GB2179075A - Adhesively bonded structures - Google Patents
Adhesively bonded structures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2179075A GB2179075A GB08520223A GB8520223A GB2179075A GB 2179075 A GB2179075 A GB 2179075A GB 08520223 A GB08520223 A GB 08520223A GB 8520223 A GB8520223 A GB 8520223A GB 2179075 A GB2179075 A GB 2179075A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- different
- adhesives
- conditions
- girder
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/08—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of metal, e.g. sheet metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
- E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
- E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
An adhesively bonded structure, e.g. a bonded box girder (8), in which the bonded components, e.g. the flanges (11, 12) and the webs (9, 10) are adhesively bonded by adjacent strips (13, 14) of two different adhesives having optimum bonding characteristics over a different temperature range thereby to extend the overall operating range of the adhesive bond. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Improved adhesively bonded structures
This invention relate to adhesively bonded structures, particularly but not exclusively adhesively bonded metal structures.
Adhesives are playing an increasingly important role in structural engineering, and particularly in the automobile manufacturing industry, as an alternative to riveting or welding as a means of joining metal to metal. A particulrly important development in this area has been the introduction of the so-called "toughened" adhesives, such as the toughened epoxies and the toughened acrylics, which contain a toughening agent, usually a relatively low molecular weight elastomer, in admixture with the polymerisable monomer, the elastomer appearing in the cured adhesive as a disperse phase in an acrylic polymer or cross-linked epoxy matrix.
One of the problems encountered in selecting suitable adhesives for use in the automobile manufacturing industry, and also in other industries, is the relatively wide range of conditions, such as temperature, encountered by the adhesive both during the manufacturing process and subsequent use of the adhesively bonded product, and whereas one particular adhesive may be suited for one set of conditions, the same adhesive may not be so suitable under another set of conditions, both sets of conditions being likely to be encountered during processing or use of the article in question.
A related and more specific problem arises in the use of adhesives, particularly toughened epoxies, in the adhesive bonding of steel and other metal structures such as box girders, where metal members to be bonded, e.g. the webs and flanges of a box girder, are relatively stiff, rather than flexible, for example, steel sections based on 0.7 mm steel or above. In particular, using existing techniques and materials steel box girders can be constructed using toughened epoxy adhesvies which perform satisfactorily on steel sections below about 0.7 mm, but which fail badly when the thickness of the steel section used rises to 1.2 mm.This applies particularly to the ability of the structure to withstand high impact loads under a wide range of temperature conditions, such as are likely to be met in vehicles and other structures exposed to the weather and which may be called upon to withstand temperatures ranging from40 C to +120"C. Under such conditions, i.e. on stiff components, high modulus toughened epoxy adhesives perform satisfactorily at the upper end of the temperature range, 80"C or above, but are unsatisfactory at the bottom end of the range, whilst low modulus adhesives, such as polyurethane elastomers, perform well at the bottom end of the range, but fail at the upper end of the range.
Numerous attempts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to formulate adhesive compositions which are operable over a wide range of conditions, particularly temperature conditions, and on a wide variety of substrates. However, no satisfactory solution yet exists particularly in the case of steel girders composed of bonded steel sections having thicknesses of 0.7 mm upwards and as used in the manufacture of vehicle chasis and other components.
The present invention provides a completely different approach to the problem.
In one aspect of the invention there is provided an adhesively bonded structure, being a structure required to withstand a variety of conditions, particularly environmental conditions, e.g. temperature, and comprising at least two members adhesively bonded together, preferably metal members, such as steel sections having thicknesses of 0.7 mm or over, wherein the adhesive bond between the two members is provided by two or more different adhesives separately applied between the two members and in different regions of the bond therebetween, the two or more different adhesvies being such that each provides an optimum bond strength over a different one or range of said conditions.
In a more specific aspect of the invention there is provided a metal, e.g. steel, girder, preferably a box girder, comprising a metal web or webs adhesively bonded to a metal flange plate or plates by an adhesive applied therebetween, said web or webs and said plate or plates preferably having thicknesses of 0.7 mm or over, and wherein two or more different adhesives are separately applied between said web or webs and said flange plate or plates in different regions of the bond therebetween, the different adhesives each providing an optimum bond strength under a different condition or set of conditions, or over a
different range of conditions, being conditions
likely to be encountered in use by the girder.
Preferably the two or more adhesives are
applied in alternate parallel strips along the
length of the girder between the web or webs and the respective flanges.
In another specific aspect, the invention
contemplates laminated metal sheet, e.g. steel sheet, constructed according to the principles of this invention, that is to say laminated sheet metal in which the laminations are adhesively bonded together by two or more different adhesives applied in different regions between each pair of laminations, for example, as a series of alternating parallel strips or stripes, although numerous other configurations are possible, the two or more different
adhesives developing their optimum bond
strengths each over a different range of condi
tions to be encountered in the envisaged uses
of the laminated metal sheet, particularly, bot not exclusively over a different temperature range.In such an embodiment, it is envisaged that the sheet metal thicknesses of each individual lamination may go down well below the 0.7 mm previously mentioned in connection with the other embodiments, such as down to
mm.
It is envisated that such laminated structures would provide maximum benefits in terms of stress distribution from the minimum weight of metal, those accrueing over a far wider range of conditions, e.g. temperature conditions, than would be the case with laminates constructed with a single adhesive. Particular benefits are expected to be obtained in terms of improved impact resistance of the metal laminates over a wide range of temperatures.
Upon impact loading of sheet metal and sheet metal laminates, the impact energy is dissipated by a combination of permanent deformation of the loaded metal and elastic deformation. Upon unloading, the energy stored by the elastic deformation is released as the metal returns to its original shape, and in the case of laminated metal structures, the release of this energy can impose severe peel and cleavage forces on the adhesive used to bond the laminations, which, if they cannot be satisfactorily absorbed by the adhesive, result in destruction of the adhesive bond and delamination. As will be apparent, adhesives which have sufficient tensile strength to absorb such loadings at one temperature, for example in tropical or temperate conditions, may not necessarily have the ability to absorb such loadings under other temperature conditions, e.g. arctic conditions.Thus, in this aspect, the invention contemplates high strength, light weight metal laminates having improved impact resistance over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures, e.g. from tropical to arctic, or sub-arctic.
As will be apparent, the invention is applicable to any type of adhesive, but most preferably the adhesives used in the structures of this invention, especially the metal, e.g. steel structures, are toughened epoxy resin adhesives as hereinbefore described. Other types of adhesive of particular interest in the present invention are the acrylic adhesives, including especially the toughened acrylics, and polyurethane elastomers, the latter especially being preferred for their low temperature performance characteristics.Most desirably in accordance with this invention two or more different adhesives are used each having a different modulus and each providing optimum impact strength at different temperatures or over a different temperature range, e.g. over the range40 C to +1200C. Thus adhesives may be used having moduluses as low as 0.02 GPs at room temperature to as high as 2 GPa.
The adhesives to be used in accordance with the invention are all conventional, commercially available materials, the invention residing in the way in which they are used, and not in the materials themselves. Further description of the adhesives is therefore unnecessary.
The invention is illustrated by the accompanying drawings which represent cross-sections through three diferent constructions in accordance with the invention.
Figure 1 is a section through a typical RSJ having additional strengthening plates 1, 2 of 1 mm steel adhesively bonded to the opposite flanges 3, 4 of the joists by alternate parallel strips of adhesive 6, 7 applied along the length of the flanges 3, 4. The strips 6 are of a low modulus, toughened epoxy resin, e.g.
E32 available from Permabond Adhesives Limited, modulus 0.4 GPa, while the strips 7 are of a high modulus, toughened epoxy resin,
ESP 105 (1.4 GPa) likewise available from Permabond Adhesives.
Figure 2 is a section through a box girder 8 comprising two rolled 1 mm steel channel section 9, 10 adhesively bonded between parallel 1 mm steel plates 11, 12 by means of parallel strips of adhesive 13, 14, being the same two adhesives as used in the embodiment of Fig. 1.
Figure 3 is a section through a girder 15 similar to that shown in Fig. 2, but in which the two rolled steel sections, 9, 10 are adhesively bonded in back-to-back relation by alternate strips 16, 17 of the same two adhesives.
Figure 4 shows a laminated metal sheet in accordance with the present invention, with the top lamination 18 part broken away to show the alternating stripes 19, 20 of high modulus (e.g. ESP 105) and low modulus (e.g.
E32) adhesive bonding the laminations together. The laminations, e.g. of sheet steel or other metal, may have any suitable thickness ranging from 0.01 to 10 mm, but probably more usually in the range 0.1 to 1.0 mm, and be used in any suitable number to build up a laminate of any desired thickness.
Numerous other girder configurations, and indeed numerous other alternate structures within the scope of the present invention will be readily apparent to the reader, as will be a wide range of alternative adhesives for use in such structures.
Claims (18)
1. An adhesively bonded metal structure, being a structure required to withstand a variety of conditions and comprising at least two metal members adhesively bonded together, wherein the adhesive bond between the two members is provided by two or more different adhesives separately applied between the two members and in different regions of the bond therebetween, the two or more different adhesives being such that each provides an optimum bond strength over a differ ent one or range of said conditions.
2. A structure according to claim 1, wherein said members are steel members.
3. A structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said members have a thickness of 0.7 mm or over.
4. A structure according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein at least one of the adhesives is a toughened epoxy resin.
5. A structure according to claim 4, wherein two different toughened epoxy resins are used, being epoxy resin adhesives of different modulus.
6. A metal girder comprising a metal web or webs adhesively bonded to a metal flange plate or plates by an adhesive applied therebetween, wherein two or more different adhesives are separately applied between said web or webs and said flange plate or plates in different regions of the bond therebetween, the different adhesives each providing an optimum bond strength under a different condition or set of conditions, or over a different range of conditions, being conditions likely to be encountered in use by the girder.
7. A girder according to claim 6, wherein said adhesives are applied as a series of alternate parallel strips along the length of the girder between the web or webs and the flange plate or plates.
8. A girder according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the web or webs, and the flange plate or plates is or are steel having a thickness of 0.7 mm or over.
9. A girder according to claim 6, 7 or 8, wherein the adhesives, or at least one of them, is or are toughened epoxy resins.
10. A girder according to claim 9, wherein the adhesives comprise two different toughened epoxy resin adhesives of different modulus.
11. A girder according to any one of claims 6-10 which is a box girder.
12. A girder according to claim 6, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
13. A laminated metal structure, comprising a plurality of metal laminations adhesively bonded together, wherein the adhesive bond between the laminations is provided by two or more different adhesives applied between said laminations in different regions of the bond therebetween, the different adhesives each providing an optimum bond strength under a different condition or set of conditions, or over a different range of conditions, being conditions likely to be encountered in use by the laminated strucutre.
14. A structure acording to claim 13, which is in the form of or comprises a laminated metal sheet.
15. A structure according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the individual laminations have a thickness in the range 0.1 to 1.0 mm.
16. A structure according to claim 13, 14 or 15, wherein the laminations are of steel.
17. A laminated structure according to any one of claims 13-16, wherein at least one of the adhesives is a toughened epoxy.
18. A laminated structure according to any one of claims 13-16, wherein the adhesive bond between the laminations is provided by two or more toughened epoxy resins of different modulus.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08520223A GB2179075A (en) | 1985-08-12 | 1985-08-12 | Adhesively bonded structures |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08520223A GB2179075A (en) | 1985-08-12 | 1985-08-12 | Adhesively bonded structures |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8520223D0 GB8520223D0 (en) | 1985-09-18 |
| GB2179075A true GB2179075A (en) | 1987-02-25 |
Family
ID=10583680
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08520223A Withdrawn GB2179075A (en) | 1985-08-12 | 1985-08-12 | Adhesively bonded structures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2179075A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0435480A1 (en) * | 1989-12-05 | 1991-07-03 | Harland Simon Automation Systems Limited | Method of assembling a structural member |
| WO2000006456A3 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 2000-08-03 | Unilever Plc | Container and closure |
| US6223942B1 (en) | 1998-07-28 | 2001-05-01 | Lever Brothers Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Container and closure |
| FR2804982A1 (en) * | 2000-02-10 | 2001-08-17 | Jacques Sarrat | Load bearing section for light structures comprises superpositioning self-stacking base section, upper section capping cover plates and lower section |
| US6419783B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2002-07-16 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa | Container and closure |
| GB2408056A (en) * | 2003-11-06 | 2005-05-18 | Roxbury Ltd | Structural beam comprising channel members connected by diaphragm |
| WO2009153228A1 (en) * | 2008-06-17 | 2009-12-23 | Rockwool International A/S | A profile for an insulating building system and an insulating building system for a building structure |
| CN103018021A (en) * | 2012-11-29 | 2013-04-03 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Assembled steel girder and power-transmission steel pipe pole structure assembly provided with same |
| BE1023201B1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-20 | Frans Vandenhove | BUILDING ELEMENT, WALL, AND BUILDING |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1225152A (en) * | 1968-01-30 | 1971-03-17 | ||
| EP0074732A1 (en) * | 1981-09-02 | 1983-03-23 | Ramage, L. Lee, D. Hook, D. Norman, P. Richmond, B. Jenkins, E. Churchman, A. Miles, K. trading as G. Maunsell & Partners | Improved structural panel |
| GB2135376A (en) * | 1983-01-11 | 1984-08-30 | Facet Enterprises | Composite intermediate bonding structures |
-
1985
- 1985-08-12 GB GB08520223A patent/GB2179075A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1225152A (en) * | 1968-01-30 | 1971-03-17 | ||
| EP0074732A1 (en) * | 1981-09-02 | 1983-03-23 | Ramage, L. Lee, D. Hook, D. Norman, P. Richmond, B. Jenkins, E. Churchman, A. Miles, K. trading as G. Maunsell & Partners | Improved structural panel |
| GB2135376A (en) * | 1983-01-11 | 1984-08-30 | Facet Enterprises | Composite intermediate bonding structures |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0435480A1 (en) * | 1989-12-05 | 1991-07-03 | Harland Simon Automation Systems Limited | Method of assembling a structural member |
| WO2000006456A3 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 2000-08-03 | Unilever Plc | Container and closure |
| US6223942B1 (en) | 1998-07-28 | 2001-05-01 | Lever Brothers Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Container and closure |
| US6419783B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2002-07-16 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa | Container and closure |
| FR2804982A1 (en) * | 2000-02-10 | 2001-08-17 | Jacques Sarrat | Load bearing section for light structures comprises superpositioning self-stacking base section, upper section capping cover plates and lower section |
| GB2408056A (en) * | 2003-11-06 | 2005-05-18 | Roxbury Ltd | Structural beam comprising channel members connected by diaphragm |
| GB2408056B (en) * | 2003-11-06 | 2008-04-02 | Roxbury Ltd | Structural beam member |
| WO2009153228A1 (en) * | 2008-06-17 | 2009-12-23 | Rockwool International A/S | A profile for an insulating building system and an insulating building system for a building structure |
| CN103018021A (en) * | 2012-11-29 | 2013-04-03 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Assembled steel girder and power-transmission steel pipe pole structure assembly provided with same |
| BE1023201B1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-20 | Frans Vandenhove | BUILDING ELEMENT, WALL, AND BUILDING |
| EP3106582A1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-21 | Frans Vandenhove | A wall for a building, and a method of assembling such a wall |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8520223D0 (en) | 1985-09-18 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5543204A (en) | Bi-directionally corrugated sandwich construction | |
| US4643933A (en) | Hollow core sandwich structures | |
| US4526641A (en) | Method of making peelable non-metallic shims | |
| US4029838A (en) | Hybrid composite laminate structures | |
| HU227004B1 (en) | Composite structural laminate | |
| GB2179075A (en) | Adhesively bonded structures | |
| CA2267228A1 (en) | Modular polymer matrix composite support structure and methods of constructing same | |
| EP0288843A3 (en) | Honeycomb reinforcing sheet for the reinforcement of panels and method of reinforcing panels | |
| PL189127B1 (en) | Composite laminated steel panel-like systems interspersed with layers of plastic material | |
| US5725929A (en) | Reinforced wood | |
| CA2210217A1 (en) | Composite panel | |
| CA2473346A1 (en) | Lightweight structure particularly for aircraft | |
| EP1263578A1 (en) | Wood composite panels for disaster-resistant construction | |
| US4950528A (en) | Anti-seismic rubber | |
| US20070264472A1 (en) | Sandwich Panel and a Method of Producing a Sandwich Panel | |
| ATE48621T1 (en) | ADHESIVE LAYER USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITE SECURITY PANES AND COMPOSITE SECURITY PANELS CONTAINING SUCH LAYER. | |
| EP0808711A3 (en) | Composite material and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JPH07205350A (en) | Rigid structure and shelf board with the rigid structure incorporated | |
| WO2002064903A3 (en) | Natural stone plate and method for the production thereof | |
| EP1782016B1 (en) | Armour plate | |
| EP3242973A1 (en) | Mobile bridge module | |
| GB2105254A (en) | Top-hat stiffeners for GRP and other panels of synthetic plastics materials | |
| KR200193299Y1 (en) | Sandwich pannel for vehicle | |
| EP0119975A1 (en) | Method of bonding with two-component adhesive objects which transmit static and dynamic forces to sandwich constructions | |
| JP4216909B2 (en) | Method for laminating plate material and laminate |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |