GB1591338A

GB1591338A - Camera focusing

Info

Publication number: GB1591338A
Application number: GB3997977A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Polaroid Corp
Current assignee: Polaroid Corp
Priority date: 1976-10-04
Filing date: 1977-09-26
Publication date: 1981-06-17
Also published as: JPS6155099B2; FR2366593B1; AU2828677A; DE2744093B2; CH646798A5; IT1110180B; JPS5348523A; GB1591340A; DE2744093A1; ATA706377A; FR2366593A1; AT368638B; CH627285A5; JPS58193528A; DE2744093C3; AU511120B2; CA1099554A; JPS6261933B2

Abstract

The automatic range setting generates a signal whose duration depends on the range of the subject to be photographed. During the entire duration of the range signal ( tau ), a first pulse train is generated and fed to a counter (41). A second pulse train is fed to the same counter (41) as a function of the setting movement of the focusing member (14) or of its drive (32). Given agreement between the number of pulses of the two pulse trains, the focusing member (14) is stopped. For the purpose of linearisation of the dependence between the subject range and the adjustment path of the focusing member, one of the two pulse trains has different pulse intervals. In a still camera, the shutter can be released given the presence of a signal of sharp focusing of the subject. In a movie camera, adjustment of the sharp focusing is performed during the filming operation. <IMAGE>

Description

(54) CAMERA FOCUSING (71) We, POLAROID CORPORA TION, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of 549 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to camera focusing.

of Before photographing a subject, the lens of a variable lens camera must be axially displaced to a position at which the subject is brought into focus; this axial position being a function of the distance of the subject to the camera lens. While such function, hereinafter termed the lens/subject function, depends on many parameters associated with the optical system, one of its more important characteristics for purposes of the present discussion is its highly nonlinear nature. In general, the slope of this function is greatest for close subjects and decreases asymptotically to zero for objects remote from the camera.

In order to properly set the axial position of the lens, it is conventional to mechanically couple the output arm of an optical range finder to the lens mount through a cam system into which the lens/subject function has been incorporated whereby operation of the range finder imparts proper displacement to the lens. In a different approach to powered displacement of the lens mount, the lens/subject function may be generated electrically. An example of the latter arrangement is illustrated in U. S. Patent No. 3,522,764 which discloses an arrangement in which the setting of the lens is related to an acoustic range finder that produces a range pulse whose duration is directly related to the distance of the subject to the lens. The range pulse is used to control a power-operated focus mechanism that moves the lens to an axial position in which the subject will be in focus. The lens/subject function in this patent is developed in an analogous manner by a highly non-linear potentiometer which while generally satisfactory, can be expensive to manufacture and is not easily adapted to different lens systems since a different potentiometer has to be used with each different lens mount arrangement. As a consequence, a power-operated focus mechanism based on this principle of operation lacks a degree of flexibility.

A camera according to the present invention, having a lens mount displaceable between a pair of terminal positions, the distance from one terminal position to a lens-mount location at which a subject at range R is in focus being defined as the distance N which is a predetermined function of R, and range-finding means for generating a range signal whose time duration is directly proportional to R, further comprises driving means for displacing the lens mount and means responsive to the duration of the range signal for controlling the amount of the lens-mount displacement; the displacement-controlling means including: a pulse generator providing a train of pulses which has a repetition frequency varying as the time derivative of at least an approximation of the function relating N to R; and counting means for accumulating pulses received from the pulse generator; the termination of the displacement of the lens mount by the driving means being effected by the displacement-controlling means in accordance with the contents of the counting means.

In the preferred camera embodying the invention, the pulse generator is operative for a period equal to the duration of the range signal and has a repetition rate which varies during the range signal as the said time derivative. The contents of the count ing means at any instant represents the integral of the time-derivative of the lens/ subject function evaluated from time equals zero (the leading edge of the range pulse) to that instant. Thus, the contents of the counter at the trailing edge of the range pulse is the definite integral of the timederivative of the approximate lens/subject function, namely a count representing the desired axial position of the lens mount for a subject whose distance is determined by the duration of the range pulse. The driving means operates to displace the lens mount by a fixed amount for each pulse received by the counting means.

In the preferred form, the program for varying the pulse repetition frequency of the pulse generator is established by a clock driving a pre-programmed divider allowing the pulse generator to produce a train of pulses whose variation in repetition frequency changes with time in accordance with the time-derivative of a piece-wise linear approximation of the lens/subject function. In an alternative arrangement where an exponential approximates a lens/ subject function, the focus mechanism may include a voltage-controlled osccillator whose pulse repetition frequency is varied by a voltage derived by differentiating a step function input; the parameters of the differentiating circuit being such that the voltage applied to the oscillator approximates the time-derivative of the lens/subject function.

The invention may be applied to an automatic focusing snapshot or movie camera utilizing the focusing mechanism described above. Such camera may include an acoustic transponder whose triggering may initiate the range pulse, the trailing edge of which is established by receipt of an echo from the subject to be photographed.

In a snapshot camera, the focusing mechanism may be effective to initiate shutter operation in response to movement of the lens mount to a position a which the subject is in focus. When incorporated into a movie camera, the focusing mechanism is effective to continuously update the position of the lens mount while the subject is being filmed, updating occurring periodically in response to movement of the lens mount to a position at which the subject had been in focus when last interrogated.

In one form of camera embodying the invention, instead of converting the range signal to a lens-position signal, non-linearly related to the range signal, by a scaled clock or differentiating circuit and voltagecontrolled oscillator, the conversion may be provided in the lens-movement feedback loop; thus, the lens may be coupled to a peripherally slotted disc, the slots of which are at progressively decreasing spacing, so that as the lens is moved to the required position at a uniform speed, the resulting feedback pulses generated by means of the slotted disc and a light source and sensor occur with a progressively changing repetition rate. The pulses fed to the counter during the ranging operation are then at uniform intervals.

