GB2083714A - Output multiplication method an apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

An output multiplication apparatus comprises a solenoid motor in which a stator 1 has protruding poles 11, 12 teeth 11a 12a and single phase magnetizing coils L; a rotor 2 has a pair of axially spaced pole members 22, 23 with teeth 22a, 23a; a d.c. exciting coil L<1> is wound around the rotor axis between the two members 22, 23; a capacitor C is connected in series or parallel with the stator exciting coil to form a resonant circuit; an a.c. power source is connectible to the stator coils L; and a d.c. current source is connectible to the rotor exciting coil L<1>. The capacitive reactance is equal to the inductive reactance presented by the stator exciting coil of the solenoid motor in response to the line frequency so that the total impedance will be Z tau = 2ROOT R<2> + (XL-XC)<2> = 2ROOT R<2> = R, where R is the sum of the resistance of the capacitor and the d.c. effective resistance in the stator exciting coil of the solenoid motor, Therefore, an increase in the frequency of the power source for the solenoid motor will not result in the proportionate increase in the line voltage, and the output is such that it will have a constant torque under variable operation speed. Accordingly, under the same power input, the output horsepower is proportional to the line frequency. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Output multiplication method and apparatus This invention is related to output multiplication method and apparatus, and particularly to a solenoid motor composed mainly of two sets of stator and rotor exciting coils without intercoupling. By properly matching the values of the stator exciting coil and the capacitor in series or parallel therewith (the two constitute a resonant circuit) and the line frequency, the phase-lagging current in the circuit is rendered operative or to turn the inoperative current into an operative current. In the meantime, the exciting coil of the solenoid motor stator becomes a simple inductive coil. The impedance of the circuit is independent of the loading conditions. Therefore the actual power consumption in the circuit results from the D.C. effective resistance of the stator exciting coil and the exciting power for the rotor coil.The apparatus of the invention is thus characterized in its output multiplication by turning a small power input into a substantially large power output.

Conventionally, the operation theory of a motor lies in the utilization of the torque produced by the magnetic effect of current-carrying conductors in the magnetic field. The torque of the motor varies with input current (I) and the phase angle (cos 13) between current and voltage. Current leading or lagging the voltage will not produce torque and is considered inoperative power. In other words, current that is flowing through the circuit does not contribute to work. Furthermore, while a motor is running with load, the in-phase power is resistive and will be reflected to the stator coil, causing the total impedance of the circuit to decrease and drawing from the source the power required by the load. This means that the input power varies with the load.Therefore, the power consumption results from both the d.c. effective resistance of the stator exciting coil and the equivalent resistance of load. As described above, in the conventional motors, the phase-lagging current does not product torque at all and this is the reason why they have a poor power factor. If the frequency of power source is increased, in order to obtain a fixed torque, the voltage of power source must be increased in proportion to its frequency, and its output is always proportional to the input power P. Accordingly, under the constant voltage condition, no output of fixed torque characterstic can be obtained.

In the world facing an energy crisis as we have today, what is the most important is undoubtedly how to make your best in the effort of saving energy and, no less important, how to develope new energy sources.

To realize this, the inventors have devoted themselves to the research and development of the energy problem and finally invented through many experimental tests an apparatus for abtaining the maximum power output from a possibly minimum power input.

An objective of the present invention is to improve the defects of conventional motors as stated above by providing in a solenoid motor (as the main body) a match between the resonance circuit formed by the stator coil in series or parallel connection with a capacitor and the frequency of power source to make phase-lagging current in the circuit operative so that the inoperative power is turned into useful power. The stator exciting coil of the motor becomes a purely inductive coil and the impedance of the circuit is substantially independent of the loading conditions. The actual power consumption in the circuit is only the exciting power consumed by the effective DC resistance within the stator exciting coil and the rotor coil.

Therefore, the apparatus of the invention can turn out an augmented output power from a small input power.

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an output multiplication apparatus comprising a solenoid motor comprising a stator and a rotor, the stator having a plurality of protruding poles, and a single phase current exciting coil wound thereon, the rotor having a pair of rotor members longitudinally spaced on a common motor axis and a D.C. exciting coil wound around the axis therebetween, the two members being made of opposite polarity with their protrusive poles arranged to have different polarity for the adjacent and distant poles; a capacitor connected in series or parallel with the stator exciting coil; an a.c. power source supplying current to the stator exciting coil; and a d.c. power source supplying current to the rotor exciting coil.

