GB2062108A - Power Plant for Producing Power by Use of a Refrigerant as a Working Medium - Google Patents

Abstract

The prime mover may be a turbine and the plant including means to compress and recycle the working medium to a storage vessel from which it is supplied to the turbine. Alternatively the plant may be in the form of a gravity motor or a reciprocating piston engine. An external heat source is used to vaporise the compressed working medium prior to expansion in the prime mover. External cooling is provided immediately prior to and during compression.

Description

SPECIFICATION Installation With Regard to the Cooling Medium Gaseous Power Under the Low Temperature Difference and High Pressure Freon (Freon is a registry trade mark): It is a kind of liquid compressed from the gaseous Fluorine and Chlorine, colorless, odorless and non-combustible. It is frequently applied as the refrigerant in the air-conditioners. And it has various kinds with different boiling point, pressure difference, as well as the heat of vaporization.

However, it was invented and patented in the United States of America twenty years ago. As indicated, the liquid form of Freon is compressed from the gaseous molecule with the physical property of a reducing agent. It is highly sensitive toward the change of temperature outside the container. According to the data, the pressure of R-1 3 at OOF is 176.8 PSI, when the temperature goes up to 900 F, its pressure will be rising to 561.3 PSI. In this context, the increment in temperature is 900 F, the net increment in pressure is 384.5 PSI, on the average, the pressure shall increase 4.2 pounds when the temperature increases 1 OF.

In the event that we apply the high heat out of the coal alone to water and thus produces the pressure of steam on the one hand, and simultaneously add the low temperature to the Rliquid on the other hand, then the results of the two cases will definitely turn out to be the same as that of the situation mentioned above with different magnitudes accruded in each case. In view of the fact that all materials can be somewhat compressed, we can thus associate that all materials have a bead-shaped structure or a hollow and loose structure. When the pressure of the outside force increases, such small beads will be squeezed and filled into the said hollow and loose space. The liquid is apt to flow and the gas is apt to expand, consequently, all these facts show the aggregation of small particles.In the other words, all the materials, regardless of the different states, are composed of small particles.

The particular characteristics of the particles are determined by the force of the two neighboring particles. Between a couple of particles, there is universal gravitation; if we put them a little nearer toward each other, then the force between the two particles becomes a repulsive force which will make them repel each other; if we set them farther apart or put them closer, then release them, thus, they will vibrate in their balanced distance. If the two neighboring particles have attraction or repulsive force only, thus, all materials will at last unite themselves into the state of solids or expand into gases. For example, water will turn into solid ice under a definite low temperature, when heated, ice melts at a definite temperature to form liquid water; when heat causes the temperature of the water to rise to a certain point, producing steam, which is a gas.In view of the foregoing changes on a large scale, the changes from the state of solids to the state of liquids and further to the state of gases are undergoing in accordance with the rise of temperature. From the viewpoint of particles, such changes are undergoing according to the increase of the kinetic energy of the particles.

Undoubtedly, between the temperature and the kinetic energy of the particle is the average kinetic energy of every particle, and which is in direct proportion to the K's temperature. When an ideal gas is being under insulating compression, the internal energy is merely the function of the temperature, consequently, its temperature rises in this conversely, when an ideal gas is in the course of insulating expansion, its temperature falls. When the gaseous molecules are compressed into the state of liquids, the hollow and loose space of the particle and the space between the particles shall become smaller. If the distance between each other is smaller than the size of particles, thus, the kinetic energy of the particle changes from large to small, and the frictional resistance among the particles increases. The repulsive forces thus exist are considerably strong.Further, if we use such liquid in order to obtain the heat added by the high pressure, it only needs the low temperature, no like water which shall need high heat of the coal in order to obtain the pressure. If we want to obtain the same increase of pressure as that of the steam produced by water, we can spare the heat of the boiler by decreasing the temperature -from the high heat to the low temperature. When we conduct the high heat of the coal into water to produce steam pressure, since the volatility of water is very low, it is necessary to use the high heat of the coal to obtain the high pressure, for the water itself does not furnish the complementing action.If we add a low temperature to the R-liquid to produce pressure, since the R-liquid possessed a high volatility and sensitive to the change of temperature, the result will be similar to the internal combustion engine where the higher the vaporizing compression ratio of the fuel oil is, the higher the efficiency is.

However, if we pump out the air of a container nearly to the state of vacuum with very tiny quantity of air left, thus, it will appear easy to further pump out the air which is left in the container. Yet, as a matter of fact, it is very difficult to pump out the air left in the container which is near the state of vacuum; even if the temperature is decreased to the absolute zero degree, the result will be as the same. It is the direct and inverse of positive and the negative of the physical phenomena.

Alcohol, liquid gas, etc. are all combustible and difficult to handle. On the other hand, the carbon fluochloride family are non-combustible and are regarded as stable liquids, they have strong combination binding force. If we use a high temperature up to 1021 OF to the R-1 2, no chemical dissimilation shall take place. If we heat R-13 up to 2400 F, the pressure there under shall increase to 5,000 Ib./in., Such liquid state is the storage of the conservation of energy. And such change of states is a change of phase of the consumed energy. Thus, if we add a small quantity of calories to the said liquid which derived from the gaseous matter, it will furnish a sudden change of pressure.In other words, the molecular density is reduced and the molecular motionfrictional resistance is accordingly increased.

Supposed there is a hollow flying-wheel, first, we divide the flying-wheel into twelve equalcapacity cells parts in accordance with the circumference of 3600, then we connect the relative corresponding upward-downward capacity-cells with six sets of conduits, the capacity of each container is 10 cubic feet. We further pour R-1 2 or R-13 liquid into each capacity-cell in order to fill up 80% of capacity.

According to the fact that the increase of interior energy is always accompanied by the rise of temperature, the decrease of interior energy is always accompanied by the fall of temperature, therefore, we cool down the top of the wheel with the 400F temperature of water, simultaneously, we heat up the bottom of the wheel with the temperature of 1 600F, thus, the pressure will increase or decrease according to the rise or fall of the temperature, and the variance of pressure is incurred due to the different temperatures added to the top and bottom of the wheel. By virtue of the control of different foreign temperatures, the increase or decrease of pressure in the capacity-cell is incurred due to the subsequent contraction or expansion.The high pressure from the bottom will press the liquid to flow to the top of the capacity-cells where the pressure is lower than that of the bottom through the open valve and thus constitutes the potential energy; then the potential energy is released to be the mechanical force. When the weight of the top container and the R-liquid decreases, the liquid thereof shall rise again through the conduct to recover the fall, and during the circulation, half of the flying-wheel is always filled with the R-liquid, the other half of the flying-wheel is filled with the R-gas. The flying-wheel shall lose its balance and keep revolving due to the different density. The dynamic force is derived from the release of potential energy.There is no distinction of momentum during the movement of revolving, the revolving speed shall remain the same with the load of definite quantity, most of all, the revolving flying-wheel is more stable than the internal combustion engine.

It requires 1 BTU to increase the temperature of one pound's water by 1 OF. The property of Rliquid is different from that of water, in this case, it only requires 1/4 BTU to increase the temperature of one pound's R-1 1 liquid by 1 OF, 1/3 BTU for the R-1 2 liquid. The vaporization and cooling of Rliquid is very facile, it can produce high pressure difference from the low temperature difference just like water turns into dry steam and further being overheated.We can utilize the atmospheric temperature, hydraulic temperature, the heat of the earth, or the water of the deepwell to produce low temperature difference of 1200 F, but they can only be utilized and applied when they are sensitive to change of temperature and can simultaneously constitute the potential energy by virtue of pressure increase upon the rise of temperature by 1 OF, provided that the low temperature difference is fixed to be 1 200F. The low temperature difference in the natural world is all the time available, we can thus utilize their minor heat to produce high pressure and further transfer the high pressure into kinetic energy.

Each set of the flying-wheel is installed with safety valve, liquid measure gauge, temperature gauge, and pressure gauge, etc. If we can utilize the heat from volcanoes, heat of the earth, or heat from the mineral spring and the sun, it will not cost much and the appliances are easy to handle.

We can transfer the heat of the earth directly into the kinetic energy or set up a deep well under the scorching sun in the tropics area or utilize the heat of the earth below the accumulated snow in order to provide heat for the facilities.

If we add the minor heat to the R-liquid, it will produce pressure rapidly, if we cool it down, then it will lower the pressure in an instant. The boiling point of R-liquid is usually below the zero degree, its potential heat of vaporization is only a few +BTU, therefore, we can apply various engines to generate huge kinetic energy. The power which is effected upon the gases is to increase its internal energy, although it is the non-combustible safe liquid, its explosion is hereby served as evidence of its internal power. The internal energy of coal, oil, or gases is destroyed through burning. The Rliquid, when heated, will only have sudden changes of pressure without changing its quality and quantity. This operation theory and the cause of kinetic energy are all due to the existence of pressure difference gap.The two terms of "difference" and "unbalance" are two terms indicating the same phenomenon, here unbalance means difference. In the nature, all the natural and self-acting courses are the irrevocable oneway phenomena. For example, if there is a temperature difference between the surface of the earth and the air, it could cause the forming of precipitation and water level, when the water level on the land has an unbalance and has a difference between the high and the low, then there is a torrent. The waterfall from high mountain can lower the difference of the kinetic energy, when the temperature of air of two different places has a temperature difference, then there are the air-current and force of wind: In case there is a pressure difference in the top and bottom of the cushion piston, then the kinetic energy is generated thereunder. Further, the compressor of the refrigerator refrigerates on one hand and exhausts heat on the other hand. This creates the temperature difference of unbalanced cold and heat, such temperature difference needs the mechanical power too. Therefore, the pressure difference, the fall, and the temperature difference all could change the forms of energy, such as changing the potential energy, wind power, and kinetic energy, etc. To conclude from the foregoing, we know that the kinetic energy is caused by the difference. R-liquid possesses the non-combustible internal energy. The R-heatengine outputs the kinetic energy from the said non-combustible internal energy.No matter whether the gases which are applied for compression are non-combustible or combustible, in case of combustible gases, it can concentrate heat while being compressed; in case of noncombustible gases, for it has thus been compressed into liquid form, it can release the mechanical power with the external temperature and subsequently for the use of conversion, therefore, it has nothing to do with whether it is combustible or not. The coal, oil, gases, and alcohol can all produce high pressure in the event of explosion. As for the R-liquid, it produces the high pressure by being added with temperature, its combustibility simply disappears due to the conversion of internal energy.The application of the non-combustible liquid is based on the conservation of internal energy, because it is added with minor heat and low temperature without being through major heat, thus, it can preserve the internal energy, consequently, it does not have the disadvantage which belongs to the combustible liquid. Nevertheless, it also lacks the advantage concerning the internal energy of the combustible liquid. The non-combustible Rliquid can generate the kinetic energy in the Rheat-engine without being added with major high heat, therefore, it can reserve its internal energy and does not have to change its quality and quantity. As a result, R-liquid can be unlimitedly utilized in this context.

When the temperature of steam resulting in high pressure rises from 320Ftothe boiling point 21 20F, each pound must be supplied with 180 BTU. It requires additional 970 BTU to reach the evaporized potential heat of saturated steam. If the steam is overheated to 10000 F, it may produce the pressure of 2400 pounds. It needs 1477 BTU totaily to change one pound of water into one pound of overheated steam with the temperature of 10000Fand pressure of 2400 Ib/in. As steam pressure rising from 800 pounds only requires 20 BTU, it needs 30 BTU from 800 pounds to 1200 pounds 10 BTU from 2000 pounds to 1600 pounds; 5 BTU from 1600 pounds to 2000 pounds and only 2 BTU from 2000 pounds to 2400 pounds.The total quantity of heat is only 67 BTU needed in raising 2000 Ib/in of pressure from 400 pounds to 2400 pounds. When steam is applied for conversion into dynamic power, at the beginning, the piston engine is operated by lower pressure because of heat efficiency ratio as low as 1 5%. In order to raise heat efficiency ratio for the application of a turbine engine, in view of the fact that it is not easy to achieve the utilization of complete classification relating to the high pressure steam source caused by the consumption of thermal energy in large quantity to cope with economical principle.As in the turbine generation engine designed by an Englishman, in order to raise heat efficiency and reduce generation cost, the output of high pressure steam from a boiler after its operation into the first class turbine will be turned back to the boiler and overheated for output again. It may be regarded as a prudent consideration so far as thriftness is concerned, the mechanical designer has done so as to secure effective application. In the past ten years, all the mechanical designers in the well-advanced industrial countries have made a splendid progress in improving the material for the fabrication of turbine engine. In fact, it is hard to have a better designed engine. I am aware that now some improvement must be made in the liquid to produce steam in respect of the steam turbine engine.In spite of the fact that previously some designed the application of mercury steam which has its advantage, its temperature and pressure is too high and its material resistance is limited; meanwhile, the application life of its engine is short and it is apt to be out of order. In actual practice, it has proved to be not ideal in its function. It has various limitation in the development of high heat and high pressure.

Hence, we are heading for the application of low temperature and high pressure to substitute for high heat and high pressure. The study is based on the planning to apply something as the Rliquid to substitute for the essence liquid (water) in the boiler. The conditions of the increase of heat volume and pressure together with the rise of temperature required when the pressure of Rliquid reaches 2400 pounds are indicated as follows:When the pressure of R-12 reaches 2400 pounds, its temperature is approximately 8650F; when the temperature is at -200F, its pressure is 0 pounds and it requires 212.40 BTU; as its freezing point is -2520F, when it reaches the pressure of 2400 pounds, the temperature of R22 is approximately 5250F; when it is at -400F, its pressure is 0 pound and it requires 176.845 BTU; when the pressure of R-13 reaches 2400 pounds, its temperature is 1 950F, its pressure is 0 pound at -1 900F and it requires 140.525 BTU. It is revealed in the aforesaid statistics that the requirements of R liquid are lower than 1477 BTU required by one pound of water in producing high pressure steam of 2400 pounds at 10000F.

Under one atmospheric pressure so far as the boiling point is concerned, R-12 is at the temperature of -21 OF. R-22 is at the temperature of -41 OF which is also lower than that of water, therefore, it requires less time in the conduction of heat. The boiling point of water is at 21 20F and its evaporized potential heat is 970 BTU. At the temperature of 500 F, the evaporized potential heat of R-liquid is several +BTU, the boiling temperature is usually below zero degree. At OOF, the pressure of R-13 is 176 pounds and with every 200F the original pressure will increase by 30%.

The application of R-gas power is unlimited because its property in the generation of kinetic energy is unchangeable. Yet, the R-liquid does generate kinetic energy, however, in view of the fact that the kinetic energy can not be generated by virtue of this minor heat, we thus confirm that the kinetic energy is generated from both the Rliquid itself and the external minor heat, under such circumstances, we can apply the external minor heat without consuming either the quality or quantity of the R-liquid. The function of R-liquid is the same as that of the thermal engine which provides the kinetic energy from conversion of thermal energy. Ever since the invention of thermal engines, though the designs of engine construction are somewhat different, they all use the coal, oil, and gases as fuels in the engines.

The kinetic energy can not be generated with merely the minor heat or merely the R-liquid, it is just like two wings of the bird. The actual kinetic energy generated is from them both. The volume of the said minor heat is very little in the R thermal engine, the kinetic energy thereof is partly from the internal energy of the liquid form, therefore, we can generate much more kinetic energy than the minor heat which we put in the engine. The internal energy of R-liquid will be exhausted in one way or another because it has provided part of the kinetic energy, the actual situation of its function will just be like the refrigerator. With reference to the property of R12, decomposition will occur at over 1 022 OF and various R liquids belong to the group of carbon chloride fluoride.The above-mentioned temperature remains far from 1022 OF for R-1 2, the pressure of 2400 pounds can not be obtained until the temperature producing the high pressure steam has reached 10000F. If we use the R-1 3 in this case, only 1 950F is required, the proportion of which is around 5.1 :1, and if we the R-22, the proportion will be around 2:1. Moreover, because the temperature of boiler is low, coefficient of expansion will be reduced and life may be prolonged. Further, the safety, liquid replenishment, cleaning maintenance, insulated body, and the cooling pressure reduction etc. will be better than those in applying the high heat.

Rather, the consumption of thermal energy may be saved considerably in the production of high pressure by minor heat than the production of high pressure by high heat. It may be studied for reference as to whether it is more economical than the nuclear generation.

Under low temperature and high pressure, the highest pressure of R-1 3 which can be obtained is 3600 pounds according to the data reference, and the temperature is 5000F. The highest pressure of R-1 4 which can be obtained is 5000 pounds, and the temperature is 2400 F. Since the highest pressure of R-13 is 3600 pounds, and thus exceeds the steam pressure of 2400 pounds with an percentage increase of 60%, but relatively, the temperature decrease is only 50%.

R-1 4 is predetermined to be put into the turbine with 5000 pounds of pressure, therefore, the pressure is increased by 2600 pounds and the pressure is increased by 1.2 times, however, the temperature is comparatively decreased by 76%.

With respect to these two kinds of R gases with low temperature and high pressure, the temperature of R-1 3 is predetermined at 5000F and that of the R-1 4 is predetermined at 2400F.

Under these conditions, the liquids have already been gasified and can be easily transported through the conduit, for the degree of gasification is high and the viscosity becomes lower.

According to power generation with the existing steam turbine, the input steam pressure of the engine is 2400 pounds at 10000 F. The designer decided to use this data based on many times of computation and experiments which meet with the safety coefficient of metal material resistance. If the temperature of R-14 is increased to 240 F which is 24% of 10000F steam temperature, its 5000 pounds of pressure is more than two times of 2400 pounds of steam pressure, this pressure is too high because it exceeds the safety limit of metal material. If the pressure is lowered to 4000 pounds which is 80% high than 2400 pounds of steam pressure because the temperature has been relatively lowered to be 17% of 10000F of the steam temperature.If the pressure is increased to 4000 pounds from 2400 pounds, the horse power of equal engine volume may be increased 80%. The mechanical energy from R heat engine is derived from pressure. The difference of pressure is due to the outside control of different low temperature, during the process of conversion, the minor heat added from outsides is the resource for the generation of kinetic energy. With the natural resources of heat and cold, we can increase the original pressure of R-liquid by ten times, it can balance the low temperature difference existing in the natural world and gain the high pressure difference, further, it utilizes the said high pressure difference to converse into kinetic energy.Previously, the thermal engines can generate kinetic energy from the self-burning of the combustible internal energy without the outside heat, because the combustion can not be preserved, therefore, the fuel which is applied in the thermal engines can only be used once and the life of such fuel is very short; the noncombustible potential is not being utilized, for it can not be burnt and generate heat, actually, its complex conversion is more ideal than that of the combustible fuel. Due to the fact that it can not be used directly for the conversion of heat, it is thus called the potential energy, consequently, R heat engine using low temperature and minor heat can provide the same high pressure as that of the old thermal engines using coal, oil, and gas. It is the low temperature thermal enginge, fuel required for them is easy to get from hot spring or heat of the earth which can be made to transmit heat into mechanical power. R heat engine which can produce power of potential internal energy with the combination of the internal energy in liquid form and the minor heat from outsides is operating under low temperature difference which is once considered to be impossible. The key concept used here is that the kinetic energy will be produced in combinating with the two factors of the low temperature heat from outsides, and R-liquid itself possessing the internal energy which is sensitive to temperature.

If it is not for the R-13 at 450F under which it can increase pressure by 30 pounds for every increment of 50F, it is impossible to generate kinetic energy under the condition of minor heat and low temperature.

An experiment is conducted with two offset cylinder rotors in series, one rotor for pneumatic output kinetic energy of R-liquid and another rotor for compressing and reducing the exhausted and expanded gas to liquid, with the gas power input of 176 pounds, the maximum revolution is 60000 times per minute and only a little bit of gas is consumed, so it suits the tools for small instruments and may better suits tools for large-scale one, and its structure is very simple and its cost of manufacture is lower than that of the turbine engine.

Upon being exhausted from the steam turbine, the steam volume is thus expanded. Because there is a pressure difference between the intake and the exhaust of engine, the high pressure gaseous strength is expanded and generates the kinetic energy. The temperature of steam is about ten times higher than that of the R power, and the R power at low temperature can not stand the lowering of temperature and the expansion of gas volume. With regard to the high pressure derived from minor heat, the mild change of temperature and volume can seriously influence the sudden decrease of pressure, therefore, it is inadequate to adopt the multi-stage steam turbine for persistent application, but it may be applied to the one or two stages turbine.

In view of the situation under which the lowtemperatured and high-pressured R-power generated from the boiler and is conveyed into the burbine engine through conduits, the hightemperatured and high-pressured steam is suitable for the running of multiple stages turbine.

At the temperature of 10000 F, the steam pressure is 2400 pounds per square inch and the steam is applied to the one or two-stage turbine for high speed running, then we can not thoroughly utilize all the kinetic energy of the steam within the short time interval and will waste the remaining energy.

If we use the multiple-stage turbine, we can distribute the high heat as well as the high pressure difference into multiple steps of pressure drop at each impeller so that we can fully utilize the whole steam pressure. As to the lowtemperatured and high-pressured R power, since its heat content is low, it can not afford to have volume expansion and thus will effect its temperature drop. After passing through one- or two-stage turbine, its volume has already expanded to 4 times, and its pressure has dropped 4 times. At this time, its power has already reached to the point of exhaustion.

Therefore, it is not necessary to use the multiplestage turbine which is more than two stages. If we install the 3rd and 4th stage turbine after the second stage turbine, then the 3rd and 4th stage turbine will not produce useful dynamic power, on the contrary, they will rotate along the main shaft to increase the friction. If the R power is to have the unnecessary expansion of more than 4 times, it is of no use to the increase of output power. In other words, R power is not suitable for durable and persistent application to the multiplestage turbine. But we still can use the one- or two-stage turbine with shorter length of engine to generate the kinetic energy from the input highpressures gaseous power.

R-13 is predetermined to be pumped into the single stage turbine with the pressure of 3000 pounds. Assuming the pressure at the first impeller of the pressure two stage turbine is 2/3 of the input pressure, then the effective pressure will be 1000 pounds, and the exhaust pressure will be 2000 pounds. Using the two-stage pressure turbine, assuming the exhaust pressure is 1/4 of the input pressure, the exhaust pressure will be 750 pounds and the effective pressure will be 2250 pounds which is 1250 pounds higher than the effective pressure when using the single stage turbine. If we use the vapor pressure of R power for recycling, then after the volume expansion, the recovery of the compression power is just equal to the output power, no matter whether we use single stage turbine or two-stage turbine.In the case of pressure of the two-stage turbine, the exhaust vapor pressure is somewhat lower than when using velocity of two-stage turbine, but the engine effective pressures during the two different cases are the same. When using the pressure two-stage turbine, the energy required for compressing the vapor back to the liquid form can be decreased about 20%.

The following points have to be considered for the structural design of the R gas turbine engine: 1. Presetting the temperature to be increased and the pressure of high-pressured gases.

2. The technical installations for the heat source supply (including the use of waste heat exhausted from the nuclear power plant or power plant, heat of the earth, or the sunlight) 3. The number of gas expansion for using the two-stage pressure of speed turbine.

4. The number of lower pressure resulted from gas expansion.

5. Selection of cooler and combination of cooling capacity.

6. Selection of compressor-booster performance.

7. Selection of ratio of running velocity between the turbine and compressor-booster and non-stage number variator.

8. Control and adjustment of the critical temperature, pressure, and volume.

9. Temperature escalation and pressure increase while the gas is compressed.

10. Mechanical efficiency of turbine engine and compressor-booster.

11. Selection of the heat insulation facilities and materials.

The whole system is divided into six parts, the heat source, heat exchanger, cold source, compression, pressure increase, and the set of generator. R-liquid is used as the working liquid inside the engine, it is expensive and highly combustible. The design is indeed technical concerning the prevention of leakage of the set of generator, all the technical difficulty appears to be conquerable.

Its sudden increase of pressure by the minor heat is different from that of the water, it is due to the compression of gases into the liquid form. If the water can also be compressed like this, water can also produce high pressure by the minor heat, nevertheless, water can hardly be compressed.

With reference to the internal combustion engine, the more the kinetic energy consumes, the higher the efficiency of heat is. The life of application depends on the combustion manner of the combustible liquid. In this case, it has been totally changed with regard to the once-compression and once-combustion concerning the compression of non-combustible liquid, thus, the life of application has been changed from short to the everlasting.

The more the number of times of decreasing the pressure of the expanded exhaust gas by cooling, the more will be the net power used for generating the electricity. If we predetermine the critical pressure of R-13 at 600 pounds and the critical temperature at 840F, the critical pressure of R-1 4 will be 500 pounds and its critical temperature will be -500F. If we use extra cooling to cool it, the temperature will be --1800F, therefore, it is not difficult to cool it down to -500F in the cooling system. We cool it down first, reduce the pressure, then compress it, just like what the blacksmith does to burn the iron first and then to strike it, it will double the efficiency as well.

The design of R gas turbine is similar to the steam turbine system. But when it is circularly applied, the R-1 1 with low pressure may be liquidized by cooling and the R-13 and R-14 with high pressure may be liquidized by compressing the expanded gas, this is different from the steam working in the engine and may be reduced to water by cooling after exhausting it and lowering its pressure. The temperature and pressure of R gas exhausted from the engine are also relatively lowered and further lowered by cooling through the cooler until it is compressed and liquidized.

During the process of compression, in addition to the power supply, we should further consider the critical temperature, critical volume, and the critical pressure, because they are more complexed than those of the steam. The abovementioned three essences are required in the application of circular liquidization. The liquid being heated should be kept at the same temperature by supplying heat source from outside the engine, as well as the controlling of the input volume per second and the coodination of cooling and the expansion of gas. The predetermination of the aforesaid requisites shall be regulated by the centrifugal force of device shaft of engine in the critical mutual check and balance devices, as well as the degree of the open controlling of valves.

As for the R-1 4, 5000 pounds is divided by 4, the remainin gaseous pressure is 1250 pounds, it is too high to make the back pressure of the turbine become lower and have higher gas flow velocity get through the engine. We cool down the temperature inside and outside the engine t9 -500F and the critical pressure is decreased to 500 pounds, meantime. The cooler has assumed 750 pounds actually, thus, the effective pressure difference is 4700 pounds.The pressure of the high-pressured R gas is automatically lowered while getting through the heat exchanger, it can reduce the supply of cold quantity from the cooler, but the mass gas expanded four times is compressed into liquid and thus the compression engine will need four times revolution so as to entirely recover and compress the four times expanded volume of gas exhausted from the engine if there is equal capacity in the two cylinders. The compressor is directly driven by the co-axial series of the engine and the horse power required in the engine is about 0.444.

(5000/4-750)x4 2000 = = 0.444 5000-1250+750 4500 There is a strong-powered compressor attached in order to liquidize the gas completely.

After being absorbed by the strong-powered compressor, there is still some gas remaining therein, the said remaining gas will be compressed into pure liquid after entering the cylinders, then it is heated after returning through the conduits to the high-pressured steel bottles.

The power generation in Taiwan is hydraulic, we have the storage installment in case of huge generation and high-peaked consumption, it is different from the design of R heat engine with the application of liquid circulation and control of low temperature difference for recovery procedure. The conversion of energy is the change of form and is directly related to the heat, for example, like the utilization of electric energy into heat or the mechanical energy into heat or electricity. But, if we apply the electric energy for the use of facilitating magnetism or apply the mechanical energy for the use of compressing gases into non-combustible liquids, it is the conversion of energy in the application magnetic force and R-liquid, yet, it is not directly connected with heat, therefore, it can not be served as the single application.

Liquids can hardly be compressed.

Accordingly, the purpose in changing the external combustion to the internal combustion is to require the efficiency of higher heat. Therefore, we first vaporize the liquid combustible oil and then compress it. Among the four or two procedures of the internal combustion, there must be a procedure of compression. In the research work of heat efficiency, we always try to enhance the heat efficiency by primary vaporization and compression before combustion. The gas for the internal combustion and compression is originally the liquids, R-liquid is exactly the gases before being compressed. It is the process procedure to vaporize the liquids into gases, as well as to compress the gases into liquids, the procedures are to the contrary.To add heat after the materials being compressed and to compress and burn it after the materials being expanded have different effect because of different essences. The gases being compressed in the internal combustion engine are different from the Liquid, for it is formed by expansion.

R-liquid is served as the working liquid in the application of liquidizing the expanded gases. The compression of gases can consume all the kinetic energy generator from the engine without leaving any further power for other uses, if we apply it once and then release, it will be a total waste because the gas is very expensive, it can not be compensated by the limited generation of kinetic energy. Therefore, we must apply it in circular way while it is working in the turbine engine, which is similar to the case of steam turbine. It is designed to install a cooler between the turbine engine and the compressor, thus, the cooler can first cool the gas derived from the engine in order to reduce the pressure, thus, we can not only increase the pressure difference but also decrease the compressive power.

From the temperature data measured on the moon, due to lack of atmosphere, the temperature reaches to 2500F during the day and drops down to -2800F during the night, the temperature difference is 5300F (2900 F). This kind of huge temperature difference can be utilized for the conversion of kinetic energy and electric supply. It will be a suitable place for residency because the electric power derived from the high temperature difference can adjust the indoor temperature as well as the other development.

The attached cooler can easily achieve the cooling quantity because the minor cold is suddenly reduced and the consumption of gaseous pressure is very little, it can influence and increase the engine's pressure difference, gaseous speed, times of revolving, and the dynamic power, moreover, the compressive power is greatly reduced for the low-pressured gas is compressed by the compressor, and the sources of heat and cold are available for the application of low temperature difference, most of all, since the R power is circularly applied, its life of application is unlimited in the single input of heat consumption, it will not be exhausted in the participation of conversion.R-liquid have the following characteristics: if we use the complexed combination of low temperature and high pressure, as well as the property and causality, this potential internal energy which is accumulated by the limited compressed energy can be applied for the unlimited complexed conversion, in other words, we can derive kinetic energy by virtue of little remunerationthe low temperature difference. In consequence, it is the ideal liquid for the kinetic energy sources.

The best regrigerating circulation is to derive the most heat from the cooler by utilizing the cheapest mechanical power. Under the same situation, we can apply the R-liquid for the reverse function to consume minor heat to generate major kinetic energy from the circulation system, on one hand, it is used to gain the temperature difference by consuming the mechanical power, on the other hand, it is to generate the kinetic energy by supplying the minor heat and low temperature difference, the above two functions appear two be related to each other R-liquid with low temperature difference can derive the potential energy and moves the flyingwheel, its capacity is suitable for use on land.As for the external heating R-power turbine engine, the capacity is also huge for the installment of turbine, therefore, it can be applied for power generation aboard the ships or in the big power plant on land. The internal heating V-shaped piston engine can be used as small generator of kinetic energy on the basis that it applies the Rpower with small capacity and numerous cylinders. They both can save the consumption of high heat fuels which are used in current high temperature difference of function.

The following is the excellent property of the Rliquid: 1. It is the non-combustible safe liquid.

2. It can resist the high heat up to 1021 OF; it has strong combination binding force.

3. It is durable with unlimited life of application and will not change its quality and quantity.

4. It can produce high pressure with low temperature, it can reduce temperature and quantity of heat conversion in comparison with the steam power at 10000F with 2400 Ib/in. and 1477 BTU.

5. The high-temperatured, high pressured power and the low-temperatured, high-pressured power can both move the engine to revolve without regard to the different temperature.

6. It can remove the stage of sudden increase of pressure dirived by the reheating of steam, and use the shortcut of enormous consumption of heat at the burning point of water in liquid form as well as the potential heat of fluorination.

7. The low-temperatured and high-pressured power can prolong the life of boilers and engines and prevent leakage or other accidents.

8. The required low temperature and heat sources are easy to be obtained.

9. It can reduce the cost of dynamic power and generating power, and prevent the environmental pollution. In view of the Figures attached herwith, each move with regard to the installation is elaborated in the following: Figure 1 to Figure 3 are showing the installation of the revolving flyingwheel driven by the conversion of potential energy of R gaseous power under the low temperature difference.

The flying wheel 1 is composed of 12 equalcapacity 2, it is central-hollow, with adiabatic materials furnished between every two cells, its size and thickness are shown as Fig. 1. and Fig. 2, and electric heating tube 3 now is installed inside each cell 2 in order to heat the R liquid by connecting with electricity. The cooling air tube 4 conducting the cooling function to reduce the high pressure into low pressure, due to the input of heat and cold sources, the pressure difference is thus produced under the low temperature difference. The valve room 5, curved tube 6, spring 7, steel ball 8, and the connector 9 are all controlled by the fittings of the valve room 5 when the high pressure is being reduced to low pressure. In order to detect the temperature and pressure inside every cell, a temperature-pressure gauge 10 and the central winding duct 11.This central winding duct contains the R liquid connected with the upper and lower cells. The cooling is first carried out in the center of the wheel, the pushing rod 12 shall open the valve, with sealed encased tube 13 and the shaft bearing of pushing rod 14 in the outside. There is a leak-preventive rubber cover 15 in order to prevent the leakage of liquid. During the revolution, the pushing rod shall be opened regularly by the central eccentric wheel 16. The central eccentric wheel has been furnished with lubricant 1 7. The cold-source container 18 is fuctioned by the power supplied by the generator.

The air conditioning is controlled the doubleswitch 19 which is combined by output switch and the input switch. The said double-switch 19 is composed of twelve cool-air output tubes 20 and twelve cool-air input tubes 20 and twelve coo-air input tubes 21 with one tube in each cell, each tube shall extend from the center of the wheel to each cell, first to cool down the center of the wheel, then to convery cool air to every cell.

With regard to the left central wheel cover 22 and right central wheel cover 23, there are 36 screw holes 24 on the edge separately in order to combine the twelve cells into a flying wheel.

There is a belt-wheel 25 on the left central wheel cover 22, the dynamic power shall drive the generator through the conveyor belt 26. There is a air-conditioner aperture on the right central wheel cover 23, the element Titanium is furnished inside the center of the wheel for an adiabatic layer 27 in order to prevent dissipation of heat and cold.

There is the steel ball shaft bearing 28 on each cover, it is installed on the fixed central axle, for there is cold air in the center of the wheel, the steel ball shaft bearing 28 has the leak-prevent cap 29, electricity-separator copper plate 30, each is connected with the electric heating tube in the cell, the half-ring copper plate 31 is directly connected with the output power source of the generator. The electricity-separator copper plate 30 and the half-ring copper plate 31 are both installed outside the steel ball shaft bearing 28, along with the revolution of the flying wheel, they will automatically connect the electricity source or cut off the power source. The whole flying wheel is set up on the machine bracket 32., and the generator 33 is driven by the conveyance of dynamic power.

Prior to the revolution of the flying wheel 1, the outside power source is applied to heat up the cells of the flying wheel, simultaneously, the internal electric heating tube 3 will generate the cooling machine with electric power, when the temperature and pressure are reaching to the predetermined figures, we shall loose the brake to start the flying wheel revolving. The pressure on.

the liquid surface is high due to the heating inside the cells of the bottom of the flying wheel, upon the opening of the two valves, the liquid in the bottom of the wheel will be flowing in through the curved tube 6 and further lower down through the winding duct 11, then rise to the top, during this moment, there is only little gas left inside the cells. In the Fig. 1, the temperature will rise from 400F to 1 600F with the temperature difference of 1 200F and the pressure difference is thus doubled. Though the temperature shall rise to 1 800F and subsequently the liquid will rise up to the top after the liquid in the bottom of the wheel rises, the liquid can still be changed to other sorts and enhance the temperature difference.The quantity of liquid left in the curved duct is 25% of that in the cells, when the cells are revolving reversely, the second cell with R-liquid inside shall be revolving once again to the bottom point, thus the valve thereon will be pushed open again, then the liquid will rise again with rectilinear movement to recover the fall difference, therefore, the left part of the flying wheel always contains the R liquid with the right party empty, thus, the wheel will lose balance and revolve.Supposed that each cell is 10 cubic feet, the 80% of capacity is calculated by 80 pounds (R-1 1, at the temperature of 380 F, is weighing 95.3 pounds per cubic feet; R-1 3, at the temperature of 380 F, is weighing 100.76 pounds per cubic feet; water, at the temperature of 390F is weighing 62.5 pounds per cubic feet), totalling 6400 pounds, the four cells out of the half six cells totalling 25600 pounds, the gravitation will drive the flying wheel revolving.If we modify the flying wheel from single system to complex system, we can increase the thrust force of the flying wheel by ten sets of installation, moreover, the R liquid can be changed to low temperature and high pressure with higher temperature difference to increase the pressure difference, thus, the speed of the liquid can be increased, so can the revolving speed of the flying wheel. The device of the above structure can only be applied for generating the kinetic energy on land owing to its huge volume and dimension.

Fig. 4 a.re the installation drawings concerning the systems of turbine engine with regard to the R gaseous power under low temperature difference.

The heating stove 1 a is similar to the boiler of the external combustion engine, it can apply the heat of the earth 2a and the coal 3a for fuel, the blast engine 4a will heat up the R liquid which is in the ring-tube of the heating stove to the temperature of 2400 F. The chimney 6a will drive the liquid in the ring-tube into the high-pressured gaseous power and is further conveyed to the filter 9a through the connector 7a by virtue of the conduit 8a, the filtered gaseous power is subsequently conveyed to the A 2-phase turbine engine 11 a by the conduit 1 0a in order to set the leaves of turbine engine revolving and the main axle of the turbine engine will drive the generator 1 3a by kinetic power through the vibration-proof connector 12a.The connector of the gaseous power branch tube 1 5a will convey the 2/5 of the gaseous power to the B 2-phase turbine engine 1 7a by the gaseous power conduit 16a. The gas exhausted from the A and B turbine engines will be conveyed through the two conduits 1 4a 1 8a to the gas cooling apparatus 1 9a to cool down the temperature.The kinetic energy derived from B turbine engine shall supply to the A turbine engine for revolution, and the adequate kinetic energy required for the accessory machine will first revolve the cold-source container 21 a, the cool air derived from the cold-source container 21 a will be conveyed to the cooling apparatus through the cool air tube 22a and further cool down the gas in the cooling apparatus and thus reduce the pressure, then the cool air is conveyed through the cool air tube 23a to the deflectingcylinder compressor 25a for cooling function, the said compressor can be the rotary type, for the temperature will rise when the gas is compressed into liquid, the supply of cold will be kept at the absolute temperature of the liquidization, in the long run, the cool air will be conveyed out of the cool air exhaust tube 26a of the compressor and into the super-powered compressor 30a through the conduit connector 27a and the cool air tube 31 a for cooling. The gas exhausted from the super-powered compressor will returned to the cold-source container 21 a through the cool air tube 31 a. The kinetic energy required by the coldsource container 21 a, the deflecting-cylinder compressor 25a, and super-powered compressor will be supplied by the main axle 20a 24a 28a of the B 2-phase turbine engine, they are connected on the same axle.For the deflecting-cylinder compressor 25a receives the cooled gas from the cooling apparatus in order to compress it, the liquid which has been liquidized contains some gas in it, therefore, it will be further compressed into complete liquid by the super-powered compressor by way of liquid conduit 29a, then the working liquid will return to the heating stove by way of liquid conduit 32a and the conduit connector 33a for reheating and to complete the circulation.

Fig. 5 is the installation drawing of the V-shape piston engine concerning the revolution of R gaseous power under low temperature difference.

The V-shape piston 1 b has the oil ring 2b and sealed ring 3b on it. These two piston ring are both installed on the piston socket 4b with free revolution. The umbrella-shape gear 5b is installed on both ends of the main axle 7b, it is controlled by the double-ball stick 6b in order to prevent the main axle from moving. The main axle 7b is installed inside the central aperture 1 Ob of the two cylinder socket A 8b and B 12b, cylinder 1 4b is installed inside the aperture of the cylinder socket 9b and 13b, the adiabatic encasing pipe 11 b is installed on the upper half part of the cylinder, part of the heat-cold tubes are circling outside the cylinder in order to prevent the dissipation.There is cylinder top on the cylinder, the heat-could tubes 15b 1 6b inside the top have two apertures, one aperture is installed with electro-thermal wire, the other aperture is surved to let the cool air pass through. The main axle 7b has the trumpet-axle aperture, and the trumpetaxle 1 8b is installed inside the trumpet-axle shaft bearing 19b, the top end of axle is connected with the gear of the transmission box 20b in order to increase the low speed, because it is installed in the 1130 V-shape round machine shell, the cylinder socket is round and can be freely revolving, the power source is connected with the half-ring copper slip 23b by the socket 22b, this half-ring copper slip is installed inside the machine sheel with insulation plate, it starts to connect the power source and to add heat upon the upper dead point, the power source will be cut off upon the lower dead point, if we cool down the inside of the cylinder with great cooling quantity, the pressure will be suddenly decreased.

There-is R liquid 24b inside the top of the cylinder occupying 70% of the space, when the external connector 25b of the electric heating tube and the cylinder socket are revolving, it will automatically contact the halfring cooperslip and thus connect the power source in order to heat up the R liquid inside the top of the cylinder, however, the liquid will be turned into high-pressured gaseous power.

Due to the fact that both the cylinder are being heated simultaneously, the V-shape piston is on the upper dead point, the high-pressured gaseous power is gending to expand the space in the cylinder, therefore, the piston is being pushed to the lower dead point and thus produces the torsion on the central main axle.When the piston is working down to the lower dead point, the cool air flume 37b opposite to the revolving shaft bearing will convey the cool air into the top of the cylinder for cooling function through the input tube of cool air 26b, the cool air connector 28b, and the input entry of cool air 30b; in the mean time, the cooling function is also carried out outside the upper half part of the cylinder in an attempt to change the high pressure inside the cylinder into low temperature and low pressure, thus, we can convert the piston which is then at the lower dead point under low pressure back to the upper dead point. The cool air will return to the cold-source container for compression through the input soft tube 27b, trumpet aperture 29b 31 b, and the internal flume of the shaft bearing 38b. When the piston is at the lower dead point, the whole flying wheel is keeping on revolving, so the input of cool air will be stopped when they miss each other. With reheating, the process will repeat itself, because there is some difference of the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder, the piston with the higher pressure will make the move first, and due to the different frictional resistance of the both ends of the trumpet axle, thus we set up a umbrellas-shape gear on each end of the main axle in order to combine the aggregation for the same-paced revolution with the further installation of doubleball stick on the center of the umbrella-shape gear in order to keep normal distance between two umbrella-shape gears.The frictional resistance incurred from the small dimension of the balls is not large, and the frictional resistance is reduced by the lubricant oil in this context. The end of the trumpet axle has the screw thread 32b, a packing sheet 33b is installed in front of the screw nut 34b, we shall adjust the trumpet-axle to the adequate position on the main axle, then screw up the screw nut. There are leakage-preventive rubber bands 36b 39b on both ends of the shaft bearing, the trumpet-axle is fixed on the machine bracket by the fixed aperture 35b, the packing sheet 40b, spring 41b, and the steel ball 42b are all encasing on the axle and are fastened by the screw nut 43b. The trumpet-axle and the shaft bearing are closely related, yet, they can freely revolve without leaking the gas.The upper dead point of piston 44b, the lower dead point of piston 45b, the piston stroke 46b, and the independent engines 47b 48b 49b 50b are all installed in the fitting apertures 51 b 52b 53b 54b of the machine bracket 63b. Then there are the shaft bearing of steel ball 55b and the screw nut 56b. On each kinetic axle of the engine, there are one of the gears 57b 58b 59b 60b, the general axle 61 b, and the general gear 62b one end of this axle will combine the four independent engine kinetic wheels, the other end of the extended gear will deliver the kinetic energy of the engine to the outside of the engine. The machine bracket 63b comprises the general engine 64b.

With reference to the V-shape piston engine, according to the Figures attached concerning the design work, there are 1 6 cylinders with the possible increment to 32 cylinders. Though the rotary times of the engine can only be served for low-speed revolution, yet, if we change the working liquid to the low-temperatured and superhigh-pressured R liquid, the pressure can be predetermined to reach 1000 Ib/in. to 5000 Ib/in.

which is much higher than that of the generally used kinetic engines nowadays. The speed of the low-speed and high-pressured can be increased, its merits are that there are no connecting link and convex axle in the structure, its dimension is small with great horse power, and it can be applied for generating kinetic energy of the power plant on land, the kinetic energy for the trains, and the kinetic energy for the boars or vessels. The electric energy required in the revolution with the consumption of electric heater excluded is equivalent to that of the electric compressor of the accessory cold-source container, for the horse power per hour is 12000 BTU and the heat exhausted from the cold-source container can be regained for further use.

Claims (4)

Claims

1. A method of power generation comprising performing a working cycle on a refrigerant used as a working madium and utilizing said refrigerant to drive a turbine operating a power generator, said cycle including the steps of: (1) Providing a source of refrigerant in a compressed liquid phase; (2) Heating said source by immersion in a tank of relatively hot liquid to provide high pressure vaporized refrigerant; (3) Passing said high pressure vaporized refrigerant through the turbine to drive the turbine, passage of the vaporized refrigerant through the turbine reducing the pressure of the vaporized refrigerant; (4) Exhausting the reduced pressure vaporized refrigerant from the turbine; (5) Cooling the reduced pressure vaporized refrigerant;; (6) Compressing the cooled vaporized refrigerant in a heat pump arrangement having supplies of hot and cold liquid respectively to convert the refrigerant to its liquid phase at a pressure higher than the source pressure; and (7) Returning the compressed liquid refrigerant to said source, wherein said supply of cold liquid is derived from a condensor circuit through which the cold liquid flows in heat transfer relation with liquid used for cooling the reduced pressure refrigerant and said supply of hot liquid is derived from said tank.

2. A power generation plant utilizing a refrigerant as a working medium comprising a high pressure container providing a source of said refrigerant in a compressed liquid phase, a liquid tank enclosing said container, means for heating liquid in said tank to convert said refrigerant into high pressure vaporized refrigerant, a vapor operated prime mover, means for supplying vapor from said container to said prime mover to operate said prime mover, cooling means for receiving exhaust vapor, said cooling means including a cooling liquid circuit in heat transfer flow with said exhaust vapor, compressor means for compressing the cooled exhaust vapor into liquid form, and means for returning the liquid derived from said cool exhaust vapor into said container at a pressure higher than the pressure on the liquid within said container wherein said compressor means includes a reciprocating heat pump arrangement operated by supplies of hot and cold liquid derived respectively from said tank and from a condensor circuit in heat transfer relation with said cooling liquid circuit.

3. A method of power generation substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

4. A power generation plant substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.