shows a card reader and card for retrieving information for use in recognising a person.
In one embodiment of the invention, for both initialisation and operational use, a person 30 to be recognised sits or stands in front of a video camera 31 and is told to look at a small object 32 such as a small display. The video camera 31 is situated with its lens above or below the display and the person is confined to a fairly small region so that his face is always in more or less the same position in relation to the camera; all stations being standardised in respect of the confined position, the position of the display and the video camera 31. When the person is in position, the video camera 31 is used to make several images (or several groups of images closely spaced in time) of the person over a period of, for example, ten to thirty seconds. These images are then processed in the way which will be described in more detail below so that a centre line is established and areas or "windows" on corresponding sides of the centre line are compared. The image which has least differences in these areas is then selected as being the one in which the person looks most squarely at the camera. This image is used to determine measures of difference between the areas for storage, for example, on a magnetic stripe of a credit card or in the semiconductor memory of a smart card.
The video camera output is taken to a computer 33 (for example by a telecommunications network) which may be a main frame computer, or a local work station or personal computer such as an IBM PC, XT or Al.
In another alternative the person is asked to follow a moving part of a display by moving the head so that in this way various positions of the head are imaged and that which looks most squarely into the camera is selected.
In order to establish which image is to be used, each image is processed as follows. An arbitrary centre line 10 (see Figure 1) is set up with a number of pairs of windows, each with a window on each side of the line 10; for example in Figure 1 three pairs of windows 11 and 12, 13 and 14, and 15 and 16, are shown. The pixels in each of these windows are each represented by 64 bits which relate to grey scale and/or colour. The information contained by each window is subject to a data reduction technique such as, for example, averaging the values represented by the 64 bits and finding the standard deviation for the whole window. In each pair of windows these two quantities are subtracted from one another to give difference values and the difference values are stored.This process is repeated for, for example, fifty angular positions of the arbitrary line 10 and the angular position which shows the smallest differences between windows after data reduction is selected. A similar process is then carried out with the arbitrary line 10 in a range of vertical positions including a central vertical position for the image field of the video camera. Again the vertical position having the smallest differences between windows is selected as the final centre line 20 in Figure 2.
Having established the centre line, the difference values are stored to allow one image to be selected as the one in which the person looks most squarely into the camera. When all the images have been processed one image is selected on the basis of smallest differences as that required to generate reference difference values for storage.
Although it is possible to use a standardised set of windows such as the windows 11 to 16 when the said image has been selected in order to provide stored difference values characterising a person's appearance, it is preferable to establish selected window pairs which can be expected to show asymmetry most clearly, for example of the type shown in Figure 2, with window pairs 21 and 22, 23 and 24, 25 and 26, and 27 and 28. The way in which the positions of these window pairs are determined is to use a set of standard windows for an average male or female face which is then refined for each selected image bv comparing window positions to determine whether a feature such as an eye is present or not, and whether it is central to the window.Data reduction, for example as described above, is carried out for each pair of windows and the reduced data values are subtracted from one another to give the difference values for each window. These values are stored as those characterising the asymmetry of the person's face and used in recognition.
Although the above mentioned processes can be carried out by first storing values for every pixel in a whole raster image and then operating on the selected windows, they can, as an alternative, be carried out by using a computer program which functions on an image by image basis storing difference values for each image for as long as necessary in obtaining the final differences values.
Each position of the line 10 is considered for a separate image which is very close in time to successive images until the line 20 is established. Differences of the kind ment-ioned above in relation to this line are then derived and stored and relate to one group of images close to one another in time. Several such image groups are processed in the ten to thirty seconds mentioned above and finally the group with smallest differences is selected as containing the image looking most squarely into the camera and the differences of the image in this group derived in relation to the line 20 are stored for reference purposes. This alternative relies on very fast processing by the computer, but relatively little storage is required.
The above processing has been described in relation to the initialisation process where data is stored, for example on a memory or smart card but the same process is carried out in normal operation when, for example, a card and/or PIN number is presented, with two exceptions: firstly the person is only required to present himself to the camera for a relatively short interval; and secondly the data obtained is, if necessary, only stored temporarily while it is compared with data from a source available at the time checking is to be carried out. For example in the case of a card 34 (see Figure 4) the information held by the card is scanned into the apparatus using a card reader 35 and compared with information obtained from a video camera and computer at the checking station.
This comparison can be carried out by an operator who sees the difference data from both the current image and the stored data or it can be carried out automatically by means of a comparison algorithm held by the computer which takes a decision based on differences between the two sets of data presented. Clearly these two sets of data are rarely, if ever, exactly alike but allowances can be made for small differences, or differences falling within predetermined ranges according to known algorithms for carrying out comparisons of sets of data.
The data obtained in this way may be advantageously supplemented by data obtained in other ways, for example by signature verification or other biometric comparisons.
It will be apparent that the invention can also be put into practice in many other ways. For example images can be entered by scanning still photographs or using digitised photographs.
As an addition or alternative for carrying out data reduction on the pixel values in the windows or areas, the so-called "hash total" for each area can be found, and the differences for these areas can be stored. In outline the values represented by the 64 bits for the pixels in an area are added together using a modular base so that only the least significant digits of the result (say three bits) are retained. These bits can be expected to relate to the detail rather than the overall features of the areas concerned. The differences between the values represented by these least significant values for pairs of areas are then used as described above.

Claims (21)

1. A method of obtaining information for characterising an animal comprising selecting a plurality of pairs of areas on or in the animal body with the areas of each pair relating to nominally or approximately similar parts of the animal body, measuring a feature of each area in each pair, and storing for each pair a measure derived for the features measured for the areas of that pair as information characterising that animal.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein in measuring a feature of each area a plurality of measurements are made and then subjected to data reduction.
3. A method according to Claim 2 wherein the said data reduction comprises at least one of the following: finding the average of values measured, finding the mean of values measured and finding the standard deviation of values measured.
4. A method according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 including comparing the features of tach pair of areas in deriving the said measure for that area.
5. A method according to Claim 4 wherein the step of comparing the features is one of subtracting, for each said pair, the result of the measurement (including any data reduction) of the said feature for one area in that pair from the result of the measurement (including any data reduction) of the said feature for the other area in that pair.
6. A method according to any preceding claim including establishing a centre line in an image of a portion of the animal body, and selecting the pairs of areas at equal distances from the centre line but on either side thereof.
7. A method according to Claim 6 wherein the said areas are areas of the face of a person and the centre line is established by identifying at least the eyes, the nose or the ends of the mouth in the image and establishing the centre line as being halfway between the eyes, at the centre of the nose and halfway between the ends of the mouth.
8. A method according to any of Claims 1 to 6 wherein the animal is a person and the said areas are parts of the face, the hands or the feet of the person.
9. Apparatus for obtaining information for characterising an animal comprising means arranged to measure, in operation, a feature of each area in pairs of areas on, or in, an animal body, with the areas in each pair relating to nominally or approximately similar parts of the animal body.
10. Apparatus according to Claim 9 including means for deriving, for each pair of areas, a measure derived from the features of the areas of that pair.
11. Apparatus according to Claim 10 wherein the means for deriving a measure includes means for comparing the features of each pair of areas to derive the said measure for that area.
12. Apparatus according to Claim 11 wherein the means for comparing the features, in operation, subtracts, for each said pair, the result of the measurement (including any data reduction) of the said feature for one area in that pair from the result of the measurement (including any data reduction) of the said feature for the other area in that pair.
13. Apparatus according to Claim 10, 11 or 12 including means for storing each said measure in a memory.
14. Apparatus having a memory storing a measure derived according to any of the methods of Claims 1 to 8.
15. Apparatus having a memory storing a measure derived by apparatus according to any of Claims 9 to 13.
16. A passive or smart card including apparatus according to Claim 14 or 15 wherein the said memory comprises a magnetic stripe or semiconductor storage.
17. Apparatus according to Claims 10, 11 or 12 including means for reading stored values of each said measure derived previously, and means for presenting for comparison the stored values and values of each said measure derived by the apparatus.
18. Apparatus according to Claim 17 including means for receiving the values presented and comparing corresponding values automatically.
19. Apparatus according to any of Claims 9 to 18 wherein the animal is a person.
20. A method of obtaining information for characterising an animal substantially as hereinbefore described.
21. Apparatus for obtaining information for characterising an animal substantially as hereinbefore described.
GB9010358A 1989-05-10 1990-05-09 Obtaining information characterising a person or animal Withdrawn GB2231699A (en)

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GB898910749A GB8910749D0 (en) 1989-05-10 1989-05-10 Methods and apparatus for obtaining information for characterising a person or animal

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0526197A2 (en) * 1991-07-30 1993-02-03 Xerox Corporation Image processing
EP0533891A1 (en) * 1991-03-20 1993-03-31 PROKOSKI, Francine J. Method for identifying individuals from analysis of elemental shapes derived from biosensor data
US5283644A (en) * 1991-12-11 1994-02-01 Ibaraki Security Systems Co., Ltd. Crime prevention monitor system
US5450504A (en) * 1992-05-19 1995-09-12 Calia; James Method for finding a most likely matching of a target facial image in a data base of facial images
US5469512A (en) * 1992-09-08 1995-11-21 Sony Corporation Pattern recognition device
DE4431780A1 (en) * 1994-09-07 1996-03-14 Albert Baur Personal entry system for building in multiple occupation
EP0718788A2 (en) * 1994-12-21 1996-06-26 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for the formation of standardized image templates
US5561718A (en) * 1992-01-17 1996-10-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Classifying faces
US5574573A (en) * 1993-10-29 1996-11-12 Eastman Kodak Company Compression method for a standardized image library
ES2102307A1 (en) * 1994-03-21 1997-07-16 I D Tec S L Biometric process relating to the security and authentication of identity cards and credit cards, visas, passports and facial recognition
GB2319380A (en) * 1996-11-15 1998-05-20 Daewoo Electronics Co Ltd User identification for set-top box
US5892837A (en) * 1997-08-29 1999-04-06 Eastman Kodak Company Computer program product for locating objects in an image

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1590755A (en) * 1976-09-10 1981-06-10 Rockwell International Corp Automatic pattern processing system
EP0061832A2 (en) * 1981-02-17 1982-10-06 Eye-D Development Ii Ltd. Apparatus and method for checking identity by means of the ocular fundus pattern
EP0081276A2 (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-06-15 Stellar Systems, Inc. Automatic identification apparatus
EP0132665A2 (en) * 1983-07-25 1985-02-13 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Individual identification apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1590755A (en) * 1976-09-10 1981-06-10 Rockwell International Corp Automatic pattern processing system
EP0061832A2 (en) * 1981-02-17 1982-10-06 Eye-D Development Ii Ltd. Apparatus and method for checking identity by means of the ocular fundus pattern
EP0081276A2 (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-06-15 Stellar Systems, Inc. Automatic identification apparatus
EP0132665A2 (en) * 1983-07-25 1985-02-13 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Individual identification apparatus

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0533891A1 (en) * 1991-03-20 1993-03-31 PROKOSKI, Francine J. Method for identifying individuals from analysis of elemental shapes derived from biosensor data
EP0533891A4 (en) * 1991-03-20 1993-07-07 Francine J. Prokoski Method for identifying individuals from analysis of elemental shapes derived from biosensor data
EP0526197B1 (en) * 1991-07-30 2000-05-17 Xerox Corporation Image processing
EP0526197A2 (en) * 1991-07-30 1993-02-03 Xerox Corporation Image processing
US5283644A (en) * 1991-12-11 1994-02-01 Ibaraki Security Systems Co., Ltd. Crime prevention monitor system
US5561718A (en) * 1992-01-17 1996-10-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Classifying faces
US5450504A (en) * 1992-05-19 1995-09-12 Calia; James Method for finding a most likely matching of a target facial image in a data base of facial images
US5469512A (en) * 1992-09-08 1995-11-21 Sony Corporation Pattern recognition device
US5574573A (en) * 1993-10-29 1996-11-12 Eastman Kodak Company Compression method for a standardized image library
ES2102307A1 (en) * 1994-03-21 1997-07-16 I D Tec S L Biometric process relating to the security and authentication of identity cards and credit cards, visas, passports and facial recognition
DE4431780A1 (en) * 1994-09-07 1996-03-14 Albert Baur Personal entry system for building in multiple occupation
EP0718788A3 (en) * 1994-12-21 1996-07-17 Eastman Kodak Co
EP0718788A2 (en) * 1994-12-21 1996-06-26 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for the formation of standardized image templates
GB2319380A (en) * 1996-11-15 1998-05-20 Daewoo Electronics Co Ltd User identification for set-top box
GB2319380B (en) * 1996-11-15 1998-09-30 Daewoo Electronics Co Ltd Method and apparatus for controlling a descrambling device
US5892837A (en) * 1997-08-29 1999-04-06 Eastman Kodak Company Computer program product for locating objects in an image
US6072893A (en) * 1997-08-29 2000-06-06 Eastman Kodak Company Method and system for locating objects in an image

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GB9010358D0 (en) 1990-06-27

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