In order that the invention may be better understood, some examples of cameras embodying the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration partly in block diagram form of an automatic focusing snapshot camera embodying the present invention; Figure 2A is a block diagram of the power-operated focusing mechanism including a lens mount employed in the camera of Figure 1; Figure 2B is a displacement diagram showing the limits of movement of the lens mount of Figure 2A; Figure 3 is a composite graph illustrating the operation of a pulse-generating means responsive to the range signal; Figure 4A is a detailed block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the automatic focusing snapshot camera shown in Figure 1; Figure 4B is a waveform chart illustrating pulse arrangements formed in the circuit shown in Figure 4A; Figure 5A is a simplified block diagram of another embodiment of a power-operated focusing mechanism suitable for use in the camera of Figure 1; Figure 5B is a displacement diagram showing the limits of movement of the lens mount of Figure SA; Figure 6A is a further form of poweroperated focusing mechanism embodying the present invention Figure 6B is a displacement diagram showing the limits of movement of the lens mount of Figure 6A; Figure 7 is a further form of poweroperated focusing mechanism embodying the present invention utilising a voltage controlled oscillator as a pulse source; Figure 8 is a simplified block diagram showing how a manually operated range finding means can be incorporated into an automatic focusing camera embodying the present invention; Figure 9 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a driving means for a lens mount; Figure lOA is a detailed block diagram of an automatic focusing movie camera embodying the present invention; Figure lOB is a waveform diagram associated with the block diagram of Figure 10A; Figure 11 is a perspective view of an alternative form of lens drive for use in the camera of Figure 1; Figure 12 is another form of a lens drive embodying the invention.; Figure 13 is a block diagram of an automatic focusing system employed in conjunction with the lens drive of Figure 12; and Figure 14 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment wherein a pulse system is employed to directly drive a stepper-motor lens drive.

In Figure 1, reference numeral 10 designates, in schematic form, an automatic focusing snapshot camera embodying the present invention. Camera 10 includes housing 11 within which film is supported at a focal plane 12 opposite hub 13 within which a lens assembly or lens mount 14 is axially displaceable through a distance M between terminal position I and terminal position II.

Interposed between lens mount 14 and film 12 is shutter 15 for controlling the exposure of film 12. Preferably, shutter mechanism 15 determines exposure time and aperture size in accordance with the light from the scene being photographed. The distance N of the lens mount from terminal position I to a location, at which subject 16 at a range R from the camera is in focus, is a predetermined function of the range, such function being highly non-linear and being termed the lens/subject function.

Associated with the camera is a range finding means 17 which, when keyed into operation, produces a range signal or range parameter having a characteristic directly proportional to the distance R. The range signal is applied to a pulse generator means 18 which converts the range signal to a lens parameter by generating a train of pulses whose number is representative of the axial position of the lens mount at which a subject at a distance R will be in focus. Drive means 19, operatively associated with the lens mount, axially displaces the same in accordance with the total number of pulses applied thereto by the pulse generator means. If 1/k is the specific displacement of the lens mount, i.e., the displacement per pulse applied to drive means 19, the application to the drivem means of kN pulses will displace the lens mount from position I to a position located at a distance N from position I. If the lens mount is located at position II, k(M-N) pulses applied to the drive means will displace the lens mount to its proper axial position.

When the lens mount 14 reaches its final position or that is, a proper axial position to focus subject 16 on film 12, a correct position indicator or correct focus sensor 20 produces a signal which is applied to shutter operator 21 and the latter responds by actuating shutter mechanism 15. The result is the proper exposure of film 12 to a properly focused subject 16, with the only manual input being the keying of the range finding means.

A mechanical connection employed between hub 13 and lens mount 14 is entirely conventional and may take the form shown in Figure 9 to which reference is now made.

Lens mount 14 may include an internally threaded sleeve 22 carrying the objective lens 23 of the camera. Sleeve 22 is mounted on an externally threaded sleeve 24 that is fixed to camera housing 11 so that axial displacement of sleeve 22 occurs in response to rotation of the sleeve. The outer cylindrical surface of sleeve 22 is provided with teeth 25 mating with a spur gear 26 rotatably mounted on the housing 11 of the camera.

Gear 26 mates with a corresponding gear 27 rotatably mounted on the housing 11. Rigidly connected to gear 27 for rotation therewith, are a drive gear 28 and a peripherally slotted disc 29. Gear 28 meshes with a pinion 30 connnected to the output shaft 31 of a stepping motor 32. When the motor 32 is enabled, the rotation of pinion 30 is transmitted through gears 28, 27 and 26 to the sleeve 22 which upon rotation thereby is displaced axially in one direction or the other depending on the direction of rotation of the motor. The teeth 25 on sleeve 22 extend from one axial end of the sleeve to the other in order to permit the axial displacement of the sleeve despite the confinement of spur gear 26 against axial movement.

In order to limit the axial displacement of lens mount 14 in either direction, stops are provided and a slip clutch arrangement is utilized (not shown) between motor 32 and gear 26. Usually, the lens mount rotates through less than 360" in axially moving from a first position (i.e., position I) at which a subject in focus may be as close as 25 cm, to a second position (i.e., position II) at which a subject in focus may be 9 m or more from the camera. By a proper selection of gear ratios, the drive gear 28 may rotate through the same angular displacement as the sleeve 22; and in such case, the stops can be associated with this gear. For example, an interrupted slot 33 may be provided in an axial face of gear 28, for cooperation with a stop pin 34 rigidly mounted on the camera housing. The engagement of this pin with the closed ends of slot 33 will limit displacement of the lens mount to locations between positions I and II shown in Figure 1.

As will be described in detail below, the slotted disc 29 is part of an auxiliary pulse generator 35 (shown in Figure 2A) and is associated with the lens drive or lens mount 14 for the purpose of providing feedback information necessary to properly position the lens mount. Hence, the generator 35 provides means for sensing the position of the lens 14, or more specifically, for indicating the displacement of the lens from its start position which in the preferred embodiment is set at or just beyond the infinity position. Preferably, auxiliary pulse generator 35 (see Figure 2A), includes a fixed light source 36 (Figure 9), which may be a light emitting diode, and a fixed photocell 37. Source 36 and cell 37 are positioned in alignment on opposite sides of the slotted disc 29 so that light from the source incident on the photocell is periodically interrupted by the rotation of disc 29. The threaded connection between sleeves 22 and 24, between the teeth on sleeve 22 and teeth on gears 26 and 27, and between the number of slots and the parameters just described, define the specific displacement of the lens mount in terms of its axial displacement per pulse produced by the auxiliary pulse generator. As indicated above, the specific displacement is termed 1/k. Other lens sensing arrangements will also be suitable, for example, the light pulsing system noted above may be replaced by a magnetic system or a mechanical switch, etc.

Turning now to Figure 2A, the preferred form of the power-operated focusing mechanism is shown in simplified form and is designated by reference numeral 38. In this embodiment, the range signal is a pulse whose duration or length z is proportional to the distance to the subject being photographed as determined by range finding means 17. The range finding means can be optical, in which case the output of its movable arm could drive a linear potentiometer whose resistance could determine a range pulse proportional to subject distance. Preferably, the range finding means is an acoustic transponder of the type shown in U. S. Patent No. 3,522,764. in either event, t iS a function of the range R of the subject.

Pulse generator means 18 of the focusing mechanism 38 incluces a pulse generator 39 having a programmed time-variable pulse repetition frequency, and a gate 40, respon sivc to the duration of the range pulse for gating the output of pulse generator 39 into a counter 41 via an OR-gate 42. The counter 41, together with a decoder 43, are a part of the drive means 19 of the mechanism which also includes, in addition to motor 32 a lens pulse generator or auxiliary pulse generator 35 which operates as a lens position indicator and a power input 44 which can be applied to motor 32 by a gate 45 when the latter is enabled by a latch 46.

The state of the power focusing mechanism 38 before a range pulse is applied to the input terminal is as follows: pulse generator 39 is dormant, counter 41 is cleared, gate 45 is disabled (in a non-conductive state) and the lens mount is in its initial position (i.e., position I) which would correspond to its position for focusing on a subject at infinity.

Since the lens mount is stationary, there is no output from auxiliary pulse generator 35.

In operation, the leading edge of the range pulse is detected at 47 triggering pulse generator 39 into operation an enabling gate 40. The repetition rate of this pulse generator is programmed such that it produces kN pulses during the time interval t, which pulses are accumulated in counter 41. That is to say, counter 41, at the end of the range pulse, contains a number representative of the axial position of the lens mount at which the subject will be in focus.

Latch 46 is st by the trailing end of the range pulse thereby opening or enabling gate 45 that is, rendering gate 45 conductive or transmissive and causing motor 32 to rotate thereby axially displacing lens mount 14. Auxiliary pulse generator 35 is activated simultaneously with displacement of the lens mount, and begins to supply pulses to counter 41 through OR-gate 42.

As motor 32 moves lens mount 14 from its position lI towards position I, counter 41 accumulates pulses produced by the auxiliary pulse generator 35. When k(M-N) pulses have been produced, the contents of counter 41 will be the number kM, and output pulse 48 is produced by the decoder.

Pulse 48 resets latch 46 disabling (closing) gate 45 and turning off motor 32. No further pulses are produced by the auxiliary pulse generator, and lens mount 14 will now be located a distance N from position I since the auxiliary pulse generator will have prior duced k(M-N) pulses in the time interval z during which latch 46 was set. The object at range R, producing the range pulse, will be in proper focus upon occurrence of the reset pulse 48. This reset pulse is also applied to shutter mechanism 15 initiating exposure.

Coupled to the shutter (not shown) of the shutter mechanism is an end-of-exposure detector 49 whose output is used for the purpose of returning mechanism 38 to its original state described above. In order for the pulse generator 39 to produce the proper number of pulses during the range pulse, the pulse repetition rate of the pulse generator must vary in accordance with the time-derivative of at least an approximation of the lens/subject function. This can be seen by considering the curve shown in Figure 3 to which reference is now made.

A given objective contained in a lens mount establishes the lens/subject function relating the axial position of the lens mount at which a subject is in focus to the distance of the subject to the lens mount. A typical lens/subject function is illustrated in Figure 3 by curve 50 where the ordinate and abscissa units are normalized for convenience. It should be understood that curve 50 is intended to represent the general shape of a typical lens/subject function, and is not drawn to scale. When the maximum permissible circle of confusion of the camera lens is specified, it is possible to compute the two curves identified by numerals 51 and 52 containing the curve 50 which take into account the depth of field for the lens system. For example, a subject located within the distance A defined by the intersection of the curves 51 and 52 with the ordinate line 0.4M will be in focus when the lens mount is at the axial position 0.4M. As indicated above, curves 51 and 52 are merely representative of the curves associated with an actual lens/subject function, and the distance A is only representative of a typical distance taking into account the size of the circle of confusion which is permitted by the designer. As a consequence of the existence of curves 51 and 52 in a given optical system, the actual lens/subject function can be approximated by a piecewise linear curve designated by reference numeral 53. As long as this piece-wise linear curve or stepped approximation curve fits within the envelope of curves 51 and 52 a subject is said to be "in focus" since the lens position and subject distance intersect within the envelope defined by curves 51 and 52.

For a subject located a distance R from the lens mount, inspection of Figure 3 reveals that the axial position of the lens mount should be a distance N from the terminal position of the lens mount corresponding to position I at which a subject closest to the lens mount will be in focus.

Assuming that the range finding means of the camera produces a range pulse of duration t, it can be seen that the piece-wise linear function designated by the curve 53 is parametrically related to time by reason of the functional relationship between the distance to the subject and time indicated by the curve 54 in the fourth quadrant of Figure 3. Where the range finding means is an acoustic transponder, the slope of curve 54 will be proportional to the speed of sound in the medium within the range finding means is operated.

Referring now to the curves shown in the third quadrant of Figure 3, the staircase or stepped curve 55 represents the timederivative of the piece-wise linear curve 53 shown in the first quadrant of Figure 3. For example, curve 53 is linear between the origin and the distance 0.1D and has a slope of 4 within that interval. Thus, during the interval on the range-time axis of Figure 3 corresponding to the range 0.1D, curve 55 has a value of 4 and is constant indicating that the slope in that interval is constant.

Curve 56 represents the indefinite integral of curve 55 which of course has the ame shape as curve 53 since the integral of the derivative of a function is the function itself.

As indicated in Figure 3, a subject at a distance R from the lens mount will have associated with it a range pulse of duration t. By integrating curve 55 between the limits 0 and z, one will obtain a number proportional to the number N. The constant of proportionality chosen is k, the reciprocal of the specific displacement associated with the drive means and lens mount of a given camera. Integration of the output of a pulse generator whose pulse repetition rate varies in accordance with the time-derivative of curve 53 is accomplished by accumulating the pulses in a counter. Integration between definite limits t=0 to t=z is accomplished by gating the input into the counter. As shown in Figure 3, the cross-hatched area above curve 55 is the value of curve 56 at time t=X.

From the above, it can be seen that any lens/subject function can be approximated by a piece-wise linear curve using the constraints imposed upon the system by reason of the maximum circle of confusion permitted for the system. Furthermore, once a relationship is established between the distance of a subject from the lens mount and the characteristic of the range signal which directly relates the characteristic to the subject range, the time-derivative of the piece-wise linear approximation of the actual lens/subject function is known.

The pulse repetition rate is scaled in accordance with the time derivative of the lens/ subject function such that the number of pulses produced by the pulse generator at the end of a time interval associated with the distance to the subject will be representative of the axial position of the lens mount at which the subject will be in focus.

The curve 50 may be divided by any piece-wise linearization, and the pulse rate .scaled for each. Hence, the pulse repetition is scaled in progressive steps, with each step corresponding to one of piece-wise linearizations of the actual lens/subject function.

Reference is now made to Figure 4A which shows the preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrating in more detail the principals illustrated in Figures 1-3. The automatic focusing camera 10 includes a manually keyable acoustic range finding means 17, and a power-operated focus mechanism 38A that includes pulse generator 18A and drive means 19A. In operation, a manual start signal applied to leading edge detector 47, such as the closing of a push-button, initiates a keying transmit signal to a clock oscillator 58 which continues to run until a stop signal is applied on line 59. The transmit signal also keys the acoustic range finding device 17 which responds by producing an outgoing wave 60a that is reflected back to the device 17 from a subject 16 after a period of time T, dependent on the range of the subject. The output of oscillator 58 is applied to a counter 60 whose contents are decoded at 62 in accordance with the breakpoints of the lens/subject function in order to change the number by which the output of oscillator 58 is divided by a programmed divider 63.

The pulse repetition frequency of the output of divider 63 decreases with time in accordance with the principals discussed in connection with Figure 3. The output of divider 63 is termed the "scaled clock." and is applied to counter 41 through gate 40 and OR-gate 42. Gate 40 is held open (conductive) during the range pulse by reasons of the operation of latch 64, which is set by the transmit signal of detector 47, and which is reset by the receive pulse 48 (Figure 4B) furnished by range finder 17 a period of time T subsequent to the transmit pulse. Consequently, for a subject located such that the lens mount 14 should be located a distance N from position II (see Figure 1), kN pulses are supplied to counter 41 during the range signal defined by the period of time elapsed between the set and reset of the latch 64.

Hence, the range pulse provides a distance parameter, and the oscillator 58, counter 60 and divider 63 as well as their gate controls provide means for converting the subject distance parameter to a lens parameter in accordance with the lens/subject distance function.

The receive pulse 48, in addition to acting on latch 64 and simultaneously shutting down oscillator 58, also sets trailing edge latch 65 to its "on" or operating condition (the latch 65 being held in this state until decoder 43 detects the number kM in counter 41). Latch 65 opens (enables) gates 66 and 68 during the time t that it is set thereby respectively allowing power 44 to be applied tothe forward motor control 67 and auxiliary pulse to be received from auxiliary pulse generator 35. The former causes motor 32 to operate in a direction driving the lens mount from its infinity position II toward its close-up position I as indicated in Figures 2A and 2B. The rotation of motor 32 or of lens mount 14 also causes auxiliary pulse generator 35 to have an output that is applied by gate 68 to counter 41 through OR-gate 42.

Eventually, the auxiliary pulse generator 35 applies k(M-N) pulses to counter 41, whose contents will then be the number kM, allowing decoder 43 to reset latch 65 thus disabling gates 66 and 68. The output of decoder 43 also is applied to shutter actuator 69 which operates shutter mechanism 15 allowing exposure to take place. A detector 49, e.g., a switch arrangement, is employed to detect the end of exposure and its output is applied to a one-shot multivibrator 70 which in turn supplies a returnpulse of predetermined length to gate 71, to enable the latter thereby allowing power 44 to be applied to the backward control 72 of the motor. The duration of the pulse produced by multivibrator 70 is sufficiently long for motor 32 to drive the lens mount from position II to position I. In the normal course of events, the lens mount will reach the end of its travel before the return-pulse terminates to de-energize motor 32; and for this reason a slip clutch arrangement (now shown) is incorporated between the motor and the lens mount. As explained below, a jam sensor 74 is effective to shut down the reverse motor drive once the lens movement stops.

In the preferred embodiment, the initial lens mount position is slightly beyond the infinity position, e.g., rotated 10 beyond this point at which subjects at infinity are in focus. Since subjects located at 24 feet or further will be in focus when the lens is set at its hyperfocal distance of 30 feet, once the range pulse duration exceeds a predetermined time (representative of a subject at 24 feet) a signal is in effect substituted for the echo signal to thereby move the lens to its hyperfocal position. This is accomplished by the use of counter 60, since if the latter, whose contents are linearly related to time, reaches a count representative of 24 feet, there is not need to continue range conversion and decoder 62 produces a reset pulse that resets latch 64

The jam sensor 74 may take the form of a timing device, i.e., a conventional clock and counter which will be repeatedly reset by pulses from the auxiliary pulse generator 35.

When lens movement stops and no further pulses are received, the jam sensor 74 counts to completion and emits its jam signal which is applied to both the pulse generator 75 to thereby fill up the counter 41 and thereby stop forward lens drive and to the backward drive control 72 to stop the latter.

For purposes of illustration, the outputs of the decoder 43 and the jam sensor 74 are illustrated as "stop" signals applied to motor controls 67 and 72; however, these signals may be conveniently applied as disable signals to gates 66 and 71 respectively. The jam sensor 74 may be gated into operation by the motor controls 67 and 72 or by gates 66 and 71. In normal operation, forward drive of the lens mount produces pulses which reset the jam sensor. Subsequently, the jam sensor is again reset by the backward drive of the lens mount. If, however, lens movement is not achieved, the jam signal shuts down the system.

As indicated, the motor 32 shown in Figure 4A is preferably a stepper motor.

Consequently, the lens sensing may be eliminated and the motor driven in step with simulated lens pulses. For example, as shown in Figure 14, pulses intended to fill the counter 41 may be provided from either the aforementioned auxiliary pulse generator 35 or a separate generator and fed directly to the motor 32. In this arrangement the trailing edge latch 65 enables the gate 66 to set a forward control circuit 202 and activates a pulse generator 204. The latter feeds pulses to both the motor 32 and the counter 41. When the decoder 43 trips, the gate 66 is disabled and the motor drive stops. Following exposure, the multivibrator 70 enables the gate 71 and again activates the pulse generator 204 to drive the motor in reverse in accordance with reverse control 205.

Another embodiment of an automatic focusing mechanism is illustrated in Figure 5A by reference numeral 38B. Gated pulse generator 80, which operates in the manner described above, responds to a range pulse by producing kN pulses which are accumulated in counter 81. The contents of this counter are thus representative of the axial position of the lens mount for the subject to be in focus. The range pulse is also applied to a trailing edge detector latch 82 which opens (enables) gate 83 at the end of the range pulse allowing power source 84 to be applied to motor 85. This motor drives lens mount 86 from its initial position (i.e., position I as shown in Figure 5B), toward position II. In addition, the motor causes auxiliary pulse generator 87 to produce a train of pulses functionally related to the axial displacement of the lens mount in the manner previously described. The pulses from pulse generator 87 are accumulated in counter 88 whose contents are continuously compared with the contents of counter 81 by means of comparator 89.

When the contents of counters 81 and 88 reach equivalence, i.e., when auxiliary pulse generator 87 has produced kN pulses, the output of comparator 89 resets latch 82 when closing (disabling) gate 83 and deenergizing motor 85. Thus, in the interval T, following the range pulse, the motor will have driven lens mount 86 to an axial position at which the subject will be in focus.

A further embodiment of the focusing mechanism according to the present invention is shown in Figure 6A, and is designated by reference numeral 38C. Mechanism 38C includes a gated pulse generator 80 which produces kN pulses in response to the application of a range pulse. These pulses are applied to up/down counter 90 through OR-gate 91. The direction of counting of counter 90 is determined by the relative levels at terminals 92, 93. The range pulse is applied simultaneously to leading edge detector 94 and trailing edge detector 95 such that a signal is applied to "up" counting terminal 92 coincident with the leading edge of the range pulse, and a signal is applied to "down" terminal 93 by detector 95 coincident with the trailing edge of the range pulse. Thus, the range pulse initially causes the pulses kN derived from generator 80 to be added in counter 90. The range pulse is also applied to the trailing edge latch 96 which is set by the trailing edge of this pulse thus enabling gate 97 and applying power source 98 to motor 99 which moves lens mount 100 from position I as shown in Figure 6B towards position II. As the motor drives the lens mount axially, auxiliary pulse generator 101 produces a train of pulses which are applied to counter 90 through OR-gate 91. However, just before these pulses are applied to the counter, the trailing edge of the range pulse will have caused detector 95 to switch the direction of counting of counter 90, and the pulses produced by generator 101 will be subtracted from the accumulated count in counter 90. Decoder 102 senses when the counter 90 reaches zero and resets latch 96 thereby disenabling gate 97 and removing power from motor 99. Consequently, generator 101 will have produced kN pulses as the lens mount is moved to an axial position at which the subject will be in focus.

Another embodiment of the pulse generator means is shown in Figure 7 and is designated. by reference numeral 18B. In this embodiment, leading edge detector 103 detects the leading edge of the range pulse and opens (enables) gate 104 applying a step function to differentiator circuit 105. The parameters of circuit 105 are selected such that the exponentially decaying output of the circuit closely matches the timederivative of the actual lens/subject funclion. The variable voltage input to voltage controlled oscillator 106 causes the output of this device to produce a train of pulses whose repetition rate varies in accordance with the output of differentiating circuit 105.

The train of pulses produced by oscillator 106 is gated into counter 107 through a gate 108 whose conduction of transmission time is controlled by the range pulse. As a consequence, the number of pulses accumulated in counter 107 will be a measure of the axial position of a lens mount at which a subject will be in focus. Counter 107 could be used with the arrangements shown in Figures SA and 6A, for example, to properly position a lens mount.

Referring now to Figure 8, an arrangement is shown for generating a range signal manually or automatically. This arrangement includes an optical range finder 110 providing an analog input to transducer 111 in response to the manual setting of the optical range finder to a condition at which the subject being photographed is in focus.

The output of transducer 111 converts the range of the subject to a range signal having a characteristic directly proportional to the subject range. The output of transducer 111 is applied to pulse generator means of the type described above through OR-gate 112.

The other input to this OR-gate is an acoustic transducer 113 of the type described above. With this arrangement, the focusing of the lens mount of a camera is mechanized using the circuits described above while providing the flexibility of using either a conventional optical range finder or an acoustic transducer.

In the preferred embodiment of Figure 4A, the conversion from the linear range signal to the nonlinear lens position is accomplished by the scaled clock arrangement prior to lens operation. However, this conversion may be provided in the lens feedback loop as illustrated in Figure 11, wherein a lens mount 158 carries a slotted disc 159 which in conjunction with a light source 36 and a photocell 37 form an auxiliary pulse generator or lens position sensor similar to that described with respect to Figures 2A and 9.

Contrary to the previously described embodiments, the disc 159 is not uniformly slotted but rather includes a plurality of slots 160 which are spaced at progressively decreasing spacing along the disc perimeter to provide a non-linear lens position sensor corresponding to relationship of lens position versus subject distance. Hence, in this embodiment each lens or drive pulse- is equal to a lens displacement required per unit change in subject distance.

In operation, as the lens sleeve 158 is driven from its illustrated terminal position (slightly beyond its infinity position) counter clockwise as viewed in Figure 11, the number of slots passing the light source for each unit angle of revolution continually increases at a rate following the lens/subject curve 50 of Figure 3. The repetition frequency in this case is thus a spatial frequency of the slots around the disc periphery, which becomes a temporal repetition frequency when the lens is driven at uniform speed. This repetition frequency, spatial or temporal, again varies as the time derivative of the function relating N to R but (when the lens starts from its near-forcus position) the number of pulses per unit lens displacement increases from an initially small value, i.e. the amount of lens movement per pulse decreases from an initially large value. A linear range signal to drive pulse arrangement may then be employed with one to one correspondence to the feedback pulses. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4A, the scaled clock 63 would be eliminated and uniformly spaced pulses fed directly to the counter 41 during the ranging operation.

A solenoid controlled lens drive arrangement 166 which is recocked in conjunction with operation of a film processing station 168 is illustrated in Figures 12 and 13. As shown therein, a lens drive disc 170 carries a plurality of slots 172 which form part of a lens position sensor or auxiliary pulse generator as in the preferred embodiment.

The disc 170 is biased in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in Figure 12 by means of a spring (not shown). During processing, as explained below, a de motor 176 also drives the disc (and the lens 14) in a clockwise direction to recock the disc against the bias of the spring. A latch solenoid 180 by means of its latch arm 181 pivotally mounted at 183 captures and holds the disc 170 in its recocked position upon engagement of arm 181 with a stud 182. A rack arrangement 184 carried on the periphery of the disc 170 cooperates with a focus solenoid 186 to stop the lens in the proper focus position as described below in detail with regard to Figure 13. Energization of the focus solenoid 186 rotates its arm 187 around pivot point 189 for disc engagement.

As previously indicated, the lens drive system 166 is operated in conjunction with a processing station 168 such as is often employed in so called "self-developing" cameras. In such cameras, following exposure the film unit is advanced between pressure applying members, for example, rollers 190 and 192 which operate to spread developing fluid across portions of the film material. Preferably one of the rollers 190 is rotated during this operation by the motor 176 through a gear train 194.

Additionally, the lens disc 170 is also driven to its recocked position shown in Figure 12, by means of a second gear train 196; the latter including a clutch 198 which permits continued operation of the motor 176 once the lens mount 14 reaches its terminal position.

Turning now to Figure 13, the operation of the above described solenoid controlled lens drive will be explained with regard to the ranging and scaled counting arrangement of Figure 4A. Assuming that during the range pulse of Figure 4A the counter 41 is partially filled thereby representing the desired lens position, the trailing edge signal (coincided with the echo signal) stops further range counting pulses from entering counter 41 and energizes the latch solenoid 180. This releases the spring driven lens mount 14 such that the disc 170 and the lens mount 14 rapidly spins in a counterclockwise direction which displaces the lens from its terminal position towards a close up focal position. As the lens rotates, the counter 41 is rapidly filled by the auxiliary generator 35. When the counter 41 becomes filled, decoder 43 trips thereby energizing focus solenoid 186; the latter, in turn, engaging and stopping disc rotation so that the system is focused.

As shown, the decoder 43 also initiates shutter operation, however, the latter could be derived from the focus solenoid actuation such as by means of a switch coupled to the arm 187. Once the exposure is completed, an end of exposure detector 49 starts the motor 176 which processes the film and at the same time rewinds the lens assembly to its cocked position.

While the above drive system is illustrated and described as a motor driven device, it lends itself to manually recocking with the latter being provided by manual processing or separately thereof.

Advantageously, the embodiments described above when employed in still (snapshot type) cameras may initiate actuation of the shutter in response to arrival of the lens mount to a position at which the subject is in focus. Since a relatively long period of time generally elapses between each manual input to the range finder, this allows sufficient time for the lens mount to be driven back to a known start position which simplifies the logic since there is no need to remember the last position of the lens mount at which a previous subject had been in focus. By expanding the amount of logic, however, it is possible to incorporate a memory into the circuitry so that the start position of the lens mount for a given focusing operation will be in the just previous position of lens. The availability of a memory of this'type permits the present invention to be expanded as discussed below into use with a movie camera in which the shutter mechanism is operated continuously over a period of time, and the lens mount must be adjusted during this period in the event the subject distance changes.

An automatic focusing mechanism for a movie camera is illustrated in Figure 10A and is designated by reference numeral 120.

In response to the manual setting of trigger 121 of the camera, the movie shutter 122 begins to operate in a conventional manner and continues as long as trigger 121 remains set. When manually reset, trigger 121 halts operation of the shutter. The setting of trigger 121 is applied to keying circuit 123 through OR-gate 124 causing circuit 123 to transmit pulse 126 that is applied to acoustic transponder 125. In response to the application of pulse 126, transponder 125 transmits an interrogation pulse toward a subject being filmed. The echo from the subject is received by transponder 125 and converted to an echo pulse 127 (see Figure 10B) which is applied to trailing edge latch 128, resetting the same a time z following the setting of this latch by the output of leading edge detector 129 which detects the occurrence of pulse 126 produced by keyer 123. As a consequence, latch 128 produces a range pulse, designated by reference numeral -130, which enables gate 131 during the existence of this pulse to gate the output 6f pulse generator means 18 into "current" counter 132. The contents (A2) of counter 132, at the termination of the range pulse, is representative of the position to which movie lens mount 133 should occupy in order for the subject being filmed to be in focus. At this point, the contents (Al) of "previous" counter 134 is representative of the actual position of lens mount 133. When subtractor 135 is operated in response to receive pulse 127, subtractor 135 will subtract the contents of counter 132 from the contents of counter 134 and thereafter contain a number whose magnitude is representative of the distance that the lens mount must move to bring the subject being filmed into focus, and whose sign is indicative of the direction in which the lens mount must be moved. The sign of the contents of subtractor 135 is determined by circuit 136. A negative sign is detected by circuit 137 indicating that the motor should move in one direction; and a positive sign is detected by circuit 138 indicating that the motor should move in the opposite direction. The number in subtractor 135 is also tested by circuit 139 to determine whether the number is zero since the subject may already be in focus. If the number in subtractor 135 is not zero, its absolute value is transferred into register 140 in preparation for the movement of the lens mount 133 by motor 141. Such movement causes the pulses produced by the auxiliary pulse generator 142 to count down the contents of register 140.

If the sign of the number in subtractor 135 is such that latch 143 is set (thereby enabling gate 145) by circuit 138 causing the motor 141 to run backwards as power 144 is applied through gate 145 to the motor, rotation of the motor drives the lens mount toward a position at which the subject being filmed will be in focus. The resetting of latch 143 (thereby disabling gate 145 , when circuit 146 detects the presence of zero in register 140, stops the motor with the lens mount at that point being at a position at which the subject is in focus. The opposite situation occurs if the sign of the number in subtractor 135 is negative.

When the lens mount has reached its proper position, indicated by an output from decoder 146, a "continuation" pulse is produced which is applied to keying circuit 123 through OR-gate 124 causing circuit 123 to produce another transmit pulse, and the cycle described above is repeated, providing that trigger 121 is still set. In addition, the "continuation" pulse also enables transfer gate 147 which is effective to transfer the contents of current counter 132 into previous counter 134.

In the event that the lens mount is already positioned for the subject to be in focus, the number in subtractor 135 will be zero and the circuit 139 will produce a "next" pulse which will be applied to keying circuit 123 which will produce another transmit pulse in response.

Shutter 122 remains operating as long as trigger 121 remains set, and transponder 125 is keyed periodically independently of the operation of the shutter. The rate at which transponder 125 is keyed depends only on the time required to drive the lens mount from one position to the next in synchromism which changes in range of the subject.

Such time is relatively small, and is measured in terms of milliseconds thus ensuring that the subject being photographed will remain in focus during filming.

The cameras described above are also described and claimed in our copending application No. 8006041, (Serial No.

1591340) which is divided from the present application and in which the claims are directed to an automatically focusing camera having a lens movable for focusing an image of a subject on a focal plane, a range finder system for generating a range parameter related to subject distance, and lens-positioning means including driving means operable when energised to move the lens towards a focus position selected in accordance with the range parameter, the camera further comprising sensing means for producing a stop signal if the lens does not move to the selected focus position in response to operation of the driving means, and means responsive to the stop signal for disabling the driving means.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A camera having a lens mount displaceable between a pair of terminal positions, the distance from one terminal position to a lens-mount location at which a subject at range R is in focus being defined as the distance N which is a predetermined function of R, and range-finding means for generating a range signal whose time duration is directly proportional to R, the camera further comprising driving means for displacing the lens mount and means responsive to the duration of the range signal for controlling the amount of the lens-mount displacement; the displacementcontrolling means including: a pulse generator providing a train of pulses which has a repetition frequency varying as the time derivative of at least an approximation of the function relating N to R; and counting means for accumulating pulses received from the pulse generator; the termination of the displacement of the lens mount by the driving means being effected by the displacement-controlling means in accordance with the contents of the counting means.

2. A camera in accordance with claim 1, in which the pulse generator is operative for the duration of the range signal and has a repetition rate which varies during the range signal as the said time derivative.

3. A camera in accordance with claim 2, in which the driving means operates to displace the lens mount by a fixed amount for each pulse received by the counting means.

4. A camera in accordance with claim 1, in which the pulse generator includes means providing pulses in response to movement of the lens mount and in which the repetition frequency which varies as the said time derivative is the number of pulses per unit distance of lens mount displacement.

5. A camera in accordance with claim 4, in which the lens mount in driven by the driving means at a uniform speed.

6. A camera in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rangefinding means operates by propagating at least one pulse of energy at a subject to be photographed and timing the difference between the start of the said propagation and the return of an echo signal from the said subject, the said difference representing the range of the subject.

7. A camera in accordance with claim 6,

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **.

already be in focus. If the number in subtractor 135 is not zero, its absolute value is transferred into register 140 in preparation for the movement of the lens mount 133 by motor 141. Such movement causes the pulses produced by the auxiliary pulse generator 142 to count down the contents of register 140.

If the sign of the number in subtractor 135 is such that latch 143 is set (thereby enabling gate 145) by circuit 138 causing the motor 141 to run backwards as power 144 is applied through gate 145 to the motor, rotation of the motor drives the lens mount toward a position at which the subject being filmed will be in focus. The resetting of latch 143 (thereby disabling gate 145 , when circuit 146 detects the presence of zero in register 140, stops the motor with the lens mount at that point being at a position at which the subject is in focus. The opposite situation occurs if the sign of the number in subtractor 135 is negative.

When the lens mount has reached its proper position, indicated by an output from decoder 146, a "continuation" pulse is produced which is applied to keying circuit 123 through OR-gate 124 causing circuit 123 to produce another transmit pulse, and the cycle described above is repeated, providing that trigger 121 is still set. In addition, the "continuation" pulse also enables transfer gate 147 which is effective to transfer the contents of current counter 132 into previous counter 134.

In the event that the lens mount is already positioned for the subject to be in focus, the number in subtractor 135 will be zero and the circuit 139 will produce a "next" pulse which will be applied to keying circuit 123 which will produce another transmit pulse in response.

Shutter 122 remains operating as long as trigger 121 remains set, and transponder 125 is keyed periodically independently of the operation of the shutter. The rate at which transponder 125 is keyed depends only on the time required to drive the lens mount from one position to the next in synchromism which changes in range of the subject.

Such time is relatively small, and is measured in terms of milliseconds thus ensuring that the subject being photographed will remain in focus during filming.

The cameras described above are also described and claimed in our copending application No. 8006041, (Serial No.

1591340) which is divided from the present application and in which the claims are directed to an automatically focusing camera having a lens movable for focusing an image of a subject on a focal plane, a range finder system for generating a range parameter related to subject distance, and lens-positioning means including driving means operable when energised to move the lens towards a focus position selected in accordance with the range parameter, the camera further comprising sensing means for producing a stop signal if the lens does not move to the selected focus position in response to operation of the driving means, and means responsive to the stop signal for disabling the driving means.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A camera having a lens mount displaceable between a pair of terminal positions, the distance from one terminal position to a lens-mount location at which a subject at range R is in focus being defined as the distance N which is a predetermined function of R, and range-finding means for generating a range signal whose time duration is directly proportional to R, the camera further comprising driving means for displacing the lens mount and means responsive to the duration of the range signal for controlling the amount of the lens-mount displacement; the displacementcontrolling means including: a pulse generator providing a train of pulses which has a repetition frequency varying as the time derivative of at least an approximation of the function relating N to R; and counting means for accumulating pulses received from the pulse generator; the termination of the displacement of the lens mount by the driving means being effected by the displacement-controlling means in accordance with the contents of the counting means.
2. A camera in accordance with claim 1, in which the pulse generator is operative for the duration of the range signal and has a repetition rate which varies during the range signal as the said time derivative.
3. A camera in accordance with claim 2, in which the driving means operates to displace the lens mount by a fixed amount for each pulse received by the counting means.
4. A camera in accordance with claim 1, in which the pulse generator includes means providing pulses in response to movement of the lens mount and in which the repetition frequency which varies as the said time derivative is the number of pulses per unit distance of lens mount displacement.
5. A camera in accordance with claim 4, in which the lens mount in driven by the driving means at a uniform speed.
6. A camera in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rangefinding means operates by propagating at least one pulse of energy at a subject to be photographed and timing the difference between the start of the said propagation and the return of an echo signal from the said subject, the said difference representing the range of the subject.
7. A camera in accordance with claim 6,

wherein the range-finder includes an acoustic transponder for ascertaining the distance to the subject.
8. A camera in accordance with claim 2, or any claim appendant to claim 2, in which the pulse generator with the time variable repetition rate operates in response to the initiation of the said range signal.
9. A camera in accordance with claim 2, or any claim appendant to claim 2, in which the displacement-controlling means includes an auxiliary pulse generator for generating a second train of pulses proportional in number to the displacement of the lens mount, and means responsive to the total of pulses from the auxiliary pulse generator and to the total of pulses from the first-mentioned pulse generator to terminate the displacement of the lens mount by the driving means when the total of the second train of pulses reaches a number so related to the total of the first train of pulses that the lens mount is at the required setting.
10. A camera in accordance with claim 9, in which the driving means is responsive to pulses from the said auxiliary pulse generator and the pulses applied to the driving means are counted to determine when the said relationship is reached.
11. A camera in accordance with claim 9, in which the auxiliary pulse generator generates pulses as a consequence of displacement of the lens mount.
12. A camera in accordance with claim 11, in which the auxiliary pulse generator includes a disc coupled to and rotating with displacement of the lens mount, the disc having apertures or slots to permit the passage of a beam of radiation to a signalgenerating sensor.
13. A camera in accordance with claim 9, wherein the lens mount is initially at a first setting remote from that for which rays from close subjects are focused on to the focal plane of the camera, and in which the output of the auxiliary pulse generator is transmitted to the said counting means to add to the pulses from the first pulse generator, the lens mount being displaced until the total in the said counter reaches a predetermined number representative of the complete range of focusing adjustment of the lens mount.
14. A camera in accordance with claim 9, including an auxiliary counter for accumulating pulses generated by the auxiliary pulse generator, a comparator for comparing the contents of the first-mentioned and auxiliary counters, and means responsive to equality between the contents of the two counters to disable a lens-mount driving means.
15. A camera in accordance with claim 9, wherein the said counter is an up/down counter arranged to count in one direction when the range signal starts, the pulses counted in this direction being the pulses received from the first-mentioned pulse generator, and arranged to count in the opposite direction when the range signal ends, the pulses counted in the said opposite direction being those from the auxiliary pulse generator, and means for detecting when the counter regains its initial state and responsive thereto for disabling the lensmount driving means.
16. A camera in accordance with claim 2, or any claim appendant to claim 2, in which the pulse generator with the timevariable pulse repetition rate is preprogrammed in a series of successive steps, each step having a constant repetition rate different from that of adjoining steps.
17. A camera in accordance with claim 4, in which a disc having peripheral apertures or slots rotates in accordance with the adjustment of the variable focusing means, the slots or apertures permitting the passage of a beam of radiation to a sensor, the distance between successive slots or apertures varying in accordance with the said non-linear function.
18. A camera in accordance with claim 4, or any claim appendant to claim 4 in which the driving means displaces the lens mount in a series of steps between a first terminal position for focusing an image of a close subject at the focal plane and a second terminal position for focusing an image of a distant subject at the focal plane, wherein each step represents a different linear function relating displacement of the lens mount to subject distance, the length of the individual steps progressively increasing as the lens mount moves from its first terminal position to its second terminal position.
19. A camera in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, in which the driving means comprises a stepper motor.
20. A camera in accordance with claim 1, wherein the driving means is a spring.
21. A camera in accordance with claim 1, including means for providing an electric signal indicative of a lens-mount position for a given subject distance, the displacementcontrolling means including an electromagnetic element actuable in response to the said signal to stop the displacement of the lens mount when it is in a position in which the subject is in focus at the focal plane.
22. A camera in accordance with claim 2, or any claim appendant to claim 2, in which the pulse generator comprises a differentiating circuit arranged to receive a signal at the commencement of the range signal and a voltage-controlled oscillator for providing pulses with a repetition rate determined by the output of the differentiating circuit.
23. A camera in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, including means for actuating a shutter mechanism in response to adjustment of the lens mount to a setting in correspondence with the number of pulses in the said train of pulses provided by the pulse generator.
24. A camera in accordance with claim 23, further including means for detecting the end of film exposure and responsive thereto to return the lens mount to its initial setting.
25. A camera in accordance with claim 1, wherein the range finding means is manually operated to establish the subject range prior to the generation of the said range signal.
26. A camera in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, further comprising means for periodically causing the range finding means to generate a range signal.
27. A camera in accordance with claim 26, including means for periodically actuating the shutter mechanism independently of the operation of the range-finding means.
28. A camera in accordance with claim 26, including means responsive to the end of a preceding range pulse to key again the range finding means.
29. A camera in accordance with claim 26, 27, or 28, further including means indicative of the position of the lens mount prior to its displacement in response to current range signal, the said means including a second counter whose content is representative of the said previous position of the lens mount, the displacement-control means including means for determining the difference in content between the first and second counters.
30. A camera in accordance with claim 29, including means for transferring the contents of the said first counter to the said second counter following initial operation of the difference-determining means, whereby the contents of the said second counter become representative of the position to which the lens mount is moved in response to the current range determination.
31. A camera, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.