GB1587839A

GB1587839A - Medical electrode

Info

Publication number: GB1587839A
Application number: GB38072/77A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1977-09-13
Filing date: 1977-09-13
Publication date: 1981-04-08

Description

(54) MEDICAL ELECTRODE (71) I, ALAN CHARLES HYMES, a citizen of the United States of America, of 3828 Wilmatt Hill Road, Hopkins, Minnesota 55343, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: Medical electrodes have in the past taken many shapes and forms. Principally, they have been shaped according to the use for which they are intended. Electrodes used in monitoring apparatus, such as EKG and EEG machines, commonly have small round contact surfaces while electrodes used in such stimulation apparatus as pain control tend to be larger and have most often rectangularly or other conveniently shaped contact surfaces.

Whether intended for monitoring or stimulation use, a design objective for each electrode group has been, and continues to be, good electrical signal transmission between a patient's skin surface and the electrical wiring connected to a particular piece of apparatus. Not only is efficient signal transmission across the epidurum-conductor interface desirable, but so is effective signal transmission which is free of current concentration points or "hot spots".

Prior art electrodes offer combination structures including a metallic or otherwise electrically conductive support member to which an electrical wire from an associated apparatus may be attached. Some electrodes teach the incorporation of an electrode paste or gel applied directly to the conductive support member to enhance conductivity across the skin-electrode interface.

Other electrodes teach the additional incorporation of an open cellular skin interface pad secured to a conductive support member. This pad, as shown in United States Patent No.

3,817,252, is very often a sponge material and functions to hold or contain an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution enhances conductivity across the skin-pad interface.

Alternatively, this interface pad can be saturated with electrode pastes or gels which will not run or evaporate as readily as electrolyte solutions.

None of these prior art electrodes offers a structure which will maintain constant, efficient and effective electrical transmission for long periods of time without the need for additional electrode paste, gel or solution. Moreover, with these electrodes there is a tendency for the electrolyte film to separate and/or to flow to a non-uniform thickness.

Under these conditions, sections of the conductive support member could be exposed to the skin. Local hot spots will result which can cause discomfort to the patient if not causing burns to the patient's skin.

These prior art electrodes must be secured to the surface of a patient's skin with medical tape or other securing mediums. Very often an electrode secured in this manner will pull away from skin creating a partial or total interruption in signal transmission.

More recent improvements in the electrode art include composite electrodes using electroconductive tape as the skin interfacing medium. This tape has a film of pressure sensitive adhesive for engaging the skin surface. In these electrodes, the adhesive has been doped with a quantity of electrical conductive particles such as carbon powder as disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,911,906 in order to provide an electrical path to the skin. This doping can create non-uniform electrical transmission through the adhesive. Moreover, in the presence of large quantities of skin moisture, these adhesives lose their ability to adhere to the skin surface, thus pulling away and drastically changing the electrical characteristics of the electrode.

The present invention now provides electrodes which at least obviate the disadvantages of the prior art electrodes referred to above.

Accordingly, the invention in one aspect provides an electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and -a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin, said substrate being composed of.a homogenous material which has adhesive properties for securing the electrode to the skin, is stifficiently pliant for conforming the shape of the electrode to the body contours, is sufficiently firm for preventing separation of the substrate and contact of the backing member to the skin, which is uniformly conductive for providing a homogenous conducting surface to the skin and at least 21% by weight of which consists of a poly-saccharide gum. The gum preferably has a molecular weight of at least 500,000.

Material particularly suitable as the homogenous material comprises from 30 to 70% of the polysaccharide gum, from 30% to 70% of an alcohol, at least 1% of a humectant and at least 0.02% of an electrolytic salt.

In a second aspect the invention provides an electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: a conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin, said substrate comprising a sheet of homogeneous material comprising approximately from 30% to 70% of a natural polysaccharide gum, approximately from 30% to 70% of an alcohol, at'least 1% of a humectant and at least 0.02% of an electrolytic salt, all the amounts being by weight.

In a third aspect the invention provides an electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a skin-interfacing substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member, said substrate comprising a homogeneous sheet of material having electrical conduction, adhesive, elastic and plastic properties for adhering to the patient's skin and establishing uniform electrical conduction through-out the contact area with the skin, said material including a'humectant, an electrolyte, an alcohol, and a natural polysaccharide gum said gum comprising at least 21% by weight of said material.

In a' fourth aspect the invention provides an electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin. said substrate being composed of a homogeneous material which is adhesive to human skin to provide substantially uniform electrical conduction throughout the area of contact of the substrate with the skin and at least 21% by weight of the homogeneous material consists of a poly-saccharide gum.

There is now described, by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings a stimulation-electrode and a monitoring electrode, which are preferred embodiments of the invention. In the drawings: Figure la shows a perspective view of stimulation electrode; Figure ib shows a plan view of the electrode of Figure la; Figure 2a shows a perspective view of a monitoring electrode; and Figure 2b shows a plan view of the electrode of Figure 2a.

Medical electrodes are intended for usage as efficient and effective signal transmission mediums between a patient's skin and an electro-medical apparatus. Primary to their operation is a uniform conductivity through the electrode itself and a uniform conductivity across the electrode-skin interface. Uniform conductivity through an electrode is most often interrupted by a non-uniformity in' electrode material; uniform conductivity across the electrode-skin interface is most often interrupted by a separation of some or all of the electrode interfacing material in contact with a patient's skin.

The electrode at hand is intended to have adhesive properties for maintaining contact with the skin as well as possessing a certain amount of elasticity for movement with the skin in addition to a uniform configuration for contact with the skin and the passage of uniform current densities to the skin. This electrode is intended to be easily handled and to have a long, realistic operating life while being non-irritating to the patient.

A stimulation electrode configuration 11 is shown in Figures la and ib. Included in this configuration 11 is an electrically conductive support and electrical current distribution member 13 which is cut, stamped or otherwise shaped out of a piece of metallic foil. The shape to which this conductive support member 13 is formed will depend upon the particular application in which it is used. Most commonly, as shown in the Figures la and ib, this member 13 is rectangular in shape. The conductive support member 13 shown herein is of aluminum foil 6 mils thick. This foil thickness provides a pliable conductive support member 13 which can easily be pressed to conform to the skin surface of a patient while maintaining sufficient strength to perform the support function. Alternatively; this conductive support and current distribution member 13 may be made of wire mesh, conductive cloth or conductive polymer material. When alternative material is used for this member 13, an appropriate strength and thickness is to be chosen to yield a pliable yet sufficiently strong member 13.

Secured to the outer surface of the support and distribution member 13 is an electrically conductive swaged snap fastener 15. This fastener 15 is utilized as the electrical connector coupling by which electrical wires may be attached to said distribution member 13. The fastener 15 is riveted or otherwise mechanically and electrically attached to said support and distribution member extending perpendicularly from the outer surface of said support and distribution member 13.

Abutting the inner surface of said support and distribution member 13 is an electrically conductive skin-interface substrate 17. This substrate 17 is a layer of material which will be described below.

The substrate 17 is a rectangular sheet of material of uniform thickness of from 1/16 to 1/4 inch which is cut to shape so as to extend beyond each edge of the support and distribution member 13 a distance of about 1/8 inch when the support and distribution member 13 has been centered upon the substrate 17. This will assure that no part of the support member 13 will contact the skin. As will be discussed below, this substrate 17 has adhesive properties, thus, when brought into contact with the support and distribution member 13, intimate contact is maintained with that member 13.

In operation, the electrode 11 is applied with the substrate 17 in direct contact with the skin. The adhesive properties of the substrate 17 eliminate the need for tape or other securing measures to hold the electrode 11 in continuous contact with the skin. As described above, the fastener 15 receives electrical signals from an external apparatus.

These signals are conducted into the support member 13 which in turn directly conducts them into the uniform substrate 17. In this manner, current densities are uniformly distributed over the area of the substrate 17 in contact with the support and distribution member 13 and in turn, uniformly transmitted to the skin surface in contact with the substrate 17.

A monitoring electrode configuration 19 is shown in Figures 2a and 2b. In this configuration 19 as in the stimulation electrode configuration 11, a sheet of aluminum foil or equivalent material forms a conductive support member 21. The size, shape and thickness of this support member 21 may be varied; most commonly, it may be round, of about 1-1 1/2 inches in diameter and about 1-10 mils thick.

A swaged snap fastener 23 is riveted to the center of aluminum foil support member 21.

Abutting the side of the support member 21 opposite the fastener 23 is a uniform sheet of conductive substrate 25. This substrate 25 is centered on the support member 21 being about 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick and of a size to extend about 1/8 inch beyond the edge of the support member 21. The substrate 25 can have identical physical, chemical and electrical properties as the substrate 17 used in the stimulation electrode 11.

In operation, electrical signals present in a patient's body are transmitted across the skin-substrate interface and into the substrate 25 where they are conducted to the support member 21, the fastener 23 and its associated wiring to the monitoring apparatus; respectively.

Primary to the unique structure of the electrodes 11, 19 for eliminating signal artifact, a disruption of the signal profile, is the ability of the substrate 17, 25 to adhere to the skin surface when there is motion between the electrode and the skin. The hydrophilic adhesive properties of the electrode enhance the interface transmission of signals. Motion of the electrode does not produce a feedback artifact as there occurs with the use of pastes and gels. The structure and composition of the substrate 17, 25 material enables it to possess physical, chemical and electrical properties which reduce or eliminate feedback artifact under motion by the electrode.

The substrate 17,25 is a homogeneous colloidal dispersion of a natural organic hydrophilic polysaccharide gum and salts in an alcohol as the continuous phase. The alcohol is conveniently a polyhydric alcohol (i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups), for example glycerol or propylene glycol.

In its principal embodiment, the substrate 17, 25 is a sheet of karaya gum composition as sold commercially by Hollister, Inc., of Chicago, Illinois. The composition is available in prepared sheet form and alternatively, as a powder which must be mixed and cured. The composition contains karaya, glycerin, propylene glycol and other additives in the following proportions: Nominal Amounts of Range of Ingredients Ingredients Karaya gum 40 gm 30 to 60 gm Glycerin 57 gm 30 to 90 gm Propylene Glycol 3 cc 1 to 10 gm Sodium Chloride .07 gm .01 to 1.5 gm Water 3 cc 1 to 10 gm Calcium Chloride .06 gm .01 to 1.5 gm With reference to the table of ingredients referred to above, it will be seen that, where karaya gum is used in an amount of 30 grams and all of the other ingredients are used in the maximum amounts of the ranges referred to, the karaya gum constitutes about 21 percent by weight of the substrate composition, and in all the other compositions covered by the table the proportion of karaya gum is larger.

The product is poured into sheets and heated under pressure to 1750F for a length of time to form sheets of the substrate material.

The karaya composition is hydrophilic. When one of the substrates 17, 25. comprising this composition is applied to the skin, body moisture as well as body salts and heat are absorbed by this composition increasing its tackiness and causing the surface of the material to soften and to tend to go into solution. As a result, the substrate will flow into pores and other irregularities in the skin, creating a mechanical-interlock bond with the skin in addition to the already present adhesive bond. The bonding and elastic properties of the electrode are enhanced as it ages" in contact with the skin.

The flow condition eliminates air spaces between the skin and the substrate-composition to greatly reduce the impedance across the interface which in turn greatly reduces the electrically generated heat normally created at this interface. While the surface portion of the substrate-composition will flow, the greater portion of its mass will remain intact. Thus, the material resists separation or the development of irregular thicknesses. As a result, two heat-and/or burn-producing conditions. i.e., a high resistance across the interface due to an air layer creating high temperatures over the entire interface, and a physical contact of the conductive support member 13. 21 directly with the skin creating a shunt of current to a small area thus generating extreme temperatures in that area. are avoided. The electrical transmission properties of the karaya gum electrode are enhanced as it "ages" in contact with the skin.

A secondary electrical effect is also improved as the electrode ages" Present during the operation of all electrodes is a battery effect created at the skin interface due to the capacitance across this interface. This battery effect causes some current to circle backward toward its source of flow to create eddy currents. This causes a "tingling sensation" in the skin. With this electrode. as water and body salts are absorbed into the electrode substrate, the interface area becomes more innically. i.e., electrically. homogenous thus reducing the battery effect and the resulting "tingling sensation".

The above described karaya composition offers an electrode substrate with favorable properties having a limited life. After continuous use for 2 or 3 days. this karaya composition will break down or dissolve and run or separate much like the electrode pastes and gels it was intended to be an improvement over. The working life of this karaya composition can be extended by reducing body heat at the electrode.

An alternative embodiment offers an alternative karava formulation which offers improved physical properties as well as a longer working life. Similar electrical characteristics are maintained with this alternative karaya formulation.

The alternative karava formulation includes karaya powder in a glycerin suspension as well as particles of silicone rubber in the suspension. This alternative formulation provides an alternative composition containing a glycerin solution, powdered natural karaya gum within the working range of ingredients described above as well as the additional additive.

Silastic (Trademark of Dow Corning). according to the following proportions by weight: glycerin solution-82 grams: karava powder-l()() grams:-Silastic-7 grams. Silastic is a commercially available silicone rubber from Dow Corning. This alternative karaya formulation has a karaya content of more than 21 per cent by weight. The glycerin solution contains sodium chloride, propylene glycol and glycerol according to the following proportions: sodium chloride-9 grams; propylene glycol-18 cc; glycerol-1000 cc.

To prepare this alternative compound (composition), the solution and powders are mixed at room temperature and/or heated to 750C to cause the mixture to solidify into a pliable or plastic mass. This plastic mass is then rolled into sheets of desired size and thickness and allowed to cool or alternatively poured into molds and then placed under pressure and heat until excess moisture is driven off and then cooled. The amount of heat applied to the mixture will depend upon the batch size being cured. Care should be taken to obtain a product mass which resists flow. This can be done by maintaining heat for longer periods of time.

The silicone rubber additive reduces the flow characteristics and increases the tensile strength of the colloidal dispersion as well as increasing its melting point or resistance to flow under heat, as compared to the original karaya compound without silicone rubber.

The alternative karaya compound embodiment may be directly used in place of the original karaya compound. It has similar electrical impedance properties as well as a number of similar chemical physical properties. More specifically, an electrode combination comprising a sheet of this alternative karaya compound as the skin-interface substrate will adhere to the skin, and ply as the skin moves similarly to the original karaya compound.

It has less impedance to electrical signals but has slightly less affinity for the moisture and salts from the skin. As moisture is absorbed, however, it will dissolve and flow into skin irregularities. This alternative compound will not dissolve as readily in the presence of water nor will it flow or break down as readily with the application of heat as the original karaya compound. Thus, this silicone enhanced compound has held up from one to two days longer than the original karaya formulation under similar operating conditions.

Karaya gum, being a natural organic polysaccharide, will support microbe growth. It is important to add an anti-microbial material to each compound to inhibit bacteria growth.

Equally important, the substrate compound should be non-reactive with the patient's skin.

Efforts should be directed to maintain a proper pH and to add only hypo-allergenic compounds to the mixture. The compound can be subjected to a heavy dosage of gamma radiation.

Variations may be made in the electrode. For example, an open cell sponge or similar material may be impregnated with the karaya compound. This sponge could be used to act as a support structure for shaping the karaya compound sheet for a particular use.

For other applications, the electrical fastener 15 and the method of making an electrical connection to the electrode could be changed. Instead of the fastener 15, a wire could be attached to the support member 13 in a "pig-tail" arrangement for mating an electrical cable away from the electrode structure itself. This pig-tail connection to the electrode would permit connecting the electrode without the possibility of disturbing its position on the skin.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member: electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode: and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin. said substrate being composed of a homogenous material which has adhesive properties for securing the electrode to the skin, sufficiently pliant for conforming the shape of the electrode to the body contours, is sufficiently firm for preventing separation of the substrate and contact of the backing member to the skin, which is uniformly conductive for providing a homogeneous conducting surface to the skin and at least 21C/c by weight of which consists of a polysaccharide gum.

2. An electrode according to Claim 1, wherein said gum has a molecular weight of at least 50().()()().

3. An electrode according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said polysaccharide gum comprises karaya gum.

4. An electrode according to claim 1. 2 or 3. wherein said substrate material includes a sufficient proportion of an alcohol to provide plasticity to said substrate.

5. An electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said substrate extends beyond the edges of said backing and current distribution member further to prevent direct contact between said backing and distribution member and the patient's skin.

6. An electrode according to claim 5. wherein said substrate extends beyond the edges of said backing and distribution member for a distance of approximately 1/8 inch.

7. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising:

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. commercially available silicone rubber from Dow Corning. This alternative karaya formulation has a karaya content of more than 21 per cent by weight. The glycerin solution contains sodium chloride, propylene glycol and glycerol according to the following proportions: sodium chloride-9 grams; propylene glycol-18 cc; glycerol-1000 cc. To prepare this alternative compound (composition), the solution and powders are mixed at room temperature and/or heated to 750C to cause the mixture to solidify into a pliable or plastic mass. This plastic mass is then rolled into sheets of desired size and thickness and allowed to cool or alternatively poured into molds and then placed under pressure and heat until excess moisture is driven off and then cooled. The amount of heat applied to the mixture will depend upon the batch size being cured. Care should be taken to obtain a product mass which resists flow. This can be done by maintaining heat for longer periods of time. The silicone rubber additive reduces the flow characteristics and increases the tensile strength of the colloidal dispersion as well as increasing its melting point or resistance to flow under heat, as compared to the original karaya compound without silicone rubber. The alternative karaya compound embodiment may be directly used in place of the original karaya compound. It has similar electrical impedance properties as well as a number of similar chemical physical properties. More specifically, an electrode combination comprising a sheet of this alternative karaya compound as the skin-interface substrate will adhere to the skin, and ply as the skin moves similarly to the original karaya compound. It has less impedance to electrical signals but has slightly less affinity for the moisture and salts from the skin. As moisture is absorbed, however, it will dissolve and flow into skin irregularities. This alternative compound will not dissolve as readily in the presence of water nor will it flow or break down as readily with the application of heat as the original karaya compound. Thus, this silicone enhanced compound has held up from one to two days longer than the original karaya formulation under similar operating conditions. Karaya gum, being a natural organic polysaccharide, will support microbe growth. It is important to add an anti-microbial material to each compound to inhibit bacteria growth. Equally important, the substrate compound should be non-reactive with the patient's skin. Efforts should be directed to maintain a proper pH and to add only hypo-allergenic compounds to the mixture. The compound can be subjected to a heavy dosage of gamma radiation. Variations may be made in the electrode. For example, an open cell sponge or similar material may be impregnated with the karaya compound. This sponge could be used to act as a support structure for shaping the karaya compound sheet for a particular use. For other applications, the electrical fastener 15 and the method of making an electrical connection to the electrode could be changed. Instead of the fastener 15, a wire could be attached to the support member 13 in a "pig-tail" arrangement for mating an electrical cable away from the electrode structure itself. This pig-tail connection to the electrode would permit connecting the electrode without the possibility of disturbing its position on the skin. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member: electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode: and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin. said substrate being composed of a homogenous material which has adhesive properties for securing the electrode to the skin, sufficiently pliant for conforming the shape of the electrode to the body contours, is sufficiently firm for preventing separation of the substrate and contact of the backing member to the skin, which is uniformly conductive for providing a homogeneous conducting surface to the skin and at least 21C/c by weight of which consists of a polysaccharide gum.

an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a skin-interfacing substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member, said substrate comprising a homogenous sheet of material having electrical conduction, adhesive, elastic and plastic properties for adhering to the patient's skin and establishing uniform electrical conduction throughout the contact area with the skin, said material including a humectant, an electrolyte, an alcohol, and a natural poly-saccharide gum said gum comprising at least 21% by weight of said material.

8. An electrode according to claim 7, wherein said sheet includes a sufficient proportion of said natural poly-saccharide gum to provide said adhesive and elastic properties, and a sufficient proportion of said alcohol to provide said property of plasticity.

9. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: a conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin, said substrate comprising a sheet of homogenous material comprising approximately from 30% to 70% of a natural polysaccharide gum, approximately from 30% to 70% of an alcohol, at least 1% of a humectant and at least 0.02% of an electrolytic salt, all the amounts being by weight.

10. An electrode according to claim 9, wherein said natural polysaccharide gum has a molecular weight over 500,000 and has hydrophilic characteristics for making a conductive colloidal suspension in said alcohol.

11. An electrode according to claim 9 or 10, wherein said alcohol includes propylene glycol, said humectant includes glycerin and wherein said electrolytic salt includes a metal halogen salt.

12. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, substantially as described herein and substantially as described herein and substantially as shown in Figures la and 1b of the accompanying drawings.

13. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, substantially as described herein and substantially as shown in Figures 2a and 2b of the accompanying drawings.

14. An electrode for establishing electrical connection to a patient's skin, comprising: an electrically conductive backing and current distribution member; electrical terminal means attached to said member for permitting connection to the electrode; and a substrate attached to said backing and current distribution member for interfacing with the patient's skin, said substrate being composed of a homogenous material which is adhesive to human skin to provide substantially uniform electrical conduction throughout the area of contact of the substrate with the skin and at least 21% by weight of the homogeneous material consists of a polysaccharide gum.