GB1574984A - Laser powder metallurgy - Google Patents

Laser powder metallurgy Download PDF

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Publication number
GB1574984A
GB1574984A GB25988/77A GB2598877A GB1574984A GB 1574984 A GB1574984 A GB 1574984A GB 25988/77 A GB25988/77 A GB 25988/77A GB 2598877 A GB2598877 A GB 2598877A GB 1574984 A GB1574984 A GB 1574984A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
deposited
substrate
metal
powder
surface coating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB25988/77A
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UK Atomic Energy Authority
Original Assignee
UK Atomic Energy Authority
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UK Atomic Energy Authority filed Critical UK Atomic Energy Authority
Priority to GB25988/77A priority Critical patent/GB1574984A/en
Publication of GB1574984A publication Critical patent/GB1574984A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
    • B23K26/144—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing particles, e.g. powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B23K35/286—Al as the principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3033—Ni as the principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3046—Co as the principal constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
    • C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Description

(54) IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO LASER POWDER METALLURGY (71) We, UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY, LONDON, a British Authority, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a method of depositing a surface coating upon a metal substrate According to the present invention there is provided a method of depositing a surface coating upon a metal substrate, comprising the operations of applying to the metal substrate a continuous flow of powdered material to be deposited to form the surface coating, locally heating the substrate material by means of a laser to a temperature such that the powdered material fuses and bonds to the substrate, and effecting relative movement between the substrate and the region of deposition and heating of the powdered material.
Preferably the material to be deposited is such as to interact with the substrate metal.
For example, it can be a metal, or a mixture of metals such as to form an alloy with the substrate metal. Suitable metals for use with ferrous substrates are aluminium, chromium, molybdenum or nickel; also hard-facing alloys such as those known as stellites can be used, as can refractory carbides.
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, in which, Figures la and ib illustrate diagrammatically an apparatus for carrying out the invention, and Figure 2 is an illustration of the variation in hardness of a section of a poppet valve which has been treated according to the invention.
Referring to Figures la and ib, a poppet valve 1 a seating region 2 of which is to be coated with a hard facing alloy, such as that known as Stellite (Registered Trade Mark) is mounted in a holder (not shown) in such a manner that the valve 1 can be rotated about its longitudinal axis so as to continuously present an approximately horizontal portion of the seating region 2 of the valve 1 to an outlet 3 from a hopper 4 for the material to be deposited in a powder form 5. The outlet 3 from the hopper 4 has a nozzle which is shaped to suit the deposition pattern required. An adjustable restriction 7 is included to enable the rate of flow of powder 5 through the outlet 3 to be varied. The hopper 4 is arranged to be vibrated by a mechanism, not shown, to ensure that the powder 5 flows through the outlet 3 at a constant rate. A flexible bellows 7 is included to accommodate the movement of the hopper 4 without moving the outlet 3 and nozzle 6. A mirror 9 is arranged to bring a beam of radiation 10 from a carbon dioxide laser, not shown, to a focus 11 on the seating 2 of the valve 1 at a position at which it will be coated with the powder 5. The mirror 9 is arranged to be oscillated to cause the focused beam of radiation 10 to scan across the seating region 2 of the valve 1 to cause the powder 5 to fuse into a hard surface coating 12 which is bonded to the seating region 2 of the valve 1.
The characteristics of the oscillation of the hopper 4 are also chosen to match the desired geometry of the deposited layer 12.
Figure 2 represents a section of a poppet valve 1 with a seating region 2 of about 26 mm diameter and 3 mm width upon which a hard coating 12 of Stellite 'F' (Registered Trade Mark) was deposited by the method above described at a rate of 0.4 gm.5 through an elliptical nozzle 6 having major and minor axes of 3 and 2 mm, and fused by means of a laser beam having an incident power level of some 4.5 kW focused to a spot size of about 1 mm in diameter and vibrated across the seating region 2 at a frequency of about 30 Hz with an amplitude of 3 mm. As can be seen from the curve which shows the variation in hardness of the valve material across the seating region 2 and deposited layer 12, the deposited layer 12 has formed an alloy with the material of the valve 1 at its interface, which renders it substantially integral with the body of the valve 1, and so unlikely to become dislodged in use.
The arrangement described and illustrated has the advantageous features that: (a) Gravity assists in holding the powder where it is required.
(b) The distribution of the powder, and hence the geometry of the deposited layer can be controlled by suitable shaping of the nozzle 6.
(c) The use of a laser as the heat source avoids disturbances of the rate of powder flow such as can arise if alternative heat sources such as flames or plasma jets are used to fuse the deposited powder.
(d) The highly localised nature of the heat source reduces the unnecessary heating of the substrate and enables the geometry of the deposited layer to be controlled readily.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:- 1. A method of depositing a surface coating upon a metal substrate, comprising the operations of applying to the metal substrate a continuous flow of powdered material to be deposited to form the surface coating, locally heating the substrate material by means of a laser to a temperature such that the powdered material fuses and bonds to the substrate, and effecting relative movement between the substrate and the region of deposition' and heating of the powdered material.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the material to be deposited is such as to interact with the substrate metal.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the material is a metal or a mixture of metals such as to form an alloy with the substrate metal.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the substrate metal is ferrous in nature and the material deposited is aluminium, chromium, molybdenum or nickel.
5. A method according to claim 2 wherein the material to be deposited is a refractory carbide containing material.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the material to be deposited is an alloy the major constituents of which are cobalt, chromium and tungsten.
7. An apparatus for carrying out a method according to claim 1 comprising a reservoir for a material to be deposited in a powdered form an outlet for delivering the material to be deposited to a point at which it is to be deposited at a controlled rate, means for bringing a laser beam to a focus at the said point, means for vibrating the reservoir to cause the powder to flow smoothly and means for moving the substrate relative to the outlet.
8. A method of depositing a surface coating from a metal substrate substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification.
9. An apparatus for carrying out a method according to claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (9)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. layer 12 has formed an alloy with the material of the valve 1 at its interface, which renders it substantially integral with the body of the valve 1, and so unlikely to become dislodged in use. The arrangement described and illustrated has the advantageous features that: (a) Gravity assists in holding the powder where it is required. (b) The distribution of the powder, and hence the geometry of the deposited layer can be controlled by suitable shaping of the nozzle 6. (c) The use of a laser as the heat source avoids disturbances of the rate of powder flow such as can arise if alternative heat sources such as flames or plasma jets are used to fuse the deposited powder. (d) The highly localised nature of the heat source reduces the unnecessary heating of the substrate and enables the geometry of the deposited layer to be controlled readily. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:-
1. A method of depositing a surface coating upon a metal substrate, comprising the operations of applying to the metal substrate a continuous flow of powdered material to be deposited to form the surface coating, locally heating the substrate material by means of a laser to a temperature such that the powdered material fuses and bonds to the substrate, and effecting relative movement between the substrate and the region of deposition' and heating of the powdered material.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the material to be deposited is such as to interact with the substrate metal.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the material is a metal or a mixture of metals such as to form an alloy with the substrate metal.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the substrate metal is ferrous in nature and the material deposited is aluminium, chromium, molybdenum or nickel.
5. A method according to claim 2 wherein the material to be deposited is a refractory carbide containing material.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the material to be deposited is an alloy the major constituents of which are cobalt, chromium and tungsten.
7. An apparatus for carrying out a method according to claim 1 comprising a reservoir for a material to be deposited in a powdered form an outlet for delivering the material to be deposited to a point at which it is to be deposited at a controlled rate, means for bringing a laser beam to a focus at the said point, means for vibrating the reservoir to cause the powder to flow smoothly and means for moving the substrate relative to the outlet.
8. A method of depositing a surface coating from a metal substrate substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification.
9. An apparatus for carrying out a method according to claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification.
GB25988/77A 1978-05-15 1978-05-15 Laser powder metallurgy Expired GB1574984A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB25988/77A GB1574984A (en) 1978-05-15 1978-05-15 Laser powder metallurgy

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB25988/77A GB1574984A (en) 1978-05-15 1978-05-15 Laser powder metallurgy

Publications (1)

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GB1574984A true GB1574984A (en) 1980-09-17

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2169318A (en) * 1985-01-04 1986-07-09 Rolls Royce Metal surface hardening by carbide formation
DE3808285A1 (en) * 1988-03-12 1989-09-21 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Process for producing hard and wear-resistant surface layers
FR2688803A1 (en) * 1992-03-23 1993-09-24 Europ Gas Turbines Sa METHOD FOR COATING AN INSERTION OF A NICKEL ALLOY PIECE BY LASER
GB2285633A (en) * 1994-01-11 1995-07-19 Anjum Tauqir Synthesis of tungsten carbide composite surface on steel substrates
WO2002095089A2 (en) * 2001-05-18 2002-11-28 Daimlerchrysler Ag Method for the formation of a high-strength and wear-resistant composite layer
CN102451974A (en) * 2010-10-26 2012-05-16 沈阳大陆激光技术有限公司 Manufacturing method of valve rod of coal liquefaction throttle valve

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2169318A (en) * 1985-01-04 1986-07-09 Rolls Royce Metal surface hardening by carbide formation
FR2575763A1 (en) * 1985-01-04 1986-07-11 Rolls Royce HARDENING OF A METAL SURFACE BY FORMING CARBIDE
US4698237A (en) * 1985-01-04 1987-10-06 Rolls-Royce Plc Metal surface hardening by carbide formation
DE3808285A1 (en) * 1988-03-12 1989-09-21 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Process for producing hard and wear-resistant surface layers
FR2688803A1 (en) * 1992-03-23 1993-09-24 Europ Gas Turbines Sa METHOD FOR COATING AN INSERTION OF A NICKEL ALLOY PIECE BY LASER
EP0562920A1 (en) * 1992-03-23 1993-09-29 European Gas Turbines Sa Process for coating the notch of a nickel substrate with laser
US5372861A (en) * 1992-03-23 1994-12-13 European Gas Turbines Sa Method of using a laser to coat a notch in a piece made of nickel alloy
GB2285633A (en) * 1994-01-11 1995-07-19 Anjum Tauqir Synthesis of tungsten carbide composite surface on steel substrates
GB2285633B (en) * 1994-01-11 1997-07-23 Anjum Tauqir Energy beams synthesize metal-carbide composite surfaces on mild steel substrates
WO2002095089A2 (en) * 2001-05-18 2002-11-28 Daimlerchrysler Ag Method for the formation of a high-strength and wear-resistant composite layer
WO2002095089A3 (en) * 2001-05-18 2003-11-06 Daimler Chrysler Ag Method for the formation of a high-strength and wear-resistant composite layer
US7235144B2 (en) 2001-05-18 2007-06-26 Daimlerchrysler Ag Method for the formation of a high-strength and wear-resistant composite layer
CN102451974A (en) * 2010-10-26 2012-05-16 沈阳大陆激光技术有限公司 Manufacturing method of valve rod of coal liquefaction throttle valve

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PS Patent sealed
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19950515