Therefore, there is provided an output multiplication apparatus having the solenoid motor driving torque in direct proportion to the magnitude of magnetic flux, but independent of the different of angular phases between current and voltage so that as long as the ampere-turns of like phase or unlike phase currents are the same, the torque engendered by them must be the same.

The said motor comprises a stator of two magnetic poles with a multiple of tooth-shaped protrusions having a single phase exciting coil connected to an AC power source, and a rotor having an exciting coil connected to a DC power source. The rotor has two rotor members of opposite polarity which are located between the two poles of the stator and have a plurality of protrusive poles. The DC exciting coil is wound longitudinally between the rotor members on the axis of the rotor.

Preferably, the primary and secondary circuit of the exciting coils of stator and rotor of the solenoid motor are independent to each other, and the rotor is not activated by the magnetic effect produced by the current-carrying conductors in the magnetic field. Therefore, there is no equivalent resistance of the load which will be reflected to the power source to draw currents. This is due to the fact that the cross-section of the rotor exciting coil is always parallel to the direction of the stator flux. The rotor exciting coil will never produce an induced voltage regardless of its position at which it operates in synchronization or out of synchronization because of overload.

There may be provided an output multiplication apparatus, wherein the solenoid motor operates by the simple attraction-repulsion of magnetic force, and it is not necessary to use a capacitor for phase-shifting to generate a rotating magnetic field.

Conveniently, the cross-section of the rotor exciting coil is parallel to the flux direction of the stator field at any angle or any position the rotor may have so that no matter when the rotor is running or at rest, the exciting coil of the rotor is always free of induced voltage and no matter whether the rotor is loaded or not, even overloaded or out of synchronization, the current of exciting coil of the stator will remain unchanged.

In one preferred embodiment, the motor per se is an inductive element so that when the current lags the voltage by a certain phase angle, the phase-lagging current will only cause the time required for the flux to reach its max value slightly later than that for the voltage to reach its maximum. If the fluxage has a fixed value, the torque may not be changed, and the fluxage will not be influenced by leading or lagging in the time required for the flux to reach max. value. In consequence the torque is independent of the difference between the phase angles of current and voltage.

The stator coil of the motor is in series or parallel connexion with a capacitor which capacitive reactance (Xc) being equal in value to the stator inductive reactance (X). When the circuit is in resonance, the actual power consumption of the circuit will result from the sum of the resistance in the capacitor and the effective DC resistance in the stator coil, so that so long as the ampere-turns of the stator coil remains unchanged, the output will be greater than the input. The circuit is essentially intended to make the phase-lagging current operative so as to turn the inoperative energy into useful power.

Conveniently, there is provided an output multiplication apparatus, wherein as the circuit is at resonance and the line frequency is increased, the flux will remain unchanged if the current in stator exciting coil is maintained at a constant value. Since the flux is not changed, no change in torque will occur. However, the rotation speed will increase in proportion to the increase in frequency. It means that the output horse-power will be in direct proportion to line frequency. Therefore it is not necessary to increase input power, and merely an increase in line frequency will ensure an augmentation in power output.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an output multiplication method, wherein an inverter is used to raise the frequency of a power source to a given value, said power supply being connected to the exciting coil of the stator of a solenoid motor as an input, and a capacitor is connected in series with said stator coil, the capacitive reactance of the capacitor being equal to the inductive reactance presented in the stator exciting coil of a solenoid motor in response to the frequency of the input, so that with a fixed input, the motor will have the ouput of constant torque in proportion to the line frequency.

An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a front schematic view of the basic construction of the solenoid motor for the apparatus of this invention; Figure 2 is a vertical cross section of the solenoid motor as shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 shows schematically the series connection of the solenoid motor with a capacitor to form a L-C series resonant circuit as part of the apparatus of this invention; Figure 4 shows schematically the parallel connection of the solenoid motor with a capacitor to form a L-C series resonant circuit as part of the apparatus of this invention; Figure Sand Figure 6 show respectively the characteristic curves of Figure 3 and Figure 4;; Figure 7is a schematic diagram showing the manner in which an experiment is conducted on the apparatus of this invention; and Figure 8(A) to (C) show the circuits of which the components have the values as given in the experiment of the apparatus of this invention.

As indicated in Figure 1 to Figure 2, the output multiplication apparatus is mainly composed of a motor M to be connected in series or in parallel with a capacitor (not show) at the stator coil. Motor M has a stator 1 and a rotor 2. Stator 1 is of cylindrical type formed on its inner wall with one pair of main protruding poles 11, 12 with their surfaces facing each other. On the opposing simicircular concave surfaces of the poles 11, 12, there are provided respectively a plurality of tooth-shaped petty poles 11 a and 12a. The stator exciting coil L is wound on the main poles 11, 12 and connected to a single phase AC power source at both ends. Unlike polarities are induced on poles 11, 12 by virtue of line currents flowing into the exciting coil L. In the present case, the left half is N, and the right half is S.Rotor 2 comprises a rotor axis 21, on which two rotor members 22,23 are properly spaced longitudinally, both taking the shape of a multiple of tooth-shaped poles 22a, 23a.

The quantity of poles 22a, 23a on each rotor member 22 or 23 is different from that of poles 11 a, 1 2a of stator 1. Normally the number of poles 22a, 23a of rotor members 22,23 is more than that of the poles 1 1a, 12a of stator 1 by one pole. Rotor members 22, 23 are positioned to have a displacement of about half a tooth relative to their poles. Rotor exciting coil L' is wound about the rotor axis 21 between rotor members 22, 23.

Coil L' is connected to a DC power source at both ends. Current will then flow through coil L' to render the two rotor members having opposite polarities. In the present case the rotor member 22 on the right-hand side is of polarity S, and the rotor member 23 on the left-hand side is of polarity N. The rotor rotates smoothly between the two main poles 11, 12 of stator 1. The length of rotor 2 comprising the lengths of the two rotor members 22, 23 is nearly equal to the width of the main stator poles 11, 12. Therefore each of the protrusive poles 22a, 22b can face the protrusive poles 11 a, 11 b of stator 1. A recess 13 is provided at the central part of each of the poles 11, 12 of stator 1.

When coiled L, L' of stator 1 and rotor 2 are energized, they will in turn have protrusive poles 11 a, 11 b, 22a 22b magnetized. Pole 22a of N polarity of the left half rotor member 22 will be repulsed by pole 1 1a of N polarity of stator 1, whereas pole 23a of S polarity of the rotor member 23 will be attracted by pole 1 1a of N polarity of stator 1. On the other hand, pole 22a of N polarity right-half member 22 will be attracted by pole 1 2a of S polarity of the stator, whereas pole 23a of S polarity of rotor member 23 will be repulsed by pole 1 2a of S polarity of the stator. As a result, rotor 2 will otate in clockwise direction.When current flowing through the stator coil changes its direction, the flux will also change its direction and the attracting-repelling action changes accordingly. Thus, the inter-action relationship will be reversed. However, the rotation direction of rotor 2 will remain unchanged. Each time current changes directions, rotor 2 will rotate by a displacement of one tooth in the clockwise direction, and also rotate in synchronism with line frequency. Its synchronous speed is Ns= 1 20f/2p, where p is the number of teeth of rotor members 22, 23 f is the frequency of stator exciting power source.

When an alternating current passes through the stator exciting coil L of solenoid motor M, the inductive reactance of coil Lends to oppose the change in currents, causing the current to lag the applied voltage by a phase angle. If no resistance were present in coil L, current would lag voltage by a phase angle of 90 degrees.

Energy absorbed by the resistor would be completely converted to heat to be dissipated, and power consumption increases as time lapses. In a pure inductive circuit, when voltage undergoes a lapse of 1/4 cycle, the circuit absorbs energy from power source and reverses it in the magnetic field. During the next 1/4 cycle, it returns all the energy conserved in the magnticfield to the power source. The energy keeps reciprocating in this manner. The inductance itself does not consume electric energy, but magnetic field will be produced as current passes through the coil L. The magnetic field generates force of repulsion for like polarity and force of attraction for unlike polarity. Such forces are in direct proportion to the magnetic field intensity.The fact that current falls behind voltage will only delay the time required for the flux to reach maximum. If ampere-turns of coil L remain unchanged, its magnetic field intensity will be the same as the flux has reached its max. value. Thus, the repelling-attraction forces generated by the field are in direct proportion to ampere-turns of coil, i.e. the density of the fluxage. They are independent of the phase lag (cos 6) of current in reference to voltage. This can be best understood by referring to Figure 4, Figure 5 and the experiment to be described herein.

Due to the fact that the cross-section of rotor exciting coil L' is always parallel to the direction of magnetic force of the stator, no voltage will be induced. No matter whether the solenoid motor M is loaded or not, or even overloaded to be out of synchronization, the current in the stator coil L will still remain constant. This point will be justified in the experiment to be described hereon. Figure 3 and Figure 4 are schematic diagrams illustrating L-C series resonant circuit 3 and L-C parallel resonant circuit 3'. There are shown the series and parallel connections of the solenoid motor M as described above and a capacitor C. In these Figures stator exciting coil Las above-mentioned is not linked with rotor exciting coil L'. This is due to the fact that the cross-section of coil L is always in parallel to the lines of magnetic force of the stator.The primary and secondary circuits remain independent of each other, and consequently no voltage will be induced. The motor will be of a purely inductive loading nature. It will not reflect the equivalent resistance of the load to the power supply. For the two resonant circuits 3, 3', their voltage, current, resistance and frequency relationships are given as follows:: (1) For L-C series resonant circuit (refer to Figure 3 and Figure 5) at resonance, power factor equals 1, E = 2fL = = Xc 2ft

I = V/Z = V/R = lo = minimum (2) For L-C parallel resonant circuit (referto Figure 4 and Figure 6) at resonance, power factor equals 1, Xc = ~~~~~~~ = 2fL = XL 2tfc z = XL Xc = minimum R

IL = Ic > It.Q In the above equations, XL stands for inductive reactance of stator coil, f for line frequency, C for capacitance, Xc for capacitive reactance, Z for total impedance in the circuit, R for effective DC resistance in the coil, I for power source current, V for voltage, lo for current at resonance, EL for inductive voltage, Ec for capacitive voltage, Et for total voltage, 0 for XL/R, 1L for inductive current, le for capacitive current, and It for total current.

When the motor M of this invention is in series L-C connexion, and in proper matching with parallel resonant circuit 3, 3' and line frequency, it will have the following properties: (1) Matching of L-C series resonant circuit Suppose that the inductive reactance XL of the stator exciting coil L of a solenoid motor M at 60 Hz is 200 ohms and the effective DC resistance in coil L is 100 ohms, when the supply voltage is 100 v, current in stator coil L lL=V/Z=1 00/200=0.5 A. If a capacitor C of capacitive reactance Xc=200 ohms is connected in series with coil L of the motor M. then XL-XC=200-200=0, R = 100 ohms, and the current in the circuit is It=V/R=1 00/100=1 A, O of the circuit is XL/R=20011 00=2.

Suppose that a constant current of 0.5 A is maintained, ampereturns NI will thus remain unchanged. Then the flux is kept fixed, and so does the torque. When voltage is lowered to be 50 V, current in the circuit will become only half of the original value. However, its torque remains the same as for the condition of 100 V and 0.5 A. If the frequency is to be raised to 120 Hz, the inductive reactance of the exciting coil L of solenoid motor stator will become doubled to be 400 ohms. At this time, a capacitor with Xc=400 ohms should be connected in series so that XL-Xc=R= 100 ohms with its total current lt=V/R= 100/100=1 A. Similarily, when the line voltage is lowered to 50 V, current in the circuit will decrease to 0.5 A, and Ni will maintain a fixed value. Its torque will not change, either.When the tooth number, that is the number of poles, remains unchanged, the speed of solenoid motor will increase in direct proportion to increase in frequency. As frequency is doubled motor speed will also become doubled. Output will also be doubled with the same torque. In other words output is in direct proportion to change in frequency. The actual power consumption in the circuit results from only the effective resistance in the circuit and the exciting power for the rotor.

(2) Matching of L-C parallel resonant circuit Suppose that the exciting coil L of solenoid motor stator is at 60 Hz, its Xc is also 200 ohms, the effective DC resistance in the coil is also 100 ohms, and voltage at the power supply is 100 v; current Ic in the stator coil L must be V/XL= 100/200. When the L-C parallel circuit is at resonance, lc=lL,that is, lye equals 0.5A, X=Xc=200 ohms, Z=Xc.XLIR=200 x 200/100 = 40000/100=400 ohms, whereas It=E/Z=100/400=0.25 A.

When line frequency is doubled to be 120 Hzto maintain the flux at a fixed value, the line voltage will have to be doubled to be 200 V. To have the frequency doubled will inevitably have to double the impedance.

Thus, an impedance of 200 ohms at 60 Hz means 400 ohms at 120 Hz. When a suitable capacitive reactance Xc=400 is selected for impedance match, Z=X.Xc/R=400 x 400/100=160000/100=1600 ohms, and It=E/Z=200/1 600=0.125 A. A. Its power P at 60 Hz=0.25 Ax 100 V=P at 120 Hz=0.125 A x 200 V=25W. Both at 60 Hz and 120 Hz, the circuit consumes the same 25 W. Despite that the torque at 120 Hz is the same as the torque at 60 Hz, turning speed of solenoid motor increases one order of magnitude in comparison to that at 60 Hz. The output is not only related to the value Q of the circuit, but also in direct proportion to frequency.

However, it is to be understood that the above examples are illustrative in nature and not intended to be restrictive and that the circuit of the invention is also applicable to 3-phase motors.

To sum up, it is concluded that for the apparatus of the invention with either series or parallel L-C resonant circuits to match with the line frequency f and coil L of solenoid motor, the following principles apply: if fluxaye is kept constant, torque will remain unchanged; if the frequency is doubled, rotation speed of solenoid motor will also be doubled. As a result, the advantage is that the output is in direct proportion to increase in frequency. The unique features and multiplication are derived from the proper match of the series or parallel L-C resonant circuit and the solenoid motor with line frequency as described above which have never been realized in the conventional motors.

Furthermore, the Q value of the circuit can be improved by improvements made on the exciting coils such as thickening the wires or using wires of lower value resistance. Although increase in frequency will bring about an increase in the value of XL, it will not affect the actual applications. It is preferable that while the frequency is increased, considerations should be given to the DC resistance of the stator coil. Thus there can not only be achieved a reduction of power consumption, but also obtained large gains. Increase in frequency results in increase of motor speed. Under the condition that the torque can be maintained without increasing the input power, the output power of the motor will then increase in direct proportion to line frequency.

The present invention is, in fact, a technical breakthrough in electric engineering.

Illustrative Example In order to illustrate the characteristics and advantage of the present invention, there has been carried out an experiment on the inventive motor of the schematic circuits as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.

(1) Equipment and materials: A mini-type solenoid motor manufactured according to the invention (Permanent magnets are used for the rotor. The effective DC resistance of the exciting coil L of the stator is 20 ohms) 90 MFD AC capacitor 1 1A AC amperemeter 1 1 Kg spring scale 1 voltage-adjustable self-coupled transformer 1 (2) Experimental test: 1. As shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 the circuitry comprises a solenoid motor M, a stator exciting coil L, a permanently magnetized rotor 2, the effective DC resistance R of coil L, a capacitor C, an amperemeter A, a spring scale S, and a motor pulley 4 of radius 4 mm. In Figure 8 (A), it can be seen that when an A. C. power source of 1 2V, 0.3 A is connected with the circuit, spring scale Swill be pulled by motor M to demonstate its max. torque to be 180 g.When a capacitor C of 90 MFD is connected in series with the circuit as shown in Figure 8 (B) the circuit impedance Z will be 20 ohm D.C. resistance because the reactances XL and Xc are counteracted. No equivalent resistance corresponding to the load will be present between the rotor 2 and the stator coil L. With the line voltage being 12 V, the current of the circuit will be 0.6 A, since the current of the solenoid motor is rated as 0.3 A, the line voltage thus has to be lowered to be 6 V in order to maintain the rated current value, thereby keeping the fluxage at a fixed value. As shown in Figure (C), the spring scale still indicates the max. torque of 1 80g at the same current of 0.3 A. Therefore, it can be appreciated that with the voltage reduced in half, we will have the same torque but only a half of the energy is consumed.

2. According to the above-mentioned experiment, when rated line voltage is applied to the solenoid motor and resistance or load is applied on motor output axis or pulley 4, causing the rotor out of synchronism and finally at rest, we will find out that the current is still to be 0.3 A. The current will not change because of the magnitude of the load or out-of-pace of the motor. That the current in stator coil L remains at fixed value means that loading condition has no effects on the impedance of stator exciting coil.

3. When the solenoid motor has load and the load is refelected resistively to stator exciting coil L, then the total impedance of the circuit will in no way be equal to the effective DC resistance R of the stator coil. In other words, the total impedance of the circuit will be larger than 20 ohms. With a voltage of 6 V, it is impossible for the ammeter A to have an indication of 0.3 A of current. However for the apparatus of this invention the said current does stay as 0.3 A. This verifies the special features of this inventive apparatus.

Claims (10)

1. An output multiplication apparatus comprising a solenoid motor comprising a stator and a rotor, the stator having a plurality of protruding poles, and a single phase current exciting coil wound thereon, the rotor having a pair of rotor members longitudinally spaced on a common motor axis and a D.C. exciting coil wound around the axis therebetween, the two members being made of oppositive polarity with their protrusive poles arranged to have different polarity for the adjacent and distant poles; a capacitor connected in series or parallel with the stator exciting coil; an a.c. power source supplying current to the stator exciting coil, and a d.c. power source supplying current to the rotor exciting coil.

2. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the stator is formed with at least a pair of main protruding poles of unlike polarity, said protruding poles being spaced and having semi-circular surfaces opposing each other, a multitude of equal-spaced petty poles in the form of a toothed segment being arranged on each pole surface, and a single-phase, single wire continuous exciting coil is wound around the periphery of the pole pair.

3. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the rotor is composed of a pair of rotor members of unlike polarity and these two members are longitudinally spaced and mounted on a common rotor axis, a plurality of protruding poles in the form of a toothed segment being formed on their periphery; the protruding poles of each rotor member are of the same polarity as the rotor member and the protrusive poles of the two rotor members are arranged such that the poles of different polarities are in the relationship of alternation; a coil is wound around the common axis between the two rotor members, and a d.c. power source is provided to supply d.c. current to the coil.

4. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the stator coil of the solenoid motor, the capacitor and a.c. power source are connected in series or parallel, constituting a series or parallel resonant circuit and the proper matching of the stator coil of the solenoid motor, the resonant circuit, and the line frequency causing the phase lagging current in the motor circuit to be operative, thus turning the inoperative energy into useful power.

5. An apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the torque of the solenoid motor is proportional to the fluxage and independent of the phase angle between the current and voltage, and the in-phase current as well as the out-of-phase current will produce the same torque so long as they have the same ampere turns.

6. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1,2 or 3, wherein the rotor exciting coil windings of the solenoid motor differ from the conventional synchronizing motor in that the cross section of the exciting coil is always in parallel with the flux of the stator exciting coil.

7. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, wherein a capacitor is connected in series with the stator exciting coil of the solenoid motor while the frequency of input to the motor is increased; the capacitive reactance of said capacitor being equal to the inductive reactance presented in said coil in response to the line frequency, so that the total impedance of the circuit will be

and therefore increase in the line frequency will not result in corresponding increase in the line voltage; and wherein as a result of the constant torque output of the motor the output horsepower is proportional to the line frequency without the necessity of increasing the input power P.

8. An output multiplication method, wherein an inverter is used to raise the frequency of a power source to a given value, said power supply being connected to the exciting coil of the stator of a solenoid motor as an input, and a capacitor is connected in series with said stator coil, the capacitive reactance of the capacitor being equal to the inductive reactance presented in the stator exciting coil of a solenoid motor in response to the frequency of the input, so that with a fixed input, the motor will have the output of constant torque in proportion to the line frequency.

9. An output multiplication apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

10. An output multiplication method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.