GB2120819A - Disk drive size selector circuit - Google Patents

Abstract

An information processing system having first and second floppy disk drives for permanently storing information, and a floppy disk controller (34) operatively connected to both drives. The controller has a circuit for selecting which drive is to receive information from or transfer information to the controller. The first drive is adaptable for use with 5-1/4 inch (133 mm) diameter disks and the second for use with 8 inch (203 mm) diameter disks. A user can direct the controller to select either drive. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Disk drive size selector circuit The present invention relates to a circuitfor controlling disk drives in an information processing system and more particularly to a circuit for selecting a disk drive of a specified size from a plurality of disk drives.

In information processing systems, including data processing and word processing systems, data is usually stored in permanent form on printed paper or punched paper or cards, magnetic tape, or magnetic disk media. The magnetic disks used in word processing systems are usually floppy disks, although hard disks, most often of the Winchester variety, have also been used. It has been found that floppy disks are more cost effective than most other media and provide the additional advantage of being easily transportable, Moreover, floppy disks are more convenientto use than are magnetic or paper tape, and have a greater storage capacity than magnetic tape cassettes.

Recently, magneticdisktechnology has increased so as to provide greater density of information storage on floppydisks. Consequently, smaller sized floppy disks now havethecapacityto hold as much data as did largerfloppydisksinthepast. In addition to the conventional 8 inch diameter floppy disk standard, a 5-1/4 inch diameter floppy disk standard has been developed by certain manufacturers. The 5-1/4 inch disks have the advantage of less cost but are still adequate for a great number of uses in the information processing field.

For many reasons (e.g., software support, previously generated programs or data bases), it may be useful ornecessarytocontinueto incorporate an 8 inch floppy disk drive in an information processing system while also including a 5-1/4 inch floppy diskdrive.

Whetherthe decision to utilize both sized floppy disk drives is for a temporary, transitory situation or for a permanent configuration ofthe system, it is desirable for an operator to use either one disk drive or another.

Moreover, itwould be advantageous for such an operator to be able to switch from one floppy disk size formatto anotherwith a minimum amount of effort.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an information processing system having a firstfloppy disk drive and a secondfloppy disk drive for permanentlystoring information, and afloppydisk controller operatively connected to both of the disk drives. Thefloppy disksontroller has a circuitfor selecting which of the floppy disk drives is to receive information from or is to transfer information to the controller. The first floppy disk drive is adaptable for usewith 5-1/4 inch diameter floppy disks and the second floppy disk drive is adaptable for use with 8 inch diameter floppy disks. An information processing system user can direct the floppy disk controller to select either ofthe floppy disk drives.

Acomplete understanding ofthe present invention may be obtained by referencetothe accompanying drawings, when taken in conjunction with the detailed description thereof and in which: FIGURE 1 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 1a and 1 bwhich when taken together are a block diagram of a word processing system with external attribute logic embodying the present invention; FIGURE 2 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 2a-2fwhich when taken together are a schematic representation of the CRT controller and external attribute register of the present invention; FIGURE 3 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 3a-3h which when taken together are a schematic representation ofthe CRT microprocessor and its associated DMA controller of the present invention;; FIGURE 4 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 4a and 4b which when taken together are a block diagram ofthefloppy disk processor board embodying the present invention; FIGURE 5 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 5a-5h which when taken together are a schematic representation of the processor, the direct memory access controller and the boot PROM on the floppy disk processor board of the present invention; FIGURE 6 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 6a-6h which when taken together are a schematic representation of the dual asynchronous receiver transmitter (DART) serial communication controller and the timer on the floppy disk processor board of the present invention; FIGURE 7 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 7a-7h which when taken together are a schematic representation of the floppy disk processor memory of the present invention;; FIGURE 8 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 8a-8h which when taken together are a schematic representation of the floppy disk processor interprocessor communications controller of the present invention; FIGURE 9 is an interconnection diagram of FIGURES 9a-9h which when taken together are a schematic representation of the floppy disk controller interface and the system clock; and FIGURE 10 is an interconnection diagram of FI GU RES 1 Oa-1 0c which when taken together are a schematic representation ofthe hard disk controller interface in accordance with the invention.

The word processing system ofthe present inven tion consists primarily of two processing units: a CRT processor and a floppy disk processor.

CRTProcessor The CRT co ntro I ler formats data from a memory into a video signal suitablefor driving a CRT monitor or screen.The structure and operation of the CRT processor of the present invention can best be understood by referring to FIGURE 1 which contains an Intel Corp. Model No Si)85A-2 microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU) 10 (hereinafter a microp rocessor), 64K bytes of dynamic memory 12, supplied, for example, bythe Intel Corp. in a 16Kx1 format as Model No.2118, an 8-bit data bus 14 and a 16-bit address bus 16, connected between the microp rocessor 10 and the memory 12.To one or more of these internal buses are connected an Intel Corp. 8275 programmable CRT co ntrol ler 20 and a General Instruments Co. Model No.AY-3-l0l5Dserialto parallel universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) 22. The UART 22 communicates serially with a keyboard 24, the microprocessor 10 and the memory 12. A memory state controller 28 performs a refresh function to the memory 12 and performs an arbitration function between contending devices, as hereinbelow described.

An Intel Corp. Model No.8237-2 direct memory access (DMA) controller 25 is connected to the data bus 14, and the address bus 16. When so connected, the DMA controller 25 refreshes memory 12 once per character line displayed on a screen, hereinbelow described. The DMA controller 25 has two registers per channel. One register is used to countthe number of bytes transferred. The other is used as an address pointer.

An IPC interface 26 is connected via an IPC bus 30 to other processing units 32 within a word processing system, including a disk processor34which inturn can be suitably connected via serial lines to a printing device36,such asaRicoh Corp. Model No. RP1600 printer.

The CRT controller 20 is directly connected to a CRT monitor or display screen 38, such as a Motorola Corp.

Model No. MD3000-140 monitor.

Acrystal 42 is connected to an input port of the microprocessor 1 to operate at a fixed and precisely determined frequency. An oscillator 40 is connected to the memory state controller 28 which drives the memoryl 2 and produces a character clock for the CRT controller 20. In operation, data is transferred from memory 12 to the CRT controller 20 via the DMA controller 25.

The CRT controller 20 is programmable. Conse quently,the number of lines of alphanumeric information to be displayed on the screen 38, the number of characters to be displayed in a line, and the number of scan lines used to display a single row of characters can all be selected with appropriate modifications to the oscillator 40 and crystal 42.

In one embodiment, one of two standard display formats can be selected by specifying either one of two oscillators 40 and each having a differentfrequency.The oscillator40 and crystal 42 can be installed at thefactoryor in the field by service personnel.

Naturallythe size ofthe displayed characters can be specified by a user with appropriate structural modification to locate the crystal for convenient access for replacement. In one embodiment, two preferred crystal oscillator rates are 35.04MHz and 35.38MHz. In the preferred embodiment, the character size is nine vertical lines by seven horizontal dots, whereas the characterfont size is 12 lines by eight dots and the character blocksize is 12 lines by nine dots.

The IPC interface 26 is functionally equivalent to the IPC interface shown and described in detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 177,319, filed August 12, 1980, for "Communications Systems for a Word Processing System Employing Distributed Processing Circuitry".

The CRT processorforms only partofa single data processing station. The other part ofthe circuitry is contained on the disk processor 34, which is con nected to as many as fourfloppy disk drives, not shown, and to a printer. The disk processor 34 controls disk l/O functions and performs printformatting operations.

To transfer information from the keyboard 24 once one of its keys is depressed, a character correspond- ing to the depressed key is transmitted across the serial linefromthe keyboard 24 to the CRTcontroller 20 via the UART 22 which converts the data from serial form to parallel form. Once the UART22 receivesthe character, it signals the microprocessor 10 by raising the interrupt RESTART (RST) 7.5 line on the microprocessor 10. The microprocessor 10 then discontinues processing and interrogates the UART 22. The character is moved to the accumulator of the microprocessor 10. From the accumulator, a keyboard handler program or subroutine residing in the program memory 12 transfers that piece of data to a buffer in the memory 12 of the CRT processor.

The CRT controller 20 issues a DMA requestsignal to the DMA controller 25 to fill the CRT controller's 20 internal data buffers Likewise, the attribute control logic 21 issues DMA requestsignalsto the DMA controller 25 to fill the attribute registers 21. The DMA controller25 issues a HOLD requesttothe microprocessor 10. The microprocessor 10 completes its current machine cycle and acknowledgesthe request with a HOLD ACK signal to the DMA controller 25. The DMA controller 25 gets control of the address bus 16 (by issuing an address) and the control bus 18 (by activating the memory readand the I/O WRITE lines of the control bus), moving a byte of data from memory 12 into the destination register. Once the transfer is completed the HOLD line is lowered, allowing the microprocessor 10 to resume execution.The DMA controller 25 issues an interrupt signal to the microprocessor 10 atthe end of each display line. The microprocessor 10 acknowledges the interrupt signal by reinitializing the DMA controller 25, instructing itto point address pointers therein to a new line oftext.

Once the microprocessor 10 returns from its interrupt handler routine, it enters a program to format the CRT screen 38 and the new character is moved into a position in memory 12 so that it can be displayed on the screen 38.

Two line buffers, one for input and onefor output, are provided within the CRTcontroller20 and may be used in accordance with initialization parameters in the CRT controller 20. Of course, the initialization parameters and data allocation in memory 12 can be changed to conform to the characteristics of the crystal 42 used by the system. The input line buffer is filled or loaded with data bythe DMA controller 25 at the current microprocessor operating rate. The output linebuffercirculatesonceforeachCRTscan line.

When the CRT controller 20 completes the display of a line of text, the function of the input and output buffers is reversed.

When a printer operation is to take place, data from the CRT processor memory 12 is transferred to a memory within the disk processor 34via the IPC interface 26 and IPC bus 30. This data transfer is shown and described in detail in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 177,319, as hereinabove refer- enced. The CRT processor establishes a master/slave relationship with the disk processor 34, and then transfers information to the disk processor 34 one byte at a time. The information, once received by the disk processor 34, is changed by programs within the disk processor 34to a format acceptable to the printer 36.

When the CRT processor requires information from a disk, it signals the disk processor 34 by again establishing a master/slave relationship across the IPC interface 26 and IPC bus 30. The CRT processor transfers a data request to the disk processor 34. The disk processor 34 than accesses the data from the disk and transfers itto its own memory. The disk processor 34then signals the CRT processor that it has received the data it requested. The data is then transferred once again across the IPC interface 26 and IPC bus 30 one byte at a time. All ofthesetransfers are performed underthe control of eitherthe disk processor 34 orthe CRT processor.

Whilethe IPC interface 26 operates generally as shown and described in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No.177,319, as hereinabove refer enced,for each byte that is transferred, the slave microprocessor of the present invention is placed into a a hold state. In the system disclosed in the aforemen- tioned patent application, a memory interleaving scheme was constructed to utilize the full bandwidth ofthe memory. That is not required in the present invention. Circuitry is simplified such that when data is transferred to the slave microprocessor, it is placed in the hold stateforthe duration ofthetransferforeach byte that is transferred. The use ofthis procedure reduces the number of components required to enable master/slave operations.

FIGURE 2 is a detailed view of the CRT controller 20 as shown in FIGURE 1, and also includes attribute registers shown generally at 21 and video logic shown generally at 37.

Referring nowalsoto FIGURE 2, a portion of a CRT processor card including the CRT controller and circuitry associated therewith, is shown. Reference numeral 21 refers generally to devices marked 50 and 52 which are 80-byte long, 8-bitwide external attribute registers, manufactured by the National Semiconductor Corp. as Model No. MM5034. These circulating dynamic shift registers 50 and 52 store attribute information that is associated with each character to be displayed on a line of the display.

Each character code has associated with it an eight-bit attribute. The bits of this attribute are defined as shown below.

Bit Attribute 0 BOLD 1 BLINK 2 REVERSE VIDEO 3 UNDERSCORE 4 DOUBLE UNDERSCORE 5 ALTERNATE CHARACTER SET 6 NOT USED 7 NOT USED Each attribute is selectable independently of the others and is valid onlyforthe single character associated therewith. Any character can have any combination of attributes.

The BOLD attribute specifies a 25% increase in brightnessforthedisplayed character associated therewith. The BLINK attribute specifies a character blink rate of 1.2 Hz. The REVERSE VIDEO attribute causes the corresponding 12-line by nine-dot character block associated with the characterto become a reverse video field. A cursor is produced by actuating the REVERSE VIDEO attribute associated with a blank character. The UNDERSCORE attribute provides a single underline one line from the bottom of the character block. The DOUBLE UNDERSCORE attribute provides a double width underline using the bottom two lines of the character block. The ALTER NATE CHARACTER SET attribute selects logic to decodethe character code from the alternate 128symbol character set, not from the conventional 128-symbol character set.

The two external attribute registers 50 and 52 function in parallel with one register being filled from a direct memory access (DMA) channel in the system bus whilethe second register outputs information throughthevideo circuitry37.

Atthe end of a particular display line the two registers 50 and 52 exchange functions. Thus, the external attribute register pair 50 and 52 is used in a ping-pong arrangement, one register of which is connected to the DMA chan nel while the other register outputs information to the video circuitry 37.

After a line is displayed, the DMAfunction is performed by the second external attribute register 50 or 52 while the information is displayed through the first external attribute register 52 or 50 via video circuitry.

Information enters the register pair 21 on lines DO through D7 which is a common data communications bus. The data from lines D0-D7 is clocked into either external attribute register 50 or external attribute register 52 by clock signals that are derived by the circuitry associated with the attribute buffer control, shown generally at reference numeral 53.

Aflip flop 54 selects which external attribute register 50 or 52 is associated with the DMA channel and which with the video section. The external attribute register 50 or 52 assocated with the DMA channel is clocked at the end of each DMAtransfer.

There are 80 DMA transfers for each display line.

The external attribute register 50 or 52 associated with the video circuitry is clocked at the video refresh rate, as controlled by the memory refresh controller 28, in conjunction with the CRT controller 20. Both the CRT controller 20 and the external attribute register 50 or 52 that is associated with the video refresh circuitry are synchronized to the refresh rate which is derived from the oscillator 40. As characters are assembled and exit from the CRT controller 20, over lines CC0 through CC6, the attributes are presented from the external attribute register 50 or 52 in synchronism. Both the character and the correspond- ing attribute enter a register pipeline so that they arrive atthe video circuitry 37 in synchronism.

The video logic 37 of the CRT processor card converts the ASCII character information presented by the CRT controller 20 into a video signal. The conversion is performed by applying the ASCII charactertotheinputofacharactergenerator56 which generates information corresponding to the dot pattern for a particular character. The character generator 56 is a ROM manufactured by the Intel Corporation as Model No. 2632A. Alternatively, an EPROM such as part number2732A may be used.

The address inputforthe character generator 56 consists of both the ASCII character value and the line count. The output of the character generator 56 is a series of dots corresponding to the line being addressed for the specified character. The eight bits of information output by the character generator 56 is latched into a video shift register 58 where it is shifted out serially atthe character dot rate of 17.69 MHz in the preferred embodiment.

The remainder of the video circuitry 37 synchronizes the character information with the selected attribute. The outputs of the CRT processor card are the video (VIDEO) output signal, the horizontal sync (HSYNC) output signal and the vertical sync (VSYNC) output signal, used to synchronize the monitor operation of the CRT monitor 38 with the video signal.

The CRT controller 20 synchronizes thetiming information used to generate the HSYNC and VSYNC signals withthe character information which even tuallytakestheform ofthevideo signal.

As hereinabove mentioned, a number of attributes can be represented by the CRT processor card, such as bold, blink, reverse video, underscore, double underscore, and selection of an alternate set of 128 characters. The CRT processor provides access to 256 characters. The CRT controller 20 provides direct access to 128 characters over the seven lines CC0 through CC6. The CRTcontroller 20 in conjunction with bits from one of the external attribute registers 21 addresses a set of 256 characters. The character generator 56 can be programmed with 256 characters, i.e., two sets of 128 characters each, in any desired format. Examples of such formats are: elite, gothic, italics, mathematical, scientific, modern, any foreign language, or pica type styles.

As hereinabove stated, the external attribute registers 50 and 52 are circulating dynamic shift registers.

They can be loaded with new information or they can be set into a recirculating mode so that they continually recirculate data internal to the device.

When one ofthe external attribute registers 50 or 52 is attached to the DMA channel, information is input; when attached to the video circuitry 37, the external attribute register 50 or 52 recirculates information that is already stored.

A graphic control programmable array logic (PAL) 60 is connected to the character generator 56. The graphics control PAL 60 can be used for generating thin line graphics in any one of 11 right angle patterns.

The CRT control ler 20 transmits over lines CC0 through CC6 a signal to a pipeline which consists of two octal latches 62 and 64. The octal latches 62 and 64 synchronize the character codes with the line codes and generate a signal to the charactergener ator 56. Similarly over lines LCO th rough LC3, the CRT controller 20 is connected to a hex latch 66 used to synchronize the line count with the horizontal sync signal.

The dot clock (DCLK) signal is applied from the oscillator 40 to a divide-by-9 counter 68. The output from this counter 68 is a character clock (CCLK) signal.

The CCLK signal is then applied to the CRT controller 20 which uses the clock signal to output the character codes over lines CC0 through CC6 and lines LC0 through LC3. This CCLK signal is also used to generate the vertical and horizontal sync signals.

Connected to the attribute registers 21 is an attribute pipeline 70 which consists of three octal latches 72,74 and 76. The attribute pipeline70 synchronized the attribute bits with the video signal.

The output of the attribute pipeline 70 is applied to the video logic 37.

The graphics control pipeline 78 consists primarily of an octal latch 78which is connected to the CRT controller 20 over lines LAO, LAl, VSP, and LTEN. Ports LAO and LA1 selectthe graphic characterto be displayed. The LAO and LA1 signals are combined with the LTEN signal via the graphics pipeline 78 to the graphics control PAL 60. The graphics control PAL 60then modifiesthesignalfromthecharacter generator56 to generatetheappropriategraphics characters.

DMA arbitration logic is shown generally at reference numeral 80. It consists of a bi-directional 8-bit shift register 82. This arbitration logic 80 ensures that the attribute buffer requests the same amount of data atthe same time as does the CRT controller 20. Thus, the CRT controller 20 and the attribute register 21 are in synchronism before entering the video signal.

Referring now also to FIGURE 3, the microp- rocessor 10 receives a clock signal from the crystal 11.

The DMA controller 25 is connected to arbitration buffers 86, 88 and 90. Similarlythe microprocessor 10 is connected to arbitration buffers 88,92 and 94. The arbitration buffers86,88 and 90 al low either the DMA Control ler 25 orthe microprocessor 10 to access the information on the address bus 14and on the data bus 16.

The control bus 18 includes a four bit 2-to-1 multiplexer 96. The purpose ofthe control bus 18 is to selectthefunctionto be performed bythe microprocessor 10, which can be memory read, memory write, I/O read or I/O write. I/O decode circuitry is shown generally at reference numeral 98. It consists of a 34o-8 decoder 100. The purposeofthe I/O decoder 98 isto selectthe appropriate I/O portforthe function to be performed.

Th e DMA control ler 25 and the microprocessor 10 operate atthe same speed, based on the crystal 11.

The interprocessorcommunications (IPC) interface is shown generally at reference numeral 26. It consists ofthree buffers 102, 104 and 106. The IPC buffers 102, l04andl06areconnectedtothelPCbus30andare bi-directional fortransferring data onto orfrom the IPC bus 30. Master arbitration logic 112 is connected to the microprocessor 10. The master arbitration logic 112 consists oftwoflipflops 114and 116,which togetherdeterminewhetherthemicroprocessor 10 can become a master processor. This is done by determining the status of the IPC bus 30. If the IPC bus 30 is not being used or if it is occupied by a lower priority master microprocessor, then the microp rocessor 10 can become a master. A bus master request is issued by setting the serial output data (SOD) lineofthe microprocessor 10. If the master arbitration logic 112 indicatesthatthe microprocessor 10 can become a master i.e., the microp rocessor 10 has an active bus request and has a higher prioritythan all other processors 32 with active bus requests, the microprocessor 10 polls its serial input data (SID) line to determine whether it has been granted the bus request. At this point the microp rocessor 10 maygenerate signalsthroughthe bus control register 108 to address a slave processor. The microprocessor 10 may reset a pending bus request or relinquish its position as bus master by resetting the SOD line.

Once the microprocessor 10 is master, it presents the desired slave processor address to the IPC bus 30 for monitoring bythe other processors 32. The processor 32 having the specified four-bit address now becomes the slave processor. A slave address comparator 110 is connected to the IPC bus 30 to indicate when the instant microprocessor 10 is to become the slave processor of another processor 32.

In the preferred configuration, the slave processor is the floppy disk processor 34.

Either the upper32K bytes of memory orthe lower 32K bytes of memory oftheslave processor is mapped into the upper 32K byte portion of the master microprocessor memory 12. The part of the slave processor memory accessed is determined by the control bus 18 and bus control register 108 associated therewith. To access the memory of a slave proces sor, the master microprocessor 10 generates read/ write signals to the slave. Slave processor program execution is interrupted only while the slave processor memory is being accessed and resumes thereafter.

Two types of memoryto memory data transfers are possible in this system. Thefirst is an internal memory transfer. In this case a processor moves part ofthe data in its memory from one position to another. Such an internal memory move can be accomplished on any partofthe64K memory locations of the microprocessor. The second form of memory to memory transfer occurs between memory devices of two different processors. In this case, the master processor retains the lower 32K bytes of its memory but maps in 32K bytes of slave data into its upper 32K bytes of memory. The slave data may be from the upper orthe lower portion of the slave memory.Memoryto memorytransfers can then occur either between the slave and master portions of the memory, entirely within the master 32K portion, orwithin the slave 32K portion of memory.

Floppy Disk Processor Referring now to FIGURE 4, there is shown a block diagram ofthefloppy disk processor in accordance with the present invention. The floppy disk processor circuit is integrated on a printed circuit board on which there are six connectors, J 1 through J6. The 60 pinedgeconnectorJl is the common bus between the floppy disk processor board and CRT processor board through which interprocessor corn munications are accomplished. The floppy disk processor board provides the interface to 8" or 5-1/4" floppy disk drives, supporting single density (FM), double density (MFM) and IBM or non-IBM format soft sectored disks. It interfaces up to four single or double sided disk drives in daisy chain configuration.This controller, in conjunction with a fixed disc controller, not shown, also supports 5-1/4 and 8-inch Winchester disk drives. ConnectorJ2 interfaces up to four daisy chained 8" disk drives. Connector J3 provides a standard Ras232 serial interface to a printer with transmission rates from 50 to 19,200 bps. Connector J4contains all the necessary signals for interfacing to a fixed disk controller to access 5-1/4 and 8-inch Winchester disk drives. ConnectorJ5 is a standard RS232 general purpose communication line with auto dial capability. ConnectorJ6 is parallel to con nector 52 and interfacesto5-1/4"diskdrives.A microprocessor 410 is connected to a data bus 412 via a buffer 411.Also connected to the microprocessor 410 via a buffer 413 is one portion of an address bus 414which is used to transfer the upper byte of the address. The microprocessor 410 is also connected via a latch 41 to the part of the address bus 416 used totransferthe lower byte of the address. Both parts of the address bus 414 and 416 are applied to an address multiplexer 418, which in turn is connected to a random access memory (RAM) 420, which isa 64K x 8 byte device. Connected to the memory 420 is a latch 421 which is applied to the data bus 412. Connected to the address multiplexer418 is a memory controller 422 to refresh the memory and to select the appropriate memory devices for data accessing.

Also connected tothe data bus 412 is a floppy disk controller 424 such as Model No. FD1 791-02 manu factured by Western Digital, Inc.

Connected to the floppy disk controller 424 is a buffer426. The buffer 426 is connected over a read data linetoa data recovery circuit428, which in turn generates a read window signal to the floppy disk controller 424 in order to frame the data. This process determines which part of the data stream is relevant for a particular operation. A drive select latch 429 is connected between the data bus 412to a connector 430,the output of which in turn is applied to floppy disk drives. not shown. A buffer 431 is connected between the floppy disk d rive connector 430 a nd the data bus 412 for reading status of the disk drives.

A DMA controller 432 is connected over a local data bus D0-D7 through a latch 433 to the upper eight bits of the address bus 414. The DMA controller 432 is also connectedtoatemporary memory data holding register 434 which in turn is connected to the data bus 412. The DMA controller432 is also connected via a buffer 436 and the lower eight bits ofthe address bus 416to a boot PROM 438. The boot PROM 438 is also connected to the data bus 412.

A buffer 440 is connected to the data bus 412, and another buffer 442 is connected to the lower eight bits ofthe address bus 416. Athird buffer 444 is connected to the control bus over lines READ and WRITE. All three ofthese buffers440,442 and 444 are connected to the hard disk controller interface connector 446.

An interrupt arbitration circuit 448 is connected to the microprocessor 410. The interrupt arbitration circuit 448 arbitrates interrupt signals that can be generatedfrom eitherthe DMAcontrolIer432,the hard disk controller interface 446, the floppy disk controller424, ora dual channel asynchronous receiver/transmitter (DART) 452, manufactured by Zilog, Inc as Model No. Z4470. The DART 452 provides standard RS232 compatible serial interface ports, one for a daisywheel printerandtheotherforgeneral purpose communication. Channel A provides the serial interface through con nector J 5. This port can be used with a modem. Channel B is a subset of RS232-C, which interfaces to a printerthrough connectorJ3.The DART 452 can cause an interrupt under program control. A restart vector is supplied from one ofthe internal registers. This vector is software programmable. Baud rates for channel A and B are controlled by a timer, as hereinbefore described, output3 and 2 respectively. An additional MO port is assigned to assist the controls and status readings on Channels A and B.

A Model No.8253-5 programmable interval timer 450 is connected both to the microprocessor 410 and to the DART 452. The timer 450 generates a system timing clock and two clocks for the DART to provide various baud rates under software control. The frequency of the clock input to all three counters is 1.8432 MHz. The local data bus D0-D7 is also connected to the timer 450 and to the DART 452. The timer 450 provides an interval signal to the microprocessor410 and two different clock signals, CLOCK1 and CLOCKOto the DART452. Connected to the DART 452 isa buffer 454, the outputofwhich inturn is applied to an RS232 interface 456. Another buffer 458 is also connected to the DART 452 and applied to a printer port460, which is a serial interface in the preferred embodiment.

The floppy disk processor includes provisions to interrupt underthefollowing condition: when a command is successfully completed by the floppy disk controller 424, when a command is aborted by an errorcondition by the floppy disk controller424, when the primary byte count register is exhausted during a DMAdatatransfer,whenthe processor issues a force interrupt command to the floppy disk controller424, atthe end of a command packet transferto the fixed disk controller, not shown, atthe completion of a command execution from the fixed disk controller, or when an interrupt request is received from the DART 452 as a consequence of one of various conditions set by software. When any of the foregoing conditions occurs, the INT line to the processor is activated.When the processor responds by activating the INTA line, the controller 424 sends a RST1 instruction onto the data bus. The disk software includes an interrupt vector at location 8 (hex). In case of an interruptfrom the fixed disk controller, an RST2 instruction is generated, ratherthan an RST1 signal.

The DART 452 causes an RST3 (software) signal in the interrupt sequence.

The processor resets the interrupt logic byinterrogating the controller's status registersforthe floppy disk controller424 and the DMA controller 432. Both ofthe controller's status registers must be examined in the service routine to clear an interrupt which may have been generated bytwo ofthe above conditions.

The master processor generates an RST 5.5 inter rupt on the slave processor by setting and resetting the control line output port FO, Dl. This interrupt is then latched on the slave processor and must be reset by a command via output port F4.

The timer 450 interrupts via a RST 7.5 signal at a specified interval depending on the mode and initial count value.

An interprocessorcommunications (IPC) controller 462 is connected to the microprocessor 410 via the microprocessor SOD and SID lines. The IPC controller 462 is also connected to an IPC bus 464. To the IPC bus 464 are connected a buffer 466 from the data bus 412 and upper eight bits of the address bus 414, a latch 468 from the data bus 412, and a buffer 470 also from the data bus 412.

Referring nowto FIGURE 5, there is shown the schematic for the microprocessor 410, the DMA controller432 and the boot PROM 438.

In operation, when power is first applied to the system, the 512 x 8 byte boot PROM 438 contains the program which is loaded into the microprocessor 410 overthe address bus ports A0-A8. The software code is loaded over data bus ports 01-08 of the boot PROM 438.

During power-up or a system reset condition, a bootstrap operation is performed as follows: A power-up condition or depression of a keyboard RESET button causes the floppy disk controller to activate the POC and MR lines to the processor410.

Processing for the entire system is suspended and all processors are placed in a reset condition. The floppy disk controller activates the BOOT line to the proces soy410 and releases the POC line. This causes the floppy disk processorto begin executing code from the boot PROM 438. Bootstrap firmware loads the operating system boot program from the boot PROM 438. The operating system boot program, in turn, loads the operating system, which loads the remaining processor. When all system processors have been loaded, the floppy disk processor releases the MR line. All processors then begin executing from location 0. The bootstrap firmware includes system configuration parameters which it transfers to main memory during the boot operation.Upon completion ofthefirm bootstrap operation, the bootstrap PROM 438 is inaccessible to the system.

Tge DMA controller 432 containsfour independent channels 0-3, each havingfour sets of 16-bit registers: base address, current address, base word count and currentword count. The base address and base word count registers must be initialized priorto a data transfer operation. Channel 1 is dedicated to floppy disk data transfers. Channel 0 is assigned for a hard disk controller interface. Channels 2 and 3 are used for memory to memory transfer. Additional registers, status, command, temporary, mode, mask and re quest, are used for other DMA operation controls.

When a data transfer begins, a data request signal is generated to the DMA controller 432 which then sends a HOLD requesttothe processor 41 0. The processor 410 respondstothe HOLD signal by returning a HOLD acknowledge signal. The DMA controller 432 then transfers a single byte to orfrom the memory, increments the current address counter, decrements the current word counter and releases the HOLD request line.

The transfer continues until one of the following conditions is met: the floppy disk controller ceases to generate data transfer request, the hard disk control ler, not shown, ceases to generate data transfer requests, orthe currentword count is exhausted.

The DMA controller 432 can be autoinitialized by setting an autoinitialization enable bit in a mode register. The data transfer is performed in the same manner as in the previous mode. When the current word count register is exhausted, the current address and current word count registers are automatically reloaded from the baseaddressand base word count registers, respectively.

Referring nowto FIGURE 6, there is shown the DART 452 which receives two different clock signals from the timer 450. The CLOCK0 signal is output from thetimerOUT1 port and is input to the DARTTXCA bar and RXCA bar ports. The CLOCK1 signal is output from thetimer450 at port OUT2 and is applied to the DART452 through input port RXTXCB bar.

The buffer454foteh RS323 interface is shown generally at reference numeral 454. Similarly the buffer458forthe printer interface is shown generally at reference numeral 458. Interrupt arbitration circuitry connected to the microprocessor 410 is shown generally at reference numeral 448, and consists primarilyofan LS174 latch.

Referring now to FIGURE 7, there is shown the random access memory (RAM) 420 which consists of four banks each of eight memory devices. These devices are Model No.21 18-4 supplied by the Intel Corp. Connected to the RAM 420 are address multiplexer devices shown generally at reference numeral 418. A latch 421 is connected between the RAM 420 and the data bus 412.

The remainder of the circuitry shown in this figure is required for memory controller operations. The memory controller is shown generally at reference numeral 422 and includes an S174 shift register and an LS 393 counter. Refresh address lines RFA0-RFA7 are used to refresh memory locations in the RAM 420 and are generated by the memory controller circuitry 422.

Referring nowto FIGURE 8 there is shown the interprocessorcommunications (IPC) controller shown generally as reference numeral 462. It consists of a number offlipflops and gates such as model numbers LS112 and LS74. Two LS245 devices are shown generally as reference numeral 466 and act as a buffer to the IPC bus. This buffer 466 is connected to the J1 IPC bus connector 464. Also connected to the J1 IPC bus connector 464 are a latch 468 from the data bus 412 and two devices, LS244 and LS373, which form a buffer 470 to the J 1 IPC bus connector 464. An LS175 latch 463 acts as an arbritratorfor hold requests of the microprocessor 410 which can originate either from the DMA controller 432 orfrom the IPC controller 462.

Referring nowto FIGURE 9, there is shown a schematic diagram ofthe floppy disk controller 424 and the system clock 472 and 474. The floppy disk controller 424 is connected to buffersforthe controllers and data ofthefloppy disk drives 426. A Model No. L5374 latch is connected between the data bus 412 and the floppy disk drive select connector 430.

Another buffer 431 is connected between the data bus 412 and the disk drive select connector430.

Data recovery circuitry is shown generally at reference numeral 428. This consists primarily of a WD1691 floppy support logic device manufactured by Western Digital Corp. This data recovery circuitry is connected to the floppy disk controller 424 as well as to the buffer 426. The system clock includes a crystal oscillator 472 operating at a frequency of 14.7456 megahertz. Connected to this oscillator is an Us1 61 counter 474. A separate crystal oscillator475 operatesat8.000MHzand is connectedto another Us 1 61 cou nter 476 for control ling the operati ng frequency of the floppy disk processor 424.

Ajumpertype switch 478, such as Model No.

65474-001 manufactured by Berg Co., is used to select one oftwo operating frequencies depending upon whetherthe system is configured to drive a 5-1/4 inch floppy disk or an 8 inch floppy disk. The floppy disk controller 424 requires a 2 clock input for 8 inch floppy disk drives and a 1 MHz clock input for 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives. The operating frequency selected by switch 478 is used to drive the floppy disk controller 424 at a bit rate that can accommodate the disk drive to be selected. In addition to actuating the switch 478to select one orthe other sized floppy disks, five other jumper type switches 480,482,484, 486 and 488 must be selected.

Jumper switch 480 can specify a VCO frequency of 4 MHz, which is used in a phase lock loop circuit to configurethecircuitfor8 inch floppy disk drives.

When the switch 480 specifies a VCO frequency of 2 MHz,thecircuitcan accommodate 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives. A window for sampling a pattern in the data stream is generated by this switch 480 to correspond to the data bit rate. A read clock (RCLK) signal is generated as a resultofthe frequency input by the floppy disk logic device 428 and is applied to the floppy disk controller 424 Jumper switch 482 can specify that the floppy support logic 428 perform write pre-compensation.

For 8 inch floppy disks, write pre-compensation to adjust for shifting ofthe relative positions ofthe bits from the disk must be performed on the inner tracks, greater than track number 43. For 5-1/4 inch floppy disks, however, write pre-compensation must be performed throughoutthe entire disk (all tracks). The switch 482 can be positioned to accommodate either one of these write pre-compensation conditions.

Jumper switch 484 allows a READY signal from an 8 inch floppy disk drive to be applied to the floppy disk controller 424. For 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives, however, no READY signal is provided, but a DISK CHANGE signal is used, when the switch 484 is appropriately set.

Jumperswitch 486 is usedto allowthe DISK CHANGE signal from an 8 inch floppy disk drive to be read through I/O port CO orto convert the DISK CHANGE signal from a 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drive.

The inversion procedure is required duetothefact thatthe 5-1/4 inch floppy disk signal sense is opposite from that of an 8 inch floppy disksignal.

Jumperswitch 488 is used to adjustthe disk read/write head settle time. When the jumper switch 488 is not installed, the head settle time is setto approximately 50 ms, which is required by 8 inch floppy disk drives. For 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives, however, a HEAD LOAD signal is used to actuate the disk drive motor. Accordingly, when the jumper switch 488 is appropriately positioned for 5-1/4 inch disk drive operation, the head settle time is extended to approximately 200 ms, thus allowing the disk drive motorto come up to speed.

Referring nowto FIGURE 10, there is shown the hard disk controller interface which consists of three buffers440,422 and 444. One buffer440 is connected between the hard disk controller interface connector 464 and the data bus 412. Another buffer 442 is connected between the hard disk controller interface connector464 and the lower eight bit address bus 416. Another buffer444 is connected to the control READ and WRITE lines.

In operation the bus master request is issued by setting this SOD line of the CRT microprocessor 10, as hereinabove described. The microprocessor 10 poles its SID line to determine whether it has been granted the bus request. The microprocessor 10 may generate signals through the bus control register 108to address the slave processor, in this case the floppy disk processor.

The master processor determines the four-bit extended address ofthe desired slave processor number and applies itto its bus controller using an output F0 (bus control register 108) priorto a BUS MASTER request. The IPC controllers waitfor BUS BUSYto be false. The controller having BUS PRIOR ITY and an active BUS REQUEST becomes BUS MASTER and sets BUS BUSY. Simultaneously requesting processors therefore become master processors in the order of bus priority. The processor must poll its SID line for internal bus master status to determine if it has become bus master. The processor may reset a pending bus request or relinquish its position as bus master simply by resetting its SOD line.

Once it is master, the slave processor number is presented on the IPC bus asADD 16-19, and monitored by all processors. The processor having the corresponding four-bit address in its hardware address plug becomes the slave processor. The master processor may read or write a block of 32K of memory from the slave processor by addressing memory between 32K and 64K. This corresponds to the upperor lower32K on the slave processoras determined by a fifth bit ofthe extended address sent to the IPC with the output F0. The bus controller on the master processor automatically generates a read/write command to the slave processor on a byte-by-byte basis when these addresses are accessed. The execution ofthe memory operation is transparent to the slave processor; it can continue its own processing undisturbed.In addition to reading orwriting the slave processor memory, the master processor can generate a reset signal or a RST 5.5 interrupt signal to the slave processor also using output F0.

The master processor begins a communication with the slave processor by reading status in the slave memory to determine ifthe slave buffers are ready. If the slave processor is ready, the processor request ing a transfer writes a function request to a fixed buffer in the slave processor and sets a bit in the slave's status byte. Typically, the master processor causes a RST 5.5 to the slave processor to begin processing ofthe request, although polling could be done bytheslave processor. The slave processor mustthentransferthe requestto its queue. It executes requests from its queue in order of priority determined bythe slave software.

When a request for a transfer is executed, the processorwhich had been slave makes the required buffer available in its memory and becomes master of the bus, making the requesting processor slave. The master processor first reads a function block specifying the requested operation. When the actual data transfer is ready, it makes the read or write transfer directly to/form the requesting processor's memory asspècified inthefunction block, and interruptsthe original requesting processor (now the slave) with an RST 5.5 signal to notifythe requesting processor that thefunction has been completed. The master processorthen releases the bus and a newtransfer may begin.

Eitherthe upper32K bytes of memory orthe lower 32K bytes of memory of the slave processor are mapped intothe u pper 32K byte portion of the master processor memory 12. The part of the slave processor memory accessed is determined by the control bus 18 and the bus control register 108 associated therewith.

To access a block of data in the slave processor memory,the DMAcontroller432 is initialized. The DMA controller is informed that itwill be transferring on a byte-by-byte basis. One channel ofthe DMA controller 432 is designated as the source register to transferdata from the slave memorytothetemporary memory data holding register 434. A second channel in the DMA controller 432 is used to transfer data from thetemporary memory data holding register 434to the master memory.

This is the procedure fortransferring data from the floppy disk (slave) processor memory to the CRT (master) processor memory. However in reversing the direction of memory tranfer, the DMA internal registerfunctions are not changed, but the source and destination memories are.

The address byte counter is loaded for both channelsoftheDMAcontroller432. In one channel, the address byte counter represents the location of the source of memory; in the second channel,the byte counter represents the location of the destination memory. In this operation, both byte counter values are initially equal because the number of bytes of data being transferred from the source to the temporary memory data holding register is equal to the number of bytes being transferred from the temporary memory data holding registerto the destination memory.

In this system, an automatic DMA request signal is constantly applied to the DMA controller. However, a register is used to maskthe request signal. After DMA controllerinitialization,the mask is removed so that the automatic DMA request signal can be recognized bythe DMA controller and operation thereof begins.

When the byte counterofboth channels in the DMA controller is reduced to zero, the DMA controllerthen masks itself so operation terminates.

In the case of a transfer initiated by the floppy disk processor, an interrupt is automatically generated upon completion ofthe DMAoperation. The interrupt signal interrupts the floppy disk processor so that software control resumes for the DMA controller. The floppy disk processor interrupt signal is used to instructthe processorthatthe transfer is concluded and that the data can now be used for whatever purpose was originally intended.

Arbitration logic is required to allow data onto the IPC bus onlywhen appropriate channels are activated and the microprocessor is a master, or conversely when the corresponding channels are activated for the processor to be a slave.

This memory to memorytransferoperation can be performed in an identical mannerfor memory transfers that occur at the request ofthe floppy disk processor of the CRT memory. The memorytransfers can also occur in this system within one memory, but not necessarily across the IPC bus. The procedure is identical, but no memory mapping occurs in this situation.

Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the examples chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departure from thetrue spirit and scope of this invention.

Claims (28)

1. An information processing system comprising: a) first means for permanently storing information; b) second meansforpermanentlystoring information; c) controlling means operatively connected to said first and to said second means for permanently storing information; and d) said controlling means having selecting means fortransferring information to one of said means for permanently storing information.

2. The information processing system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first and said second means for permanently storing information are disk drives.

3. The information processing system in accordance with claim 2 wherein said first means for permanently storing information is adapted for use with a disk having a diameter of a specified first dimension.

4. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 3wherein said second means for permanently storing information is adapted for use with a disk having a diameter of a specified second dimension.

5. The information processing system in accordance with claim 4 wherein said first dimension is 5-1/4 inches and said second dimension is 8 inches.

6. The information processing system in accordance with claim 2 wherein said disk drives are adaptable for use with floppy disks.

7. The information processing system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising: e) meansforallowing an information processing system userto direct said controlling means to select one of said means for permanently storing information for transferring information thereto.

8. The information processing system in accordance with claim 1 or 4 or 7 wherein said selecting means is operable by an information processing system user.

9. The information processing system in accordance with claim 1 or 6 wherein said controlling means is a floppy disk controller.

10. An information processing system comprising: a) first means for permanently storing information; b) second means for permanently storing information; c) controlling means operatively connected to said first and to said second means for permanently storing information; and d) said controlling means having selecting means fortransferring information from one of said means for permanently storing information to any other component adapted to receive aid information in the information processing system.

11. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 10 wherein said first means for permanently storing information is adapted for use with a disk having a diameter of a specified first dimension and said second means for permanently storing information is adapted for use with a disk having a diameter of a specified second dimension.

12. The information processing system in accordance with claim 11 wherein said first dimension is 5-1/4 inches and said second dimension is 8 inches.

13. Aword processing system comprising: a) a first disk drive for storing information; b) a second disk drive for storing information; and c) a disk drive controller operatively connected to said first disk drive and to said second disk drive, said disk drive controller having a switch for selecting one of said two disk drives fortransferring data thereto and for accessing data therefrom.

14. The word processing system in accordance with claim 13 wherein said switch may be actuated by an operator of said word processing system.

15. The word processing system in accordance with claim 13 wherein said first disk drive is adapted for use with a floppy disk being of a predetermined first size and said second disk drive is adapted for use with a floppy disk being of a predetermined second size.

16. The word processing system in accordance with claim 15 wherein said first size is 8 inches in diameter and said second size is 5-1/4 inches in diameter.

17. An information processing system having a first means for storing data and a second means for storing data, the first means being operable at a first operating frequency and the second means being operable at a second operating frequency, comprising a controller operatively connected to the first meansforstoring data and to the second means for storing data, and having meansforselecting either said first means for storing data or said second means for storing data to transfer data thereto.

18. The information processing system in accordance with claim 17 wherein said means for selecting furtherfacilitates access of data from either said first means for storing data or said second means for storing data.

19. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 17 wherein said meansforselecting comprises means for driving said controller at either the first operating frequency orthe second operating frequency so that data can be transferred to said first meansforstoring data orto said second meansfor storing data respectively.

20. The information processing system in accordance with claim 19 wherein said first operating frequency is 1 MHz and said second operating frequency is 2 MHz.

21. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 19 wherein said means for selecting further comprises means for generating a window for sampling a data stream pattern.

22. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 19 or21 wherein said meansfor selecting further comprises means for performing write pre-compensation to adjust for shifting of data bits eitherfrom said first meansforstoring data or from saidsecondmeansforstoring data.

23. The information processing system in accordance with claim 18 wherein said first means for storing data is a first disk drive having a read/write head for use with a disk of a first predetermined size.

24. The information processing system in accordance with claim 23 wherein said second means for storing data is a second disk drive having a read/write head for use with a disk of a second predetermined size.

25. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 24whereinsaid meansforselecting further comprises means for specifying the read/ write head settle time for either said first disk drive or said second disk drive.

26. The information processing system in accord ancewith claim 24wherein said diskdrivesare suitable for use with magnetic floppy disks.

27. The information processing system in accord ance with claim 24 or 26 wherein said first predetermined size is5-1/4 inches in diameter and said second predetermined size is 8 inches in diameter.

28. An information processing system substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illusrated in the accompanying drawings.