FR3021927A3 - CUSTOMIZABLE LIGHTING DEVICE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE - Google Patents

Abstract

The external lighting device (1) for a motor vehicle comprises a lighting module (2), a cladding module (3) comprising a first mounting interface (4) for mounting said cladding module (3) on a body of the motor vehicle and a second mounting interface (5) in which is inserted the lighting module (2), and an ice (6) mounted on the dressing module (3) so as to be crossed by a light generated by the lighting module (2) when in an ignition configuration.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the field of automobiles and more particularly to exterior lighting in the automotive field.

The invention more particularly relates to external lighting device of a motor vehicle. State of the art The automobile industry is characterized by a model called "Fordism" built on very large volumes of standardized parts, mostly stamped with significant investments. Price pressure, the steady increase in minimum regulatory technological content, and the progressive industrialization of new countries are adding pressure to the model. In addition, the evolution of the automotive markets towards an increasingly fine segmentation with a constant increase in the types of bodywork / products (and therefore a reduction in the volumes per product) as well as the increasing trend of the personalization of the vehicles also contribute to make the economic equation more and more difficult for car manufacturers.

The way in which today's automotive industry operates can be summed up by a polarization between two very different worlds: - the universe of products with very large volumes and at an affordable price, exclusively built on self-supporting crates of stamped sheet metal - small to very small volume products that open up to other means of manufacture with much higher selling prices as high-end / premium or for specific / professional use.

The goal is to explore new methods of manufacturing / assembling at least a portion of the vehicle to allow for stronger customer view customization at an acceptable cost / sales price level (see reducing the diversity of non-personalized part to improve its economic performance).

On current vehicle models, lights, especially rear lights, are a real signature especially in shape and light for which consumers are very sensitive. In this sense, there is a need to improve the possibilities of personalization of a motor vehicle, especially in terms of its external lighting. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to propose a solution making it possible to personalize a motor vehicle, especially at the level of an external lighting device. One tends towards this goal in particular thanks to an external lighting device for a motor vehicle comprising a lighting module, a dressing module comprising a first mounting interface for mounting said cladding module on a body of the motor vehicle and a second mounting interface in which the lighting module is inserted, and a mirror mounted on the trim module so as to be traversed by a light generated by the lighting module when it is in a configuration of ignition. Preferably, the mounting of the ice on the cladding module is provided by a reversible mounting system, including at least one stud and its nut. Preferably, in an assembled configuration of the cladding module with the ice, each bolt comprises a first threaded portion screwed onto the ice, a second section passing through the cladding module and cooperating with the corresponding nut bearing against the clutch module. dressing, preferably the stud comprises a bearing head from which extend the first and second sections, said bearing head being in contact on the one hand with the ice and on the other hand with the dressing module . The device may further comprise a sealing element, in particular a sealing foam, placed between the covering module and the ice so as to protect the lighting module from water, in particular water from the water. rain. For example, said cladding module comprises at least one outer surface flanking all or part of a lighting face of said lighting module.

Preferably, the sealing element comprises a first closed loop-shaped surface bearing against the cladding module and a second closed loop-shaped surface bearing against the ice. In addition, the glass may comprise a first indexing element 5 cooperating with a second indexing element belonging to the cladding module so as to ensure a suitable positioning of the ice relative to the cladding module. In particular, the cladding module may comprise a first guiding element configured to cooperate with a second guiding element belonging to the lighting module when it is inserted into said cladding module. The device may also include a fixing member locking the assembly of the lighting module with said dressing module. According to one embodiment, the cladding module comprises at least one first positioning element, in particular a finger, configured so as to cooperate with at least one second positioning element, in particular an opening of complementary shape to the finger, belonging to the body of the motor vehicle during its assembly to said box. The device may further comprise a fixing system of said device to the body of the motor vehicle. For example, fastening system comprises a hole, formed in the dressing module or the lighting module, comprising a first thread, and a rod of which a section comprises a second thread so as to allow the screwing of the rod into the hole, said rod comprising an abutment intended to bear against the periphery of an opening formed in the body of the motor vehicle after all or part of the second thread has passed through said opening. In particular, the assembly formed by the lighting module, the cladding module and the mirror is reversible, and the disassembly of the lighting module is authorized only after disassembly of the ice compared to the cladding module .

The invention also relates to a kit for a motor vehicle for forming a lighting device as described, and comprising several dressing modules each adopting different shapes and / or colors, at least one ice capable of being mounted on at least one of the cladding modules and a lighting module configured to be inserted indifferently in each of the cladding modules. The invention also relates to a method of customizing a motor vehicle with a device as described comprising the following steps, preferably carried out successively: - providing a lighting module and choosing a dressing module, in particular among a plurality of separate cladding modules for mounting said lighting module to the cladding module; - mounting the lighting module by inserting the latter into the cladding module so as to form said device; the ice on the dressing module, in particular with the interposition of the sealing element. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other advantages and features will become more clearly apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention given by way of nonlimiting example and represented in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a lighting device; Fig. 2 is a view of Fig. 1 seen from another angle; Fig. 3 is an exploded view of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a view; of a motor vehicle equipped with a device of the type of that of Figure 1, - Figure 5 illustrates a stud used to assemble a trim module with an ice, - Figure 6 illustrates in a section of the device of the Figure 1 the interaction of the stud of Figure 5 with the ice and the dressing module.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention differs from the prior art notably in that it proposes a cladding module to be inserted between the body of a motor vehicle and a lighting module in order to customize the outline of the lighting module. In addition, an ice cream is mounted on the dressing module.

In this sense, as illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, the external lighting device 1 for a motor vehicle comprises a lighting module 2 and a cladding module 3. The cladding module 3 comprises a first mounting interface 4 (Figure 2) for mounting said cladding module 3 on a body of the motor vehicle and a second mounting interface 5 (Figure 3) in which is inserted the lighting module 2. In addition, the device comprises an ice 6 mounted on the cladding module 3 so as to be traversed by a light generated by the lighting module 2 when in an ignition configuration. It is then understood that the role of the mirror 6 is to protect the lighting module 2. As a result of what has been said above, the cladding module 3 has a cavity 7 (FIG. Lighting module 2. It is in this cavity 7, forming at least partly the second mounting interface 5, the lighting module 2 is inserted. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the body 8 of the motor vehicle is a structural element defining the general shape of the motor vehicle on which, in particular, the body 9 is mounted, giving the external visual appearance of a part of the motor vehicle. The lighting device 1 is mounted on the body 8, particularly in the rear part when it is a rear light of a motor vehicle. Preferably, said cladding module 3 comprises at least one outer surface 10 (FIG. 3) flanking all or part of a lighting face 11 of said lighting module 2. Preferably, the lighting face 11 is entirely framed by the outer surface 10 which extends in particular from said lighting face 11. In fact, the outer surface 10 is considered as a personalization surface visible from outside the motor vehicle by an observer if the ice cream 6 is completely transparent. The outer surface 10 therefore participates, for example in shape or in color, in the identity of the motor vehicle. It is then understood that the mirror 6 described above is preferentially transparent to the light coming from the lighting module 2, and makes it possible to visualize from the outside at least a portion of the cladding module 3 (in particular a portion of the surface 10) that it covers. The lighting module 2 is generally in the form of a housing provided with the illumination face 11 and housing a light source (for example lamps or LEDs), electronics (in particular control of the illumination) as well as optics for amplifying the emitted light signal. The illumination face 11 is transparent so as to be traversed by the light generated before it passes through the lens 6 as described above. In order to allow an easy and ergonomic personalization of the motor vehicle, the assembly of the cladding module 3 on the box 8 and / or the mounting of the window 6 on the cladding module 3 and / or the mounting of the lighting module 2 on the cladding module 3 is reversible.

In other words, it is possible to change for a given vehicle the cladding module 3 and / or the ice 6 and / or the lighting module 2. In this sense, it has resulted in a need to develop systems for mounting and the ergonomic dismantling of the various main parts forming the lighting device 1.

In other words, the mounting of the window 6 on the cladding module 3 is preferably provided by a reversible mounting system, in particular at least one stud 12 and its nut 13. By "reversible mounting system" is meant here a system allowing an assembled configuration of the window 6 on the covering module 3 and the disassembly of the window 6 with respect to the covering module 3. According to a particular embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3, 5 and 6, in an assembled configuration of the cladding module 3 with the ice-cream 6 (the ice-cream 6 then comprises an insert 14 adapted), each bolt 12 comprises a first threaded section 12a screwed onto the ice-cream 6 (in particular in the corresponding insert 14), a second section 12b through the cladding module 3 and cooperating with the nut 13 corresponding bearing against the cladding module 3 (here the nut 13 is preferably screwed on the second section 12b). This facilitates assembly / disassembly while limiting the number of parts to be handled by a user. Preferably, the stud 12 comprises a bearing head 12c from which extend the first and second sections 12a, 12b, said support head 12c being in contact on the one hand with the lens 6 and on the other hand with the cladding module 3 (it is understood that the first and second sections 12a, 12b extend in opposite directions from two opposite bearing faces of the support head 12c). This support head 12c then serves as a stop ensuring a suitable positioning of the window 6 with respect to the covering module 3. Concerning the mounting of the lighting module 2 with the covering module 3, the lighting device 1 preferably comprises a fastener 15 (FIGS. 2 and 3) locking the assembly of the lighting module 2 with said covering module 3. In particular, the fixing member 15 is a screw screwed into the lighting module 2 and whose head is supported on a face of the cladding module 3 opposite the face by which the lighting module 2 is inserted into the cladding module 3 (it is then understood that the threaded rod of the screw passes through the trim module 3 before being screwed into the lighting module). It is then understood that the actuation of the fixing member 15 makes it possible to selectively authorize the assembly or the dismantling of the lighting module 2 with the covering module 3. According to one particular example, the covering module 3, the lighting module 2 and the window 6 are arranged in such a way that the disassembly of the lighting module 2 is only authorized after disassembly of the window 6 10 with respect to the covering module 3. This makes it possible to limit theft of expensive components constituting the lighting module 2. In other words, the assembly formed by the lighting module 2, the cladding module 3 and the window 6 is reversible / dismountable, and the disassembly of the module. lighting 2 is only allowed after disassembly of the window 6 with respect to the covering module 3. Furthermore, preferably to prevent theft, disassembly of the window 6 is only allowed from inside the vehicle , or after disassembly of the cladding module 3 with respect to the box 8 (preferably said disassembly of the casing module 3 with respect to the box 8 is allowed without breaking of the lighting device 1 that from inside the motor vehicle). More generally, the lighting device 1 may comprise a fastening system 16 of said device to the body 8 of the motor vehicle. In particular, the fastening system 16 comprises a hole, formed in the cladding module 3 or the lighting module 2, comprising a first thread, and a rod 17 whose one section comprises a second thread so as to allow the screwing the rod 17 into the hole. Said rod 17 comprises a stop intended to abut against the periphery of an opening formed in the body 8 of the motor vehicle after all or part of the second thread has passed through said opening. Thus, once assembled to the box 8, the lighting device 1 is such that a portion of the box 8 is interposed between the stop and the covering module 3. In the case where the rod 17 is screwed to the lighting module 2, it is clear that the cladding module 3 also comprises a hole through which said rod 17 passes. This hole of the cladding module 3 can be threaded or not, if it is threaded then the rod is at both aimed at the lighting module 2 and at the covering module 3. In addition, the fastening system 16 may comprise a head 18 operable from inside the box 8. The actuation of the head 18 enables then facilitate the assembly / disassembly of the lighting device 1 to the box 8 of the motor vehicle. It will be understood that the rod 17 may be associated with a butterfly nut 18 facilitating gripping. It thus becomes very easy to customize a motor vehicle at the level of its lighting (front or rear) through a mounting / dismounting facilitated by the lighting device object of the invention. Described above are systems for mounting / disassembling the lighting device 1. For the sake of facilitating the assembly / disassembly on a production line or after sales as part of a repair or a customization, the lighting device 1 may include guide systems for conditioning the positioning of the constituent parts relative to each other during assembly. In this sense, the lens 6 may comprise a first indexing element 19 cooperating with a second indexing element 20 belonging to the covering module 3 so as to ensure a suitable positioning of the lens 6 with respect to the dressing module. 3. As shown in Figure 2; the first and second members 19, 20 may be formed by a male member and a corresponding female member. In the same way, the covering module 3 may comprise a first guide element 21 configured to cooperate with a second guide element 22 belonging to the lighting module 2 when it is inserted into said dressing module 3. As in FIG. 2, the first guiding element 21 may adopt the shape of a hole, in particular a hole in particular formed in the bottom of the cavity 7 of the cladding module 3 shaped so as to house the lighting module 2 and the second guide member 22 may assume the shape of a complementary shape finger to the hole and passing through said hole in the assembled configuration. Preferably, as illustrated in Figure 2, the cladding module 3 comprises two first guide elements 21 and two second guide elements 22 associated. It has been described the cooperation of a finger with a hole, but it is also possible that the first guiding element takes the form of a groove, respectively a projecting element, and that the second guiding element adopts the shape of a hole. a projecting element adapted to cooperate with the groove, respectively a groove adapted to cooperate with the projecting element. Preferably, the first guide element 21 has the shape of a cylindrical well and the second guide element 22 adopts the shape of a star, thus allowing better interlocking and centering. The guidance can also be transposed to the first mounting interface 4 so as to allow a suitable positioning of the lighting device 1 relative to the body 8 of the vehicle. In this sense, the cladding module 3 may comprise at least one first positioning element 23 (two first positioning elements 23 in the example), in particular a finger, configured so as to cooperate with at least one second positioning element , In particular an opening complementary shape to the finger, belonging to the body of the motor vehicle during its assembly to said box. In FIG. 2, the first positioning elements 23 also serve to receive the second guide elements 22, and they also form the first guide elements 21 referred to above.

According to one embodiment, the lighting device 1 comprises a sealing element 24 (FIG. 3), in particular a sealing foam, placed between the covering module 3 and the window 6 so as to protect the module lighting 2 water, especially rainwater. Preferably, the sealing element 24 comprises a first closed loop-shaped surface bearing against the cladding module 3 and a second closed loop-shaped surface bearing against the ice 6. According to an improvement, all or part of the surface delimiting the cavity 7 of the cladding module 3 is formed by an elastomer.

The elastomer has rough properties to prevent residual play of mounting and vibration during operation of the vehicle, thereby reducing unwanted noise in the passenger compartment of the motor vehicle. Alternatively, or in combination, it is the lighting module 2 which has a contact surface with the cladding module 3 formed of elastomer. It was understood from what has been said above that the lighting module 2 was the most expensive part of the lighting device 1. Thus, to limit the costs of customization, the same lighting module 2 can be used with different types of cladding module 3 and / or ice 6. In other words, the invention also relates to a kit for a motor vehicle for forming a lighting device as described.

The kit comprises several dressing modules 3 each adopting different shapes and / or colors, at least one window 6 adapted to be mounted on at least one of the covering modules 3 and a lighting module 2 configured so as to to be inserted indifferently into each of the cladding modules 3. Said at least one lens 6 of the kit may be compatible with one or more cladding modules 3. According to one embodiment the kit comprises as many windows 6 as cladding modules. It is then understood that it is possible to customize the motor vehicle on demand with each of the kit modules of the kit, and if necessary each of the ice cream kit. In other words, each cladding module 3 of the kit is preferably shaped so as to mate with the same body of a motor vehicle. According to a preferred embodiment for improving the personalization of the motor vehicle at its light signature, the cladding module 3 comprises at least one light guide configured to propagate a light emitted by the lighting module 2 when the latter is inserted into the cladding module 1. Thus, with the same lighting module 2, it is possible to enrich and / or modify the light signature of his vehicle.

In the context of this preferred embodiment, the lighting module 2 may comprise one or more light outputs arranged on a face covered by the covering module 3. Thus, the covering module 3 comprises at least one light guide presenting at least one optically coupled light input with a corresponding light output. The invention also relates to a motor vehicle comprising an external lighting device as described. A method of customizing a motor vehicle may comprise the following steps, preferably carried out successively: providing a lighting module 2 and choosing a covering module 3, especially from a plurality of separate dressing modules but comprising the features described above, allowing the mounting of said lighting module 2 to the cladding module 3, - mounting the lighting module 2 by inserting the latter into the cladding module 3, - mounting the mirror 6 on the cladding module 3, in particular with the interposition of the sealing element 24. Preferably, the method may further include the following steps of fixing the lighting module 2 to the cladding module 3, fixing the 6 to the cladding module 3 and mount the lighting device 1 on a box 8 of a motor vehicle. The method described above may use all or part of the elements described above to customize a vehicle.

The lighting device can form a tamper-proof element of a rear wing once it is mounted to the body since the latter will be dismountable preferentially only from inside the motor vehicle. In addition, the lighting device can have an aesthetic function in the sense that it can hide any fastenings of the rear wing with the body. In all cases, it is understood from what has been said above that the assembly / disassembly of the lighting device 1 is facilitated during the life of the motor vehicle including the following steps: disassembly of the lighting device 1 from a fastening with the box 8, then disassembly of the casing 3 by disengagement, then reassembly of the casing module 3 by interlocking with the lighting module 2, before finalizing the assembly at the vehicle body automobile.

Respecting the variable volumes and the large number of customizations possible, the cladding modules can be obtained by two types of processes: - Plastic parts by injection, - Plastic parts by thermoforming. These two methods are known and widely used in the automotive world especially for injection.

In the case of thermoforming, this process is mainly dedicated to body skins, or interior parts of very low volume: the investment is low. On the other hand, the thermoformed parts have less complex shapes than those injected. It is not possible to integrate intermediate shapes, clips, braces, etc. The injected parts come from more expensive molds and are suitable for larger volumes. The integration of reinforcements or clips are totally feasible. The thermoformed packaging modules generally have a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm according to compliance with the specifications in force: stiffness, blistering and marking and according to the proposed material. Here, the example of a thickness of 3mm will be preferred. The basic material of the thermoformed and / or injected linings is a polypropylene without reinforcement and / or talc. The composition is in adequacy with the respect of the 20 specifications in force.

In the context of thermoforming, it is conceivable to use other composite materials of the type: ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) / PC (Polycarbonate) or ABS / PMMA (Polymethylacrylate) or NORYL GTX® (polypropylene type) or a polyamide (PA) .In the context of the injection, it is possible to use other composite materials NORYL GTX type or polyamide. The shapes and geometries obtained must be in accordance with the principle of interchangeability of the cladding modules. It is better to give the choice of materials with manufacturing processes and investments. A cladding module can be colored according to one of the following techniques: - In base: without paint in the case of dyed composite materials (dyes or dyes included in the resin used), - Painting factory line , - Painting offline and in recovery or in preparation. An injected cladding module and another thermoformed cladding module can equally receive the same lighting module. Thus, the customization is open to any type of dressing module costs. It is then understood that the basic structure of the lighting device remains common to all versions of the dressing modules.

The interfaces with the trim modules and the lighting module remain unchanged with the box. In the same way, an ice can be a part obtained by plastic injection or by plastic thermoforming.

For example, the windows can be thermoformed and have a thickness of 2 mm to 3.5 mm according to a compliance with the specifications in force: stiffness, blistering and marking and depending on the proposed material. Here we take the example of a thickness of 3 mm. In order to satisfy the assembly of an ice with an associated dressing module, inserts of the same material are added to create the wells required for screwing the studs. These inserts are glued or assembled laser or infra-red welding so as to be part of the ice. The same for the first indexing element that will be added to the thermoformed ice via the assemblies mentioned above. The inserts and the first indexing element are obtained by injection (if large volume and transverse inserts to any type of ice) or by thermoforming (if specific to ice). The basic material of the thermoformed glass can be a transparent or crystalline polycarbonate without reinforcement. It is conceivable to use other composite materials of the type: ABS / PC or ABS / PMMA or PC / PMMA. