GB1566370A - Vessels having two spaced wall plates eg for optical display devices - Google Patents
Vessels having two spaced wall plates eg for optical display devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1566370A GB1566370A GB22227/78A GB2222778A GB1566370A GB 1566370 A GB1566370 A GB 1566370A GB 22227/78 A GB22227/78 A GB 22227/78A GB 2222778 A GB2222778 A GB 2222778A GB 1566370 A GB1566370 A GB 1566370A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- vessel
- frame
- plates
- dams
- glass solder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- XNMARPWJSQWVGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-[11-[[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]sulfonylamino]undecanoylamino]propoxy]-4-[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbonyl)amino]benzoic acid Chemical compound CC1(C)CCC(C)(C)C=2C1=CC(C(=O)NC=1C=C(C(=CC=1)C(O)=O)OCCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCNS(=O)(=O)C1=C3C=CC=C(C3=CC=C1)N(C)C)=CC=2 XNMARPWJSQWVGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/133351—Manufacturing of individual cells out of a plurality of cells, e.g. by dicing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1339—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G12—INSTRUMENT DETAILS
- G12B—CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF INSTRUMENTS, OR COMPARABLE DETAILS OF OTHER APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G12B9/00—Housing or supporting of instruments or other apparatus
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Description
(54) VESSELS HAVING TWO SPACED WALL PLATES
E.G. FOR OPTICAL DISPLAY DEVICES
(71) We, SIEMENS AKTIENGESELL
SHAFT, a German Company, of Berlin and
Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:
The present invention relates to vessels, and to methods for their manufacture.
In many cases, for example in optoelectronic displays, it is essential that two adpacent wall plates should possess a very small, yet precisely defined distance from one another. For example, the two carrier plates of a liquid crystal (FC) display operat mg with the field effect should not deviate by more then + 2 microns from the theoretical value of about 10 microns because otherwise important characteristics such as threshold voltage and switching time would fluctuate too greatly. The requirements are even more stringent in the case of matrixaddressed bistability effect FC displays which require a threshold field strength which is extremely constant over the entire representation area. In such a case, spacing accuracies of fractions of a micron are necessary.
In order to solve this problem, whose difficulty is not to be underestimated, a number of different techniques have been proposed and tested. These include spacing elements in the form of foils, masks, wires, glass solder columns and hard glass particles distributed over the plate surface or embedded in a sealing frame. However, only in a few cases has it been possible to adopt this process for mass production, since the overall production cost was generally still too high. The spacing technique employed in
German Patent No. 23 44 050 ("laser crater") which in itself provides an extremely accurate plate spacing and does not require the use of any alien material, has not previously been used owing to difficulties in production technology.
Consequently, most FC display manufacturers continue to attempt to establish plate spacing solely by means of a glass solder frame which serves to form a sealed chamber for the liquid crystal substance (see
Tobias "International Handbook of Liquid
Crystal Displays" Ovum Ltd., 1975, section 7.3.1.). In order that the frame can acquire the desired thickness, the temperatures, period of influence and compression pressure must be kept within close limits during the fusion of the two plates. If the fusion is carried out before the vessels are separated one from another, a further difficulty arises: if even only one of the two substrates is uneven or twisted, it is not possible to achieve a determinate electrode spacing even when the thermo-process is carried out extremely carefully.
An object of the present invention is to provide a vessel having precisely spaced wall plates which can be mass-produced relatively cheaply and easily.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a vessel comprising two wall plates maintained at a distance of less than 100 microns from one another by means of at least one ridge formed on either of said plates by local heating thereof and having the form of an elongate dam, the or each ridge being disposed adjacent a wall plate edge in a position such that one flank thereof forms part of the surface of that edge.
In one embodiment, said wall plates have a rectangular base surface, and two said ridges are provided and located at mutually opposite edges of the base surface.
Said ridges may be located at longer edges of said base surface.
The or each plate ridge may be arranged adjacent a respective glass solder frame and adjoin the outer side of the frame.
An optical display device may comprise a vessel according to said one aspect of the invention, wherein said wall plates are parallel to one another, are of glass and each have on their respective surfaces facing towards one another a conductive coating, said glass solder frame being provided with a filling opening.
Preferably, in such a device the base surface of the rear plate is smaller than that of the front plate, the rear plate carries two said ridges respectively on the two longitudinal sides of its base surface, and the opening of the glass solder frame is arranged on a narrow side of the rear plate base surface.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a vessel according to said one aspect or a display device including such a vessel, in which method a plurality of double dams consisting of two individual dams separated from one another by a trench are formed by laser irradiation on a strip-shaped substrate at predetermined intervals extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the substrate, and the substrate is divided up along the trenches, a wall plate being applied to each wall-plate thus formed to produce a said vessel.
Preferably, the division along said trenches is carried out by scoring and breaking or by sawing.
Said irradiation may be carried out with a
CO2 laser.
Expediently, to manufacture a said display device, two strip-shaped substrates are provided with the conductive coatings for forming a plurality of rear plates and front plates said double dams are formed in the rear plate substrate, glass solder frames are pressed onto the rear plate substrate, each inner dam directly adjoining a respective glass solder frame, and then, following preliminary fusion of the glass solder frames, the two glass substrates are fused to one another under pressure, the dams serving as stop means, then a liquid crystal substance is introduced into the individual frame openings and the frame openings are closed, and finally the structure obtained in this way is divided into individual vessels.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect. reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawing in which components corresponding to one another have been provided with like references, and in which:
Figure I illustrates schematically a lateral sectional view of a vessel; and
Figure 2 is a schematic lateral sectional view of part of an assembly from which the vessel of Figure 1 is separated in a later production step.
Those details of the described embodiment which are not essential for understanding of the invention, such as electrical supply lines, have been omitted from the drawing for the sake of clarity.
Figure 1 shows a vessel forming a onedigit digital liquid crystal display device operating as a so-called "twist cell". This cell contains a front linear polariser 1, a front carrier plate 2, a rear carrier plate 3 and a rear linear polariser 4 which is crossed relative to front polariser 1.
The two carrier plates 2 and 3 each possess a rectangular base surface, and the base surface of the rear plate is somewhat narrower than that of the front plate. Both plates are provided on their surfaces facing towards one another with a conductive coating forming a continuous rear electrode 6 and a segmented front electrode 7, and with an insulating layer 8 or 9. Between the plates is interposed a circular glass solder frame 11 having an opening which is not shown. The frame opening serves to allow the chamber formed by frame and plates to be filled with a liquid crystal substance 12 and is closed off in a finished cell. Reference may be made to the German Offenlegungschrift No. 21 58 563 for further production and operation details.
The carrier plates of the cell are spaced from one another by two ridges in the form of dams 13. These dams 13 extend along the transverse sides of rear plate 3. They are sufficiently close to the plate edge to enable their outer flanks to form part of the plate end faces, referenced 14 in Figure 1. In the present example, the height of each dam 13 amounts to 10 microns i 2 microns.
The vessel can be produced particularly easily as follows: Firstly two strip-shaped glass substrates, the width of which corresponds to the length of the transverse sides of displays to be produced, are provided respectively with a pattern forming a plurality of front electrodes and a pattern forming a plurality of rear electrodes, arranged next to one another. (See Figure 2). The substrates are then each coated with an electrically insulating layer. Then double dams 13, 15 are produced at suitable intervals transversely to the directon of the strip in the glass substrate from which the rear plates are to be separated later. These double dams each consist of an inner dam 13 and an outer dam 15 which are parallel to one another and of a trench 16 which extends between the two dams and along which the thickness of the substrate is reduced. The double dams are formed by the irradiation with a pulsed or continuous-wave CO2laser. The height of the dams is dependent upon the laser power per unit path length, upon the position of the focal point of the laser relative to the substrate, and upon the modulation of the beam at right angles to the dam axis. In a further production step, glass solder frames are pressed onto the rear plate substrate. The frames are designed to be such that their longitudinal sides directly adjoin the relevant inner dams 13. This prevents the thixotropic glass solder material from passing outwards during compression of the assembly. Following the preliminary glazing of the frame, the two glass substrates are fused to one another at a higher compression pressure than is usually the case, the dams serving as stop means.
Thereafter the united substrates are divided into individual displays along the trenches 16. The division can be carried out by (diamond) scoring and breaking or by sawing (the saw cuts are shown by broken-line areas 17 in Figure 2). Cut-off components 18 accumulate on the rear plate substrate.
Although particular advantages are gained in those cases in which the two vessel plates are sealed by an interposed (glass solder) frame, the method is also effective for producing a vessel to an industrial standard where the vessel has two plates having an extremely small desired mutual spacing. Within the scope of the invention an expert has a wide choice in the manner in which the local heating is carried out and in respect of the plate material used. Glass may be used, but it is also possible to use ceramic or synthetics. However, if the heating is carried out with a laser, the plate material must be such that it absorbs the laser radiation to a sufficient extent.
The dams of the vessel are favourably shaped and arranged (large bearing and with edge position) and simplify other steps of the vessel production. By the formation of the dams, trenches are automatically formed along which the wall plates can be separated without the normally required preliminary sawing and without the danger of unintended cracks and jagged edges. If the vessel is also to be hermetically sealed with a frame between the two plates, further advantages are gained: the dam delimits the outer dimension of the frame and thus prevents the initially flowing frame material from reaching the theoretical boundary line during the frame manufacture where it can harden and impede separation. Furthermore, there is a greater freedom in the selection of temperature parameters and compression pressure for the joining of the two plates.Relatively high pressures can be used so that substrates having less flat inner surfaces can also be employed. In respect of the spacing accuracy, the vessel described is as accurate as a vessel produced by the laser crater technique of the prior art.
As previously explained, vessel can be used in the field of opto-electronic displays, and is especially applicable to liquid crystal displays or gas discharge displays.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS
1. A vessel comprising two wall plates maintained at a distance of less than 100 microns from one another by means of at least one ridge formed on either of said plates by local heating thereof and having the form of an elongate dam, the or each ridge being disposed adjacent a wall plate edge in a position such that one flank thereof forms part of the surface of that edge.
2. A vessel as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said wall plates have a rectangular base surface, and two said ridges are provided and located at mutually opposite edges of the base surface.
3. A vessel according to Claim 2 wherein said ridges are located at longer edges of said base surface.
4. A vessel as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the or each plate ridge is arranged adjacent a respective glass solder frame, and adjoins the outer side of the frame.
5. A vessel substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
6. An optical display device comprising a vessel as claimed in Claim 4 or 5 wherein said wall plates are parallel to one another, are of glass and each have on their respective surfaces facing towards one another a conductive coating, said glass solder frame being provided with a filling opening.
7. A device according to Claim 6 when appended to Claim 3 wherein the base surface of the rear plate is smaller than that of the front plate, the rear plate carries two said ridges respectively on the two longitudinal sides of its base surface, and the opening of the glass solder frame is arranged on a narrow side of the rear plate base surface.
8. A method of manufacturing a vessel according to any one of Claims 1 to 5 or a device according to Claim 6 or 7 in which method, to form a plurality of wall plates a plurality of double dams consisting of two individual dams separated from one another by a trench are formed by laser irradiation on a strip-shaped substrate at predetermined intervals extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the substrate, the substrate is divided up along the trenches, a wall plate being applied to each wall-plate thus formed to produce a said vessel.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the division along said trenches is carried out by scoring and breaking or by sawing.
10. A method according to Claim 8 or 9 wherein said irradiation is carried out with a
COo laser.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 8, 9 or 10 for the manufacture of an optical
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (12)
1. A vessel comprising two wall plates maintained at a distance of less than 100 microns from one another by means of at least one ridge formed on either of said plates by local heating thereof and having the form of an elongate dam, the or each ridge being disposed adjacent a wall plate edge in a position such that one flank thereof forms part of the surface of that edge.
2. A vessel as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said wall plates have a rectangular base surface, and two said ridges are provided and located at mutually opposite edges of the base surface.
3. A vessel according to Claim 2 wherein said ridges are located at longer edges of said base surface.
4. A vessel as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the or each plate ridge is arranged adjacent a respective glass solder frame, and adjoins the outer side of the frame.
5. A vessel substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
6. An optical display device comprising a vessel as claimed in Claim 4 or 5 wherein said wall plates are parallel to one another, are of glass and each have on their respective surfaces facing towards one another a conductive coating, said glass solder frame being provided with a filling opening.
7. A device according to Claim 6 when appended to Claim 3 wherein the base surface of the rear plate is smaller than that of the front plate, the rear plate carries two said ridges respectively on the two longitudinal sides of its base surface, and the opening of the glass solder frame is arranged on a narrow side of the rear plate base surface.
8. A method of manufacturing a vessel according to any one of Claims 1 to 5 or a device according to Claim 6 or 7 in which method, to form a plurality of wall plates a plurality of double dams consisting of two individual dams separated from one another by a trench are formed by laser irradiation on a strip-shaped substrate at predetermined intervals extending transversely to the longitudinal axis of the substrate, the substrate is divided up along the trenches, a wall plate being applied to each wall-plate thus formed to produce a said vessel.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the division along said trenches is carried out by scoring and breaking or by sawing.
10. A method according to Claim 8 or 9 wherein said irradiation is carried out with a
COo laser.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 8, 9 or 10 for the manufacture of an optical
display device as claimed in Claim 6 or 7, wherein two strip-shaped substrates are provided with the conductive coatings for forming a plurality of rear plates and front plates, said double dams are formed in the rear plate substrate, glass solder frames are pressed onto the rear plate substrate, each inner dam directly adjoining a respective glass solder frame, and then, following preliminary fusion of the glass solder frames, the two glass substrates are fused to one another under pressure, the dams serving as stop means, then a liquid crystal substance is introduced into the individual frame openings and the frame openings are closed, and finally the structure obtained in this way is divided into individual vessels.
12. A method of manufacturing a vessel according to Claim 8 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2737732A DE2737732C3 (en) | 1977-08-22 | 1977-08-22 | Method for producing a vessel used in particular for an optical display device and a vessel produced therefrom |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1566370A true GB1566370A (en) | 1980-04-30 |
Family
ID=6016973
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB22227/78A Expired GB1566370A (en) | 1977-08-22 | 1978-05-25 | Vessels having two spaced wall plates eg for optical display devices |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5443757A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT359568B (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2737732C3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2401403A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1566370A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1098171B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2217905A (en) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-11-01 | Ac Dc Holdings Limited | Discharge lamps |
| US4988916A (en) * | 1988-04-22 | 1991-01-29 | Thorn Emi Plc | Discharge arc lamp |
| WO2006059309A2 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Alexey Khoroshev | Vertically supporting computer device |
| WO2006059307A2 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Alexey Khoroshev | Additional screen |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56156024U (en) * | 1980-04-22 | 1981-11-20 | ||
| JPS5968745U (en) * | 1982-10-30 | 1984-05-10 | コニカ株式会社 | Meandering prevention device for roll-shaped recording media |
| JPS60248549A (en) * | 1984-05-22 | 1985-12-09 | Shinkawa Ltd | Ribbon piece feeder |
| JP2938933B2 (en) * | 1990-05-24 | 1999-08-25 | ポリマテック株式会社 | Display board integral molding method |
-
1977
- 1977-08-22 DE DE2737732A patent/DE2737732C3/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-05-25 GB GB22227/78A patent/GB1566370A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-08-07 AT AT573478A patent/AT359568B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-08-18 FR FR7824157A patent/FR2401403A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1978-08-21 IT IT26870/78A patent/IT1098171B/en active
- 1978-08-21 JP JP10171678A patent/JPS5443757A/en active Pending
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2217905A (en) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-11-01 | Ac Dc Holdings Limited | Discharge lamps |
| US4988916A (en) * | 1988-04-22 | 1991-01-29 | Thorn Emi Plc | Discharge arc lamp |
| WO2006059309A2 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Alexey Khoroshev | Vertically supporting computer device |
| WO2006059307A2 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Alexey Khoroshev | Additional screen |
| WO2006059307A3 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-08-31 | Alexey Khoroshev | Additional screen |
| WO2006059309A3 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-09-08 | Alexey Khoroshev | Vertically supporting computer device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2737732C3 (en) | 1980-07-10 |
| ATA573478A (en) | 1980-04-15 |
| DE2737732B2 (en) | 1979-10-04 |
| IT7826870A0 (en) | 1978-08-21 |
| AT359568B (en) | 1980-11-25 |
| FR2401403A1 (en) | 1979-03-23 |
| DE2737732A1 (en) | 1979-03-08 |
| JPS5443757A (en) | 1979-04-06 |
| IT1098171B (en) | 1985-09-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |