GB2218484A

GB2218484A - A method of lining installed pipework

Info

Publication number: GB2218484A
Application number: GB8810892A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Brian Edward Mcguire
Original assignee: British Gas PLC
Current assignee: British Gas PLC
Priority date: 1988-05-09
Filing date: 1988-05-09
Publication date: 1989-11-15
Anticipated expiration: 2008-05-09
Also published as: GB2218484B; GB8810892D0

Abstract

Includes heating a liner pipe 7 made from a memory retaining plastics material of external diameter greater than the internal diameter of the pipework 10, drawing the liner pipe 7 through a heated swaging die 3, having a swaging surface at least part 6 of which is inclined at an angle between 6 degrees and 32 degrees and no part at an angle of more than 32 degrees in the die axis and which extends over an axial length that is at least 70% of the axial distance between the part where the pipe 7 engages which such surface and the part where the pipe 7 disengages from the die interior surface using pulling means under sustained tension attached to the leading end of the liner pipe 7 and threaded through the pipework 10 to reduce the external diameter of the liner pipe 7 by up to 15%, the tension applied by the pulling means being such as partially to restrain radial expansion of the outer surface of the liner pipe 7, drawing the liner pipe 7 through the installed pipework 10 with its outer diameter reduced and thereafter allowing the liner pipe 7 to expand within the pipework 10 by relaxation of the said tension followed by memory induced expansion at ordinary atmospheric pressure and at the ambient temperature of the pipework 10. <IMAGE>

Description

PIPELINES This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for the lining of existing pipes. The invention will be described in relation to gas, oil and water supply pipes but it will be appreciated that the invention is applicable to pipes of all kinds.

When lining installed pipes (which pipes when ground embedded are prone to crack due to ground movement) it is known to draw a heated liner of plastics tube through a die to reduce the diameter and then into a length of the existing pipe.

Other and novel methods of lining pipework are described in our co-pending applications designated as follows: (a) "Cold Pipe Swaging" Application No. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ (b) "Die Abuttment" Application No. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (c) "Vacuum Swaging" Application No.

(d) "Hot Spray" Application No.

(e) "Die" Application No. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The present invention relates to an improved method of lining installed pipework when using a swaging die to reduce the diameter of the liner pipe prior to it being drawn into the existing pipework. By "installed" pipework is meant pipework that has already been installed in position to carry out its intended purpose, such as for example, ground embedded pipework for gas, oil, water or sewage, pipework forming part of a larger installation such as an oil or gas refinery or storage installation, or pipework resting on the ground and laid down to connect a source of supply to the recipient such as an oil pipe connecting a well to a refinery or port.

In the case of ground embedded pipework it will be appreciated that the normal arrangement when such a process is being carried out will involve a winch adjacent to an excavation at one end of a length of pipe to be lined, whence a cable or similar flexible ligament passes through the length of pipe to a second excavation beyond which it is attached to the front end of a liner pipe of plastics material. Adjacent to the second excavation is a tube heating and compressing apparatus which has a heater and a size-reduction die. At a downstream end of this apparatus there may be a reciprocatable "pusher" which can grip the pipe and draw it from the apparatus and urge it towards the pipe to be lined.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method of lining installed pipework which includes the steps of heating a length of liner pipe made from a memory retaining plastics material of external diameter greater than the internal diameter of the pipework to be lined, drawing the liner pipe through a swaging die provided with a swaging surface, which, or part of which, is inclined at an angle between 6 degrees and 32 degrees and no part at an angle of more than 32 degrees to the die axis and which extends over an axial length that is at least 70% of the axial distance between the part where the pipe engages with such surface and the part where the pipe disengages from the die interior surface using pulling means under sustained tension attached to the leading end of the liner pipe and threaded through the pipework to reduce the external diameter of the liner pipe by up to 15%, the tension applied by the pulling means being such as partially to restrain the radial expansion of the outer surface of the liner pipe upon its emergence from the die, drawing the liner pipe through the installed pipework with its outer diameter reduced to a dimension less than that of the minimum inner diameter of the installed pipework and thereafter allowing the liner pipe to expand within the pipework by relaxation of the said tension followed by memory induced expansion at ordinary atmospheric pressure and at the ambient temperature of the pipework.

The liner pipe may be heated prior to its entry into the die. In such a case, use may be made of apparatus substantially as described by reference to figure 1 of our co-pending application GB No. 2, 186, 340 A. The temperature to which the liner pipe is so heated will be between 35 degrees C to 90 degrees C and, in the case of polyethylene pipes or modified polyethylene pipes of the kind commonly used for pipe lining, from about 40 degrees C to 60 degrees C and preferably between 45 degrees C and 55 degrees C and advantageously around 50 degrees C.

Alternatively, the liner pipe may be subjected to heating before and during swaging within the die structure itself.

Dies used according to the prior art methods of pipe swaging as employed in practice have comprised two portions, the first being the inclined swaging surface reducing in diameter to a minimum value and the second being an axial continuation of the die interior having its walls parallel to the die axis and an internal diameter equal to such minimum value. We have found that in the carrying out of the present invention, it is advantageous to reduce the axial length of the said second portion relative to the axial length of the first portion, or else to dispense with the second portion altogether.In particular, by so designing the die so that the first part extends over an axial distance that is at least 70%, and preferably over 80ask, and advantageously 85% of the axial distance between the part where the liner pipe engages with the inclined surface and the orifice where the liner pipe emerges from the die, the pulling tension required to swage the liner pipe is substantially decreased.

Another consequence of the use of such a die is that, using a liner pipe of synthetic hydrocarbon resins such as polyethylene or modified polyethylene as conventionally used in practice, the liner pipe on emerging from the die manifests a greater tendency towards radial expansion relative to the degree of swaging exerted by the die than in the case where, as in the prior art, the swaging die was provided with a second portion as mentioned above of substantial length, typically in the order of 50% of the overall die length. On release of pulling tension, such tendency will result in greater proportional radial expansion in relation to the pulling tension than would have occured using the prior art dies.

The process of the present invention relies both upon the expansion of the liner pipe within the pipework as a result of relaxation of the pulling tension and also as a result of the memory induced expansion of the swaged liner pipe. By the use of the die of the present invention, the proportionate expansion resulting from the relaxation of the pulling tension may be significantly increased thus resulting in improved control over the pipe lining operation.

The present invention furthermore provides a significant advantage in relation to the case where a pusher device, as, e.g. of the kind described in our co-pending Patent Application Number UK No. 8806926 is used. It is inherent in the operation of such a pusher device that, when it grips the liner pipe and urges it towards the pipework, there is a experienced a temporary reduction in the pulling tension exerted by the pulling device (such as a winch) at the far end of the pipework. Upon the pusher releasing its grip, the tension reverts back to its original value. In practice, this results in a continuous fluctuation in the tension. It is also desirable that the changeover between maximum and minimum tensions in the course of the fluctuations be effected as smoothly as possible and with the minimum amount of sharp transitions or jerks. We have found that as a result of the use of the dies of the present invention which require substantially lower pulling tensions to effect a comparable degree of swaging as compared with prior art dies and which furthermore bring about a greater "springback" tendency on the part of the pipe emerging from the die, the amplitudes of the fluctuations are reduced and the fluctuations themselves become smoother.

Having regard to the very high forces involved in exerting the pulling tension, this again constitutes a significant improvement in both the safety and the efficiency of the operations.

The length of the pipework which may be lined in a single operation by the method of this invention may typically be from 10 metres upwards. The limiting length of pipework which may be lined in any particular case will depend upon a combination of factors including the friction resistance to the movement of the liner within the pipework, the extent to which the liner pipe with reduced diameter after insertion into the pipework becomes subject to deformation, (a problem encountered with larger diameter liner pipes of relatively large SDR ratio), the limiting tension on the leading end of the liner pipe beyond which it may suffer permanent damage or elongation, the capacity of the mechanisms (such as a winch) operating the pulling means and the uniformity of diameter and/or direction or otherwise of the pipework interior.The most suitable practicable length to be lined in any particular case can readily be ascertained by trial and error. By the method of the present invention, it becomes possible to line lengths of pipework up to 450 metres or more. The surface finish of the die may be provided by means known in the art. It is preferred the such a surface finish should be at least down to N7, typically down to N6, preferably down to N5 and ideally in the order of N4 or lower. It has been found advantageous to employ a die having a relatively shallow angle of inclination of the inclined surface of the die to the die axis and within the range of 12 degrees to 29 degrees and preferably from 20 degrees to 25 degrees.Reduction of the angle assists in reducing the pulling load required to effect compression of the liner pipe but at the same time increases the area of the swaging surface for any given degree of compression. The optimum angle will be that which, in any particular case, minimises the overall disadvantages of high load to being about compression on the one hand and a large friction inducing die surface area on the other hand. The die surface may be frusto conical in shape. Alternatively, it may have a variable angle of inclination to the die axis within the above stated limits.It is a significant and advantageous feature of the present invention that when using a liner pipe made of a deformable memory retaining material in accordance with the method of the invention, the liner pipe may be left to expand radially within the lined pipework and under the influence of the memory of the material constituting it. By suitable choice of initial diameter of the liner pipe, degree of compression during the swaging operation and die outlet orifice diameter in relation to the internal diameter of the pipework to be lined, the present invention can bring about the provision of a close fitting lining to the pipework resulting, (following relaxation of tension), from the memory induced expansion of the pipeline at the ambient temperatures and pressure within the pipework.It is unnecessary to have recourse to the means provided by the prior art for expanding the pipe lining within the pipework such as the application of internal super atmospheric pressure or the application of heat to the pipelining from within or the initial application of very high stretching forces to the pipelining to bring about an initial reduction in its diameter prior to insertion into the pipework. The precise operating conditions employed in order to carry out the method of the present invention will depend upon the several factors referred to above in any particular case and will vary according to the pipework internal diameter and the purpose for which it is put to use, (for example whether for water or gas), the material of the pipelining and the SDR of the pipelining.

(By SDR is meant the ratio of the diameter of the pipelining before swaging to its wall thickness).

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for lining an existing pipe comprising a support structure for reducing the diameter of a liner pipe pulled through it, fixing means enabling the structure to be fixed to the pipe to be lined and heater means disposed in the swaging die to enable the die to be heated to heat the liner pipe being pulled therethrough.

A preferred material for the liner pipe is polyethylene, but other materials having the necessary memory retaining characteristics, such as a co-polymer of polyethylene and at least one alphaolefin of up to ten carbon atoms may equally be used. Although the reduction in diameter of the liner pipe during passage through the swaging die may be up to 15%, reductions in the range 5% to 9.8% are preferred. The reduction should be such as to allow the drawing of the liner pipe through the existing pipe. This somewhat simple requirement is complicated by the fact that existing pipes are often not accurately sized internally, that the internal diameter may vary along the length of the pipe, and that the rate of recovery of the liner pipe may vary with ambient conditions and with the material from which the liner pipe is made.The wall thickness of the liner pipe should be as thin as possible consistent with the use to which the pipe is to be put and the requirement to provide adequate internal sealing of the existing pipe. A ratio of wall thickness to diameter of the liner pipe in the range 10 to 46 is preferred.

The maximum tension chosen for pulling the liner pipe through the existing pipe should advantageously be in the range 45% to 55% of the yield strength of the liner pipe in question, and in particular about 50%. The ratio of the throat diameter of the die to the diameter of the existing pipe should advantageously be in the range 1.05:1 to 1.15:1. A reciprocatable pusher may be employed to augment the tension exerted by the said pulling means to draw the inner pipe through the swaging die.In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, one embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a side elevational view in section of one form of apparatus according to the invention, and Figure 2 is a side elevational view in section of a modification of the apparatus shown in Figure 1.

Referring to Figure 1, the apparatus comprises a supporting structure 1 which incorporates a pipe clamp 2 at one end and a swaging die at the other. The swaging die 3 is generally cylindrical and comprises a section of larger diameter 4 joined to a section of smaller diameter 5 by a conical section 6. The swaging die has a polished swaging surface which is inclined at an angle of between 6 degrees and 32 degrees to the axis of the die advantageously between 12 degrees and 29 degrees and preferably between 20 degrees to 25 degrees. The polish is at least down to N7 typically down to N6 preferably down to N5 and ideally in the order of N4 or lower. The ratio between the diameters at 4 and 5 is preferably in the range 1.05:1 to 1.15:1. This has been found to provide an adequate level of clearance between pipe liner and internal pipe diameter for most normal pipes and to be comfortably within the diametric dimensional recovery of the material. The body of the die 3 contains an electrical heating coil 8 which is supplied with electricity via an electrical supply circuit 9. Power supply to the heating coil is applied to heat the liner pipe to temperature within the range 35 degrees C to 95 degrees C and preferably to about 50 degrees C.

On leaving the die, the swaged liner pipe may be cooled by means of an annular heat exchanger which is disposed around the pipe and which extracts heat from the pipe.

The heat exchange medium may be carbon dioxide, air, water or any other suitable fluid.

The pipe clamp 2 is fixed to the free end of existing pipe and provides in conjunction with the existing pipe, referenced 10, an anchor against which the liner pipe 7 may be pulled. The supporting structure to which the pipe clamp is connected may be tubular in form or may consist of a plurality of arms connecting the pipe clamp 2 and swaging die 3 together.

In operation of the apparatus, a length of liner pipe 7 of polyethylene or other suitable material may be mitred at one end or else pre-formed effectively to form a nose cone at that end over which an apertured metal nose cone may be fitted. A ratio of wall thickness to diameter of the liner pipe in the range 10 to 46 is preferred. Holes are punched in the mitre sections which correspond with those in the metal nose cone and through which a cable is connected to the pipe. The cable is threaded through the swaging die 3 and the existing pipeline and connected to some form of pulling device such as a winch appropriately anchored. The electrical supply is switched on to heat the die to the required temperature and the mitred end of the liner pipe is introduced into the upstream end of the die.Tension in the cable is increased to the required value (usually between 45% and 55% of the yield strength of the liner pipe in question and in particular 50%) until the liner pipe begins to move through the die and be pulled into the existing pipeline. The liner pipe is pulled this way completely through the existing pipe. The cable is released and the memory characteristic of the material of the pipe is then permitted to expand the pipe until it contacts the internal surface of the existing pipe.

If desired, the pipe may be assisted through the existing pipe by means of a liner pipe pusher machine. Such an arrangement is illustrated in Figure 2 of the drawings.

Referring to this figure, the pusher machine, which generally comprises a frame 21, hydraulic cylinder 22, clamp ring 23 and ancilliaries is disposed between the swaging die 3 and pipe clamp 2. In operation, this machine pulls the liner pipe through the swaging die 3 and pushes it into the existing pipeline.

It will be appreciated that the above embodiments have been described by way of example only and that many variations are possible without departing from the invention. For example the liner pipe may be heated prior to entry into the swaging in the swaging die structures, as manner described in our co-pending application No.

2186340.

Claims

1. A method of lining installed pipework which includes the steps of heating a liner pipe made from a memory retaining plastics material of external diameter greater than the internal diameter of the pipework to be lined, drawing the liner pipe through a swaging die provided with a swaging surface which, or part of which is inclined at an angle between 6 degrees and 32 degrees and no part at an angle of more than 32 degrees in the die axis and which extends over an axial length that is at least 70% of the axial distance between the part where the pipe engages with such surface and the part where the pipe disengages from the die interior surface using pulling means under sustained tension attached to the leading end of the liner pipe and threaded through the pipework to reduce the external diameter of the liner pipe by up to 15%, the tension applied by the pulling means being such as partially to restrain radial expansion of the outer surface of the liner pipe upon its emergence from the die, drawing the liner pipe through the installed pipework with its outer diameter reduced to a dimension less than that of the minimum liner diameter of the pipework and thereafter allowing the liner pipe to expand within the pipework by relaxation of the said tension followed by memory induced expansion at ordinary atmospheric pressure and at the ambient temperature of the pipework.

2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which the liner pipe is pre-heated before engaging with the swaging surface to a temperature between 35 degrees C and 90 degrees C.

3. A method as claimed in Claim 2 in which the liner pipe is pre-heated to a temperature of from 40 degrees C to 65 degrees C.

4. A method as claimed in Claim 3 in which the liner pipe is pre-heated to a temperature of from 45 degrees C to 55 degrees C.

5. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the liner pipe is pre-heated before it enters the die structure.

6. A method as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 in which the liner pipe is pre-heated, at least in part, within the die structure prior to swaging.

7. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the die structure is fixed to the pipe to be lined.

8. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the inclined surface within the swaging die is inclined at an angle between 12 degrees and 29 degrees to the die axis.

9. A method as claimed in Claim 8 in which the said angle is between 20 degrees and 25 degrees.

10. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the inclined swaging surface of the die extends over an axial length that is at least 70% of the axial distance between the part where the pipe engages with such surface and the part where the pipe disengages from the die interior surface.

11. A method as claimed in Claim 10 in which the inclined swaging surface of the die extends over an axial length that is at least 85% of the said axial distance.

12. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the liner pipe after emerging from the die is repeatedly gripped and urged towards the pipework to be lined by a pusher device.

13. A method of lining installed pipework substantially as described herein.

14. Apparatus for carrying out the method claimed in any of claims 1 to 13 substantially as described herein.