GB2077716A - Tinted opal glasse and production thereof - Google Patents
Tinted opal glasse and production thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2077716A GB2077716A GB8117742A GB8117742A GB2077716A GB 2077716 A GB2077716 A GB 2077716A GB 8117742 A GB8117742 A GB 8117742A GB 8117742 A GB8117742 A GB 8117742A GB 2077716 A GB2077716 A GB 2077716A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- nio
- opal
- glasses
- spontaneous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000011022 opal Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012505 colouration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100234822 Caenorhabditis elegans ltd-1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000248349 Citrus limon Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005979 Citrus limon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IKWTVSLWAPBBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N a1010_sial Chemical compound O=[As]O[As]=O IKWTVSLWAPBBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001515 alkali metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001618 alkaline earth metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000413 arsenic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002594 arsenic trioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006121 base glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006105 batch ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052571 earthenware Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006025 fining agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005315 stained glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052572 stoneware Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
- C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
- C03C3/093—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium containing zinc or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/11—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen
- C03C3/112—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine
- C03C3/115—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine containing boron
- C03C3/118—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine containing boron containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/005—Compositions for glass with special properties for opaline glass
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)
Description
1
SPECIFICATION
POOR QUALITY , Tinted opal glasses and production thereof GB2077716A 1 This invention relates to tinted opal glasses.
Opal glasses have been known to the glass art for many years. Such glasses contain a second phase dispersed therewithin which exhibits a refractive index which differs from that of the glassy matrix. It is this difference in refractive index which imparts opacification to the glass body. Opal glasses have been utilized extensively in such consumer product applications as culinary ware and tableware.
There are two broad types of opal glasses based upon the manner of manufacture thereof. The first group has been termed spontaneous opacifiable glasses or -spontaneous opals---. Such glasses develop opacity as the molten batch is cooled and shaped into a glass article. The second group has been termed thermally opacfiable glasses or -reheat opals---. Those glasses require the application of a subsequent heat treatment to a glass body to effect opacification 15 therein. Since the cost of manufacture is a significant factor in determining the selection of an opal glass for a particular utility, it is apparent that -spontaneous opals- are preferred to reheat opals---.
The opacity observed in -spontaneous opals", is commonly generated through the growth of crystals therein as the molten batch is cooled and shaped into a glass article of a desired configuration. Customarily, the crystal content developed in situ is less than 10% by volume of the body such that the physical properties of the glass, other than optical transmission, will be very slightly affected, if at all.
Whereas opal glasses have been and are presently marketed in the asformed state, i.e., the undecorated state, consumer interest has greatly increased for articles having decorations thereon. For example, in culinary ware and tableware, the consumer has demanded products having an aesthetically pleasing appearance coupled with long time service capability. Thus, such products are subject to chemical and mechanical abuse resulting from handling, food contact, and, particularly, from contact with dishwasher detergents.
The tinting of glass to impart an integral colour thereto has been practiced in the art for a 30 long time.- Coloured Glasses, W.A. Weyl, Dawson's of Pall Mall, London, 1959, is a classic text which surveys the wide variety of ions which can be used to impart colours to glass and suggests mechanisms by which such colours are generated. Tinting glass has the obvious advantage in that the colour exists throughout the body of the article and will not be removed via surface abuse.
Spontaneously opacifiable glass bodies wherein alkali metal fluoride and/or alkaline earth metal fluoride crystals comprise the opacifying phase are well-recognized in the glass art. Such bodies exhibit a dense, milky white appearance and have been employed extensively in the formation of culinary ware and tableware.
We have found that a series of tinted, spontaneous opal glasses, wherein calcium fluoride 40 (CaF2) crystals constitute the opacifying phase, can be developed ranging in colour from ivory to yellow-beige to tan to grayish-brown depending upon the amounts of utilizing additions of nickel oxide (NiO), titanium oxide (Tio2) and cerium oxide (Ce02) in controlled amounts. The incorporation of NiO alone results in a brownish colouration which demonstrates a significant neutral gray character. The inclusion of Ce02 and Ti02 in the composition adds a yellow component to the colour which, in turn, minimizes the grayish tint resulting from the nickel. The relative amounts of Ce02 and Ti02 can be adjusted to provide colours ranging from light lemon yellow to -butterscotch- amber. The addition of one or both of those colourants, along with NiO, to the opal glass compositions defined below yields colourations resembling those observed in earthenware and stoneware ceramic materials.
An important additional factor which must be taken into consideration is the selection of colourant levels is the sensitivity of the colouring oxides, particularly nickel ions, to the thermal history of the articles produced from the tinted glass. Culinary ware and tableware prepared from opal glasses are conventionally th ' ermally tempered to enhance the mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance thereof. It is well known that in the thermal tempering process certain of the high temperature characteristics of the glass are -frozen in- upon rapid cooling.
This circumstance is especially true in the case of glasses tinted with nickel ions where the difference in colour between the thermally tempered articles and annealed (slow cooled) articles is quite substantial. Consequently, it is necessary to employ quantities of the colouring materials which will produce the desired tint in the final article, i.e., after the article has been thermally 60 tempered.
The glass compositions of the invention consist essentially_ expressed in weight percent on the oxide basis, of 8-9% Na20, 2-2.5% l<201 5-6.5% CaO, 8-10% ZnO, 1-2% B203, 10-11 % A1201, 3-4% F, 0.005-0.1 % NiO, 0-2% CeO2, 0-4% Ti021 0.5-6% Ce02 + Ti02, and 57-61% Si02. Close control of the individual constituents is necessary. For example, higher 65 GB2077716A 2 levels of the colourants, especially the Ce02 and Ti02, can alter the desired chemical and physical properties of the glass. The base glass component must be held within the prescribed limits to assure good melting and forming qualities along with the other physical characteristics required in a spontaneous opal glass. Thus, when the fluoride level fails below 3%, one risks a loss of opacity whereas when one uses amounts above 4% F corrosion of the mould materials 5 utilized in shaping the glass into desired ware geometries can occure. The defined quantities of CaO, ZnO, Na20, and K20 influence the absorption and resulting glass colour imparted by the nickel ions and, hence, must be carefully controlled. The preferred compositions contain about 0.02% NiO, 0.5% Ce02, and 0.25% Ti02.
In the following table are set out glass compositions, expressed in parts by weight on the 10 oxide basis, coming within the parameters of the present invention. Inasmuch as it is not known with which cation (s) the fluorine is combined, it is merely recorded as fluoride (F) in accordance with conventional glass analysis procedure. Moreover, because the sum of the glass constituents totals approximately 100, the values recited in the table can, for all practical purposes, be deemed to be tabulated in terms of weight percent. In general, the volatilization of fluorine during melting of the batch materials is quite high, perhaps as great as 50%. However, the addition of excess fluorine- containing components to the batch to compensate for such loss, and the need for taking special precautions in melting procedure to reduce this loss, are wellrecognized by the glass technologist. Arsenic oxide is present in amounts up to about 0.5% to perform its customary role as a fining agent.
The actual batch ingredients may comprise any material, either the oxides or other compounds, which, when melted together, will be converted into the desired oxides in the proper proportions. The fluorine will commonly be added in the form of sodium silicofluoride or fluorspar (CaF,). Although the description reflects laboratory scale melting, it will be appreciated that the compositions recited could be utilized in large scale commercial glass melting units. 25 The batch constituents for the compositions of the examples were compounded, ballmilled - together to aid in securing a homogeneous melt, and then placed into platinum crucibles. The crucibles were covered, introduced into a furnace operating at about 1 450'C-1 55WC, and the batches melted for about four hours. The melts were cast into steel moulds to produce slabs having dimensions of about W' X W' X 1/2'1 (15.2 X 15.2 X 1.27 cms) and the slabs immedi- 30 ately transferred to an annealer operating at about 500'C-550'C.
TABLE 1
Ex. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6' 35 c S'02 58.33 58.26 59.18 59.79 59.39 59.64 A1203 10.48 10.28 10.43 10.54 10.54 10.54 Na20 8.61 8.36 8.24 8.32 8.32 8.32 K20 2.09 2.11 2.15 2.17 2.17 2.17 40 CaO 6.04 5.86 5.21 5.26 5.26 5.26 ZnO 8.90 8.74 9.5 9.59 9.50 9.50 B103 1.36 1.36 1.4 1.41 1.41 1.41 AS203 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 F 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.43 3.43 3.43 45 NiO 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 CeO, 0.98 0.96 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 TiO, 0.98 1.92 1.0 0.50 0.25 50 Table 11 records reflectance CIE colors exhibited by 4 mm thick, ground and polished samples of Examples 1-6 utilizing illuminant C, after the samples had been subjected to thermal tempering.
TABLE 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 X y Y 0.3346 0.3442 0.3412 0.3350 0.3400 0.3376 0.3474 0.3576 0.3484 0.3393 0.3446 0.3433 46.2 48.1 51.2 51.0 49.0 50.1 Example 6 of Table 1 is the most preferred composition.
3 GB2077716A 3
Claims (7)
1. A spontaneou:5 opal glass, wherein CaF2 crystals constitute the opacifying phase, consisting essentially, expressed in weight percent on the oxide basis, of 8-9% Na20, 2-2.5% K20, 5-6.5% CalD, 8- 10% Zno, 1-2% B203,1 0-11 % A1203, 3-4% F, 0.005-0.1 % NiO, 5 0-2% Ce02, 0-4% Ti021 0.56% Ce02 + TiO, 0-0. 5% AS203, and 57-61 % S'02, said colouration depending upon the quantities of NiO, Ce02 and Ti02 utilized and which, after thermal tempering, exhibits a dense colouration ranging from ivory through yellow-beige to tan to a grayish brown appearance.
2. A glass as claimed in claim 1 which contains 0.02% NiO, 0.5% Ce02 and 0.25% Ti02.
3. A glass as claimed in claim 1 substantially as herein described with reference to any one 10 of Examples 1 to 5.
4. A spontaneous opal glass as claimed in claim 1 consisting essentially, expressed in weight percent on the oxide basis, of about Si02 59.6 15 A1201 10.
5 Na20 8.32 K20 2.17 CaO 5.26 ZnO 9.50 20 B203 1.41 AS203 0.4 F 3.43 NiO 0.02 CeO, 0.50 25 Ti02 0.25 A method for the preparation of a glass as claimed in claim 1 wherein appropriate oxides or other compounds which when melted together give the oxides specified in the proportions specified are melted to produce the desired spontaneous opal glass.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the Examples.
7. Spontaneous opal glasses when prepared by a method as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6.
Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office by Burgess & Son (Abingdon) Ltd-1 98 1. Published at The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A 'I AY, from which copies may be obtained.
)k C
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/160,388 US4311529A (en) | 1980-06-17 | 1980-06-17 | Tinted opal glass |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2077716A true GB2077716A (en) | 1981-12-23 |
| GB2077716B GB2077716B (en) | 1984-02-15 |
Family
ID=22576683
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8117742A Expired GB2077716B (en) | 1980-06-17 | 1981-06-10 | Tinted opal glasse and production thereof |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4311529A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5727939A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3116128A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2484395A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2077716B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4439528A (en) * | 1983-06-02 | 1984-03-27 | Corning Glass Works | Spontaneous opal glass compositions |
| FR2549034B1 (en) * | 1983-06-21 | 1986-08-08 | Corning Glass Works | TINTED OPAL GLASSES |
| FR2586672B1 (en) * | 1985-08-30 | 1992-02-14 | Corning Glass Works | COMPOSITION FOR OBTAINING AN OPAL GLASS WITH A WHITE-CREAM TINT |
| US9240568B2 (en) | 2011-11-10 | 2016-01-19 | Corning Incorporated | Opal glasses for light extraction |
| CN103466939B (en) * | 2013-08-09 | 2015-08-19 | 申英良 | A kind of sheen stained glass work and preparation method thereof and specific equipment |
| CN103466938B (en) * | 2013-08-09 | 2015-08-19 | 申英良 | A kind of sheen stained glass and its production and use |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2683666A (en) * | 1951-09-26 | 1954-07-13 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Opalescent ivory-colored glass |
| FR1531756A (en) * | 1967-06-19 | 1968-07-05 | Vetreria Bormioli Rocco & Figl | Process for the production of opal glass with various tones of ivory tint as well as glasses conforming to those thus obtained |
| NL140498C (en) * | 1968-06-06 | |||
| US3681098A (en) * | 1970-01-14 | 1972-08-01 | Corning Glass Works | Opal glass compositions comprising calcium fluoride |
| US3737294A (en) * | 1970-08-28 | 1973-06-05 | Corning Glass Works | Method for making multi-layer laminated bodies |
| US3673049A (en) * | 1970-10-07 | 1972-06-27 | Corning Glass Works | Glass laminated bodies comprising a tensilely stressed core and a compressively stressed surface layer fused thereto |
| US4130680A (en) * | 1977-08-08 | 1978-12-19 | Corning Glass Works | Strong, lightweight photosensitive laminate |
-
1980
- 1980-06-17 US US06/160,388 patent/US4311529A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1981
- 1981-04-23 DE DE19813116128 patent/DE3116128A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-06-10 GB GB8117742A patent/GB2077716B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-16 JP JP9292681A patent/JPS5727939A/en active Granted
- 1981-06-17 FR FR8111930A patent/FR2484395A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6354655B2 (en) | 1988-10-28 |
| FR2484395A1 (en) | 1981-12-18 |
| DE3116128A1 (en) | 1982-03-18 |
| GB2077716B (en) | 1984-02-15 |
| JPS5727939A (en) | 1982-02-15 |
| FR2484395B1 (en) | 1983-11-04 |
| US4311529A (en) | 1982-01-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |