GB2219621A - Methane removal - Google Patents
Methane removal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2219621A GB2219621A GB8813691A GB8813691A GB2219621A GB 2219621 A GB2219621 A GB 2219621A GB 8813691 A GB8813691 A GB 8813691A GB 8813691 A GB8813691 A GB 8813691A GB 2219621 A GB2219621 A GB 2219621A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- methane
- bacteria
- substrate
- mine
- mines
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000001450 methanotrophic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 7
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000589351 Methylosinus trichosporium Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009630 liquid culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- CDUFCUKTJFSWPL-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O CDUFCUKTJFSWPL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000994220 methanotrophic bacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000007483 microbial process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/26—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons
- C12N1/28—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons aliphatic
- C12N1/30—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons aliphatic having five or less carbon atoms
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F5/00—Means or methods for preventing, binding, depositing, or removing dust; Preventing explosions or fires
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
A method of reducing the level of methane in mines, underground installations and other localities, comprises contacting the methane with a methanotrophic bacteria. The bacteria may be provided in a nutritionally adequate medium and may be sprayed on to a porous substrate.
Description
Methane Removal
Methane represents a major hazard in confined areas such as in coal mines or other underground workings, due to the risk of explosion. It seeps from cavities in coal and rises to accumulate at the roof of the mine tunnels. Particularly when the local concentration of methane exceeds 5%, the risk of explosion is very high. In practice, a coal face is usually shut down when the methane concentration reaches 2%.
The conventional procedure for minimizing build-p of methane relies on the provision of an adequate ventilation system, but this approach is not always easy. Some coal mines have very severe methane problems arising from local geological phenomena.
Furthermore, it is difficult to prevent the development of poorly ventilated areas, particularly in dead-end workings.
It is an object of this invention to provide methods, products, and equipment for preventing build-up of methane in areas susceptible to accumulation of methane
The present invention employs methanotrophic bacteria to reduce methane levels in mines, underground installations and other localities including sewage treatment plants and chemical installations.
Methanotrophic bacteria are strict aerobes (that is, they are dependent on the presence of molecular oxygen) and derive carbon and energy from the oxidation of methane. Methane is converted via methanol, formaldehyde and formate to carbon dioxide.
Formaldehyde and, in some cases, carbon dioxide are converted into cell biomass.
The bacterium can be one obtained from a recognised deposit institution, such as the NCIB, or as one alternative the bacterium can be isolated from naturally-occurring methane environments. The bacterium can if desired be subject to selection procedures in order to develop strains capable of more rapid methane oxidation.
The bacterium is suitably provided in a nutritionally adequate medium, ready for use optionally after dilution. In one process envisaged by the present invention, a bacterial composition is provided which can be sprayed on to a porous substrate. Alternatively the bacteria composition is pre-mixed with ingredients for a substrate which can then be used as required.
The substrate can be one applied to exposed material within a mine, thereby forming a layer through which methane might seep. Alternatively, the substrate can be formed in to blocks, pillars or other shaped forms.
Natural or forced circulation can then be relied upon to circulate the methane to the shaped substrate, and thus to the bacteria. In a further alternative, the substate is in the form of a filter pack, and ducting is supplied to lead the methanic atmosphere to the substrate.
The substrate can be organic or inorganic, and preferably has a porous structure such as arises with foamed products with open pores. An example of a suitable substrate might be the foamed cementitious material currently employed within coal mines, for example. for packing coal faces. The foamed cementitious material is preferably formulated to give a pH below 8. more preferably below 7.5.
In an alternative process the bacterial composition and immobilising substrate are simultaneously applied to the walls or other surfaces. for instance, to form a layer over all or part of the surface. In an example of this type of process, the bacteria are applied in a gelatinous matrix. The immobilised bacteria would oxidise the methane as it diffused through the gel matrix from strata and from the tunnel atmosphere.
The invention also provides equipment for the use in the present method. Such equipment can be supplied for the application and optional monitoring of the bacteria1 and optionally also for the application of the substrate.
For example, equipment can be provided on a vehicle or in portable form which includes means for storing and mixing the bacteria and chemical components for the nutrient medium. The equipment can further comprise one or more applicators for direct application of the bacteria, or for application of the bacteria after mixing with a substrate pre-mix. Monitoring means coupled to one or more sensors is envisaged, in order to permit viability testing of the bacteria before and after application. Monitoring and control of the bacterial environment before application is also envisaged. using appropriate sensors.
Mobile or portable equipment can be adopted not only with foamed substrates, but also with other embodiments, including the use of filter packs. For example, the bacteria can be supported on a porous matrix such as a filter cloth. Part of the methanic atmosphere can be force-circulated through and/or past the porous matrix, for instance using a fan. This form of construction can readily be made portable, and installed as needed at locations around a mine.
In general, the microbial process of this invention is particularly appropriate for removing methane in newly excavated and poorly ventilated mine tunnels. The bacteria are preferably effective for up to 2 weeks until air ventilation becomes adequate. Furthermore, the bacteria typically remain dormant in low methane environments, retaining the capability to proliferate if the methane level increases.
The ability of the bacteria to remian dormant but viable until build up of methane can be usefully exploited in other embodiments of this invention. A suitable inert porous matrix can be charged with bacteria and a nutrient mix, giving a methane-absorbing element, for example in the form of a pad. The methane-absorbing element can then be installed in locations where methane might be a problem, such as ducts and conduits in water-pumping stations and sewage works. These elements can be packaged and used in a manner similar to silica-gel packs currently in use to absorb water in sensitive equipment. It is envisaged that the elements might be small enough for installation inside electrical equipment employed in methane environments, or larger as appropriate.
The feasibility of the present invention is demonstrated by the following experiments.
Cultivation of microoraanisms A methanotrophic bacterium, Methylosinus trichosporium, was obtained from the National Collection of Industrial
Bacteria (NCIB). This particular organism was reported by Whittenbury et al (J Gen Microbiol (1970) 61, 205) to be capable of growth at 300C on methane as sole carbon source.
In the present experiments, it was found that the growth rate of the M. trichosporium in 50% methane was relatively high in a medium described by Cornish et al (J Gen Microbiol (1984) 130, 2565) which is of the following composition:
Cornish medium
g 1-1
NaNO3 0.85 KH2PO4 0.53
Na2HP04 0.86
K2S04 0.17 MgS04.7H20 0.037
CaCl2. 2H2O 0.007 trace element solution 2 ml trace element solution
g1-1 ZnSO4 .7H2O 0.287
MnSO4.4H2O 0.223
H3B03 6.2 x 10-2 CuSO4 .5H2 0 4.8 x 10-2
CoCl2.6H2O 4.8 x 10 2
KI 8.3 x 10-2
H2SO4 (1 mM) 1 ml FeSO4 .7H2 0 in 1 M HCl (added to medium after autoclaving) 1.12 x 10-2
It was further found that the growth rate increased with increasing pH from pH 5.94 to 7.22, the minimum doubling time being recorded at pH 7.22.
Model system
A model system was set up to simulate the environment in a coal mine (figure 1). The model system comprised two gas chambers separated by a porous sintered disc between atmospheres of air on one side and methane on the other. The porosity of the disc was selected to give methane diffusion at a rate comparable to that encountered in mines.
2% agar was added to Cornish medium, and the medium liquified and then cooled to 45"C. The agar was shaken vigorously to incorporate air bubbles. A 10 ml sample was layered on to the surface of the sinter disc in the model system to form a solidified layer 6 + 2mm thick.
No steps were taken to prevent inclusion of air bubbles. Butyl rubber bungs were inserted and a known volume of air was removed with a syringe from one of the chambers (the methane chamber) before an equivalent volume of methane was injected.
Inoculations of M. trichosporium were made by directly spreading 0.3 ml of liquid culture on to the surface of the agar in the air chamber. Samples of gas were removed from both chambers at intervals of between 1 and 4 days to measure methane and carbon dioxide concentrations.
A comparison of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations (recorded at atmospheric pressure) in models with and without bacteria during a l0-day incubation period is shown in Figures A and B. In the model inoculated with M. trichosporium, methane concentration in the methane chamber (figure B) decreased progressively from approximately 0.6 to 0 mmoles in less than 9.2 days; carbon dioxide concentration increased progressively from 0 to 0.2 mmoles in the air chamber (figure A).
The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in the control model remained constant throughout the experimental period.
The maximum rate of methane removal recorded in the model by M. trichosporium growing on 10 ml (10 cm ) of agar was 6.68 umoles methane h . The maximum rate of carbon dioxide production was 2.86 umoles h1.
Further optimisation of growth conditions (for example copper and nitrate concentrations) may result in improved characteristics.
The results suggest that low methane concentrations promote higher growth rates. Removal of methane down to a concentration of 0.001% was achieved whether the initial methane concentration was 2.6% or 50%. This indicates that the process should be very effective at maintaining a methane concentration well below 1%, irrespective of the initial concentration.
Claims (4)
1. A method of reducing the level of methane in mines, underground installations and other localities which comprises contacting the methane with a methanotrophic bacteria.
2. A method according to Claim 1 in which the bacteria is provided in a nutritionally adequate medium and sprayed on to a porous substrate.
3. A method according to Claim 1 in which the bacteria is applied in suitable form to the walls or other surfaces of the mine, etc.
4. Apparatus for use in the method of Claims 1 to 3 comprising means to monitor the bacteria and means to spray the bacteria on to a desired surface of the mine, etc.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8813691A GB2219621A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1988-06-09 | Methane removal |
| AU36190/89A AU3619089A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1989-06-08 | Methane removal |
| ZA894387A ZA894387B (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1989-06-09 | Methane removal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8813691A GB2219621A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1988-06-09 | Methane removal |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8813691D0 GB8813691D0 (en) | 1988-07-13 |
| GB2219621A true GB2219621A (en) | 1989-12-13 |
Family
ID=10638374
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8813691A Withdrawn GB2219621A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1988-06-09 | Methane removal |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU3619089A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2219621A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA894387B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USH1430H (en) * | 1991-07-30 | 1995-04-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Clay enhancement of methane, low molecular weight hydrocarbon and halocarbon conversion by methanotrophic bacteria |
| GB2417697A (en) * | 2004-09-04 | 2006-03-08 | Geoffrey Kevin Ellison | Method and apparatus for oxidising methane or other volatile organic gases |
| CN110075447A (en) * | 2019-06-25 | 2019-08-02 | 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 | A kind of economic easily microorganism auxiliary fire-proofing preparation |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108977245B (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-07-21 | 太原理工大学 | Aerobic and anaerobic microorganism combined treatment system and method for gas in mine goaf |
| CN114768521B (en) * | 2022-04-26 | 2023-04-11 | 西南科技大学 | Methane reduction agent, preparation method and methane in-situ reduction method |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1492238A (en) * | 1976-06-23 | 1977-11-16 | Moskov Gor Inst | Method for reducing gas and dust emission from a coal sea |
-
1988
- 1988-06-09 GB GB8813691A patent/GB2219621A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1989
- 1989-06-08 AU AU36190/89A patent/AU3619089A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-06-09 ZA ZA894387A patent/ZA894387B/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1492238A (en) * | 1976-06-23 | 1977-11-16 | Moskov Gor Inst | Method for reducing gas and dust emission from a coal sea |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USH1430H (en) * | 1991-07-30 | 1995-04-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Clay enhancement of methane, low molecular weight hydrocarbon and halocarbon conversion by methanotrophic bacteria |
| GB2417697A (en) * | 2004-09-04 | 2006-03-08 | Geoffrey Kevin Ellison | Method and apparatus for oxidising methane or other volatile organic gases |
| CN110075447A (en) * | 2019-06-25 | 2019-08-02 | 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 | A kind of economic easily microorganism auxiliary fire-proofing preparation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU3619089A (en) | 1989-12-14 |
| ZA894387B (en) | 1990-09-26 |
| GB8813691D0 (en) | 1988-07-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |