GB1468928A - Ultrafiltration apparatus and process for the treatment of liquids - Google Patents
Ultrafiltration apparatus and process for the treatment of liquidsInfo
- Publication number
- GB1468928A GB1468928A GB2052474A GB2052474A GB1468928A GB 1468928 A GB1468928 A GB 1468928A GB 2052474 A GB2052474 A GB 2052474A GB 2052474 A GB2052474 A GB 2052474A GB 1468928 A GB1468928 A GB 1468928A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- tubes
- tube
- microns
- coating
- outlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 abstract 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 108010058846 Ovalbumin Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005862 Whey Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004458 spent grain Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
- A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
- A23C9/1425—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration by ultrafiltration, microfiltration or diafiltration of whey, e.g. treatment of the UF permeate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/06—Tubular membrane modules
- B01D63/062—Tubular membrane modules with membranes on a surface of a support tube
- B01D63/063—Tubular membrane modules with membranes on a surface of a support tube on the inner surface thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/02—Inorganic material
- B01D71/024—Oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/0283—Pore size
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
1468928 Ultrafiltration UNION CARBIDE CORP 9 May 1974 [10 May 1973] 20524/ 74 Headings B1D and B1X An ultrafiltration unit 10 comprises a housing enclosing parallel porous tubes 32 which separate an inlet space having inlet 26 and outlet 30 from a filtrate outlet space with an outlet 28, tubes 32 being made of carbon, alumina or aluminosilicate having pores in the 0.1 to 2.0 micron dia. range which add up to a pore volume of at least 12%, the upstream surfaces of the tubes having a metal oxide coating 0.01 to 10 microns thick and comprising aggregated particles less than 5 microns into the tube walls. Preferably at least 50% of pores have diameters between 0.10 and 0.50 microns. As shown filtration is outwards through the tube walls, but inward flow filtration is possible. Various metal oxides (e.g. alumina and zirconia) are listed for the coating, which may comprise a first layer of particles 0.1 to 1 microns dia. and a top layer of particles below 0.1 microns. The coating is applied to the tubes by circulating an acidified aqueous suspension of coating material therethrough, and remains thereon even when tubes are washed and steam sterilised. Figs. 3 to 6 (not shown) illustrate alternative ways of connecting the tubes to tube plates 34, 36. Fig. 3 involves metal O-rings clamped around the ends of tube 32 by a second plate (48) and cap (50). In Figs. 4 to 6 rubber gaskets enclose the tube and are retained in recessed portions of the tube plate apertures, 25 to 1000 tubes may be located in one PVC or stainless steel housing. Tubes may be of various cross-sections including star-shaped and triangular. The unit may operate in series or parallel with other units or alone in a circuit illustrated in Fig. 1 (not shown) wherein feed liquid is recycled to pass repeatedly from inlet 26 to outlet 30 and thereby becomes concentrated in suspended solids, dissolved large molecules or oil which cannot penetrate the tube coating. The axial flow through the tubes is at turbulent velocity to prevent accumulation of solids thereon. Particular applications include removing oil and dirt from aqueous detergent solutions to enable their reuse in car washes, laundries or washing machine metal parts, separating polyvinyl alcohol from textile sizing solutions, recovering paint from wash water following electro-painting, concentrating spent grain liquors in brewing, clarifying vinegar, recovering protein molecules from cheese whey, clarifying sea water prior to desalination by reverse osmosis, purifying paper mill waste and concentrating bovine animal blood serum, egg albumin and enzymes.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US35894373A | 1973-05-10 | 1973-05-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1468928A true GB1468928A (en) | 1977-03-30 |
Family
ID=23411667
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2052474A Expired GB1468928A (en) | 1973-05-10 | 1974-05-09 | Ultrafiltration apparatus and process for the treatment of liquids |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS548471B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT342084B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE814799A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1067416A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE7416409U (en) |
| DK (1) | DK144084C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2228518B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1468928A (en) |
| IE (1) | IE40234B1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL44796A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1014152B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU70031A1 (en) |
| NL (2) | NL179546B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO138509C (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2117267A (en) * | 1982-02-24 | 1983-10-12 | John Gilmour Manuel | Ultrafiltration of fermentation effluent |
| GB2163452A (en) * | 1984-06-01 | 1986-02-26 | Norton Co | Method and apparatus for contacting reactants in chemical and biological reactions |
| GB2176715A (en) * | 1985-06-27 | 1987-01-07 | Apv Int Ltd | Beer filtration |
| EP0257877A1 (en) * | 1986-08-22 | 1988-03-02 | British Nuclear Fuels PLC | Liquid treatment apparatus |
| GB2201355A (en) * | 1987-02-26 | 1988-09-01 | Asea Atom Ab | A porous membrane |
| US4774002A (en) * | 1985-10-10 | 1988-09-27 | British Nuclear Fuels Public Limited Company | Liquid treatment such as dewatering of sludge |
| GB2223690A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1990-04-18 | Roger Stanley White | Filter tubes |
| EP1424906A1 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2004-06-09 | Henry B. Kopf | Method and apparatus for separation of milk, colostrum, and whey |
| EP1928585A2 (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2008-06-11 | Streamline Capital, Inc. | Improved microfitration devices |
| ITMN20130004A1 (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-16 | Euro Mec S R L | PLANT AND PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF POLI VINIL ALCOOL FROM THE WASHING BATHROOM IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY. |
Families Citing this family (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS548472B2 (en) * | 1974-06-20 | 1979-04-16 | ||
| DE2527853B2 (en) * | 1975-06-23 | 1981-04-09 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Process for improving the water balance in the phosphating of metals |
| DE2613052B2 (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1981-07-23 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Implantable carbon electrode |
| DE2613072B2 (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1981-07-16 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Implantable electrode |
| US4078112A (en) * | 1976-07-12 | 1978-03-07 | Union Carbide Corporation | Coating modification process for ultrafiltration systems |
| FR2408378A1 (en) * | 1977-11-09 | 1979-06-08 | Polaroid Corp | Filtering solid-liq. dispersions, esp. photographic dyes - using a porous tubular filter and maintaining dispersion at a specified flux rate |
| DE2801018A1 (en) * | 1978-01-11 | 1979-07-19 | Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen | HIGH PRESSURE ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM |
| DE2808022C3 (en) * | 1978-02-24 | 1982-02-04 | Heinrich Frings Gmbh & Co Kg, 5300 Bonn | Device for the continuous ultrafiltration of a liquid |
| DE3040631A1 (en) * | 1980-10-29 | 1982-05-27 | Merck Patent Gmbh, 6100 Darmstadt | METHOD FOR SEPARATING METAL CATALYSTS AND USE OF MEMBRANE SEPARATING DEVICES |
| FR2525913B1 (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1987-02-27 | Ceraver | |
| JPS59206059A (en) * | 1983-05-09 | 1984-11-21 | Kuraray Co Ltd | Process and apparatus for washing fine particle |
| FR2548167A1 (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1985-01-04 | Meridional Oenologie Centre | Process and device for the treatment of aqueous liquids, industrial and agri-foodstuff effluents, for the production of sterile or drinking water and their reuse or recycling |
| FR2552419B1 (en) * | 1983-09-23 | 1985-12-13 | Framatome Sa | METHOD FOR ULTRAFILTRATION OF THE COOLING WATER OF A NUCLEAR PRESSURE WATER REACTOR AND CORRESPONDING ULTRRAFILTRATION DEVICE |
| FR2566282B1 (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1989-07-28 | Ceraver | DEVICE FOR ASSEMBLING A TUBULAR FILTERING ELEMENT IN AN ENCLOSURE |
| JPS61238304A (en) * | 1985-04-17 | 1986-10-23 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | Ceramic filter and its preparation |
| FR2582536B1 (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1987-08-21 | Framatome Sa | DEVICE FOR ULTRAFILTRATION OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE PRESSURE LIQUID |
| FR2582956B1 (en) * | 1985-06-10 | 1987-07-31 | Lorraine Carbone | MINERAL MEMBRANE SUPPORT FOR SEPARATE TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF |
| FR2584272B1 (en) * | 1985-07-03 | 1990-03-30 | Soy | PROCESS FOR TREATING AQUEOUS SOYBEAN EXTRACTS |
| FR2587629B1 (en) * | 1985-09-25 | 1993-07-16 | Raffinage Cie Francaise | PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF FINE CATALYST PARTICLES FROM A HYDROCARBON CHARGE, BY FILTRATION THROUGH MINERAL BARRIERS AND FILTRATION LOOP |
| FR2628749B1 (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1993-10-22 | Cgee Alsthom | PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF POLLUTED WATER EMULSIONS OR MICROEMULSIONS |
| ES2034291T3 (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1993-04-01 | Societe Des Ceramiques Techniques | PROCEDURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF EMULSIONS OR MICROEMULSIONS OF OIL IN CONTAMINATED WATER. |
| FR2658092B1 (en) * | 1990-02-13 | 1992-05-15 | Atochem | PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF POLYORGANOPHOSPHAZENE SOLUTIONS BY MEMBRANES. |
| FR3036628B1 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2019-12-20 | Technologies Avancees Et Membranes Industrielles | MONOBLOCK COLUMN STRUCTURE FOR SEPARATING A FLUID MEDIUM |
-
0
- NL NLAANVRAGE7406269,A patent/NL179546C/en active
-
1974
- 1974-04-23 CA CA198,443A patent/CA1067416A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-05-08 DK DK252174A patent/DK144084C/en active
- 1974-05-09 IE IE985/74A patent/IE40234B1/en unknown
- 1974-05-09 GB GB2052474A patent/GB1468928A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-05-09 FR FR7416045A patent/FR2228518B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-05-09 NO NO741681A patent/NO138509C/en unknown
- 1974-05-09 IL IL44796A patent/IL44796A/en unknown
- 1974-05-09 JP JP5078274A patent/JPS548471B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-05-09 BE BE144137A patent/BE814799A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-05-09 NL NLAANVRAGE7406269,A patent/NL179546B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-05-09 IT IT68468/74A patent/IT1014152B/en active
- 1974-05-09 LU LU70031A patent/LU70031A1/xx unknown
- 1974-05-10 DE DE19747416409U patent/DE7416409U/en not_active Expired
- 1974-05-10 AT AT390474A patent/AT342084B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-05-10 DE DE19742422777 patent/DE2422777B2/en active Granted
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2117267A (en) * | 1982-02-24 | 1983-10-12 | John Gilmour Manuel | Ultrafiltration of fermentation effluent |
| GB2163452A (en) * | 1984-06-01 | 1986-02-26 | Norton Co | Method and apparatus for contacting reactants in chemical and biological reactions |
| US4603109A (en) * | 1984-06-01 | 1986-07-29 | Norton Company | Method and apparatus for contacting reactants in chemical and biological reactions |
| GB2176715A (en) * | 1985-06-27 | 1987-01-07 | Apv Int Ltd | Beer filtration |
| US4774002A (en) * | 1985-10-10 | 1988-09-27 | British Nuclear Fuels Public Limited Company | Liquid treatment such as dewatering of sludge |
| EP0257877A1 (en) * | 1986-08-22 | 1988-03-02 | British Nuclear Fuels PLC | Liquid treatment apparatus |
| US4832841A (en) * | 1986-08-22 | 1989-05-23 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Liquid treatment apparatus |
| GB2201355A (en) * | 1987-02-26 | 1988-09-01 | Asea Atom Ab | A porous membrane |
| GB2223690A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1990-04-18 | Roger Stanley White | Filter tubes |
| GB2223690B (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1991-05-01 | Roger Stanley White | Filtration systems |
| EP1424906A1 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2004-06-09 | Henry B. Kopf | Method and apparatus for separation of milk, colostrum, and whey |
| EP1424906A4 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2006-06-07 | Ncsrt Inc | Method and apparatus for separation of milk, colostrum, and whey |
| EP1928585A2 (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2008-06-11 | Streamline Capital, Inc. | Improved microfitration devices |
| EP1928585A4 (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2010-04-14 | Streamline Capital Inc | Improved microfitration devices |
| US8007671B2 (en) | 2005-08-15 | 2011-08-30 | Streamline Capital, Inc. | Microfiltration devices |
| ITMN20130004A1 (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-16 | Euro Mec S R L | PLANT AND PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF POLI VINIL ALCOOL FROM THE WASHING BATHROOM IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY. |
| WO2014170924A1 (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-23 | EURO MEC S.r.I. | Plant and procedure for the recovery of polyvinyl alcohol from the washing bath in the textile industry |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IL44796A0 (en) | 1974-07-31 |
| IT1014152B (en) | 1977-04-20 |
| DE7416409U (en) | 1977-12-08 |
| FR2228518B1 (en) | 1983-10-07 |
| NL179546C (en) | |
| LU70031A1 (en) | 1974-11-28 |
| NL179546B (en) | 1986-05-01 |
| ATA390474A (en) | 1977-07-15 |
| BE814799A (en) | 1974-11-12 |
| NO138509B (en) | 1978-06-12 |
| JPS5015788A (en) | 1975-02-19 |
| DE2422777A1 (en) | 1974-11-21 |
| NO741681L (en) | 1974-11-12 |
| IL44796A (en) | 1976-08-31 |
| IE40234B1 (en) | 1979-04-11 |
| AU6784274A (en) | 1975-10-16 |
| DK144084B (en) | 1981-12-07 |
| FR2228518A1 (en) | 1974-12-06 |
| CA1067416A (en) | 1979-12-04 |
| IE40234L (en) | 1974-11-10 |
| DE2422777B2 (en) | 1976-08-19 |
| NO138509C (en) | 1978-09-20 |
| JPS548471B2 (en) | 1979-04-16 |
| AT342084B (en) | 1978-03-10 |
| NL7406269A (en) | 1974-11-12 |
| DK144084C (en) | 1982-05-17 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
| 732 | Registration of transactions, instruments or events in the register (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19920509 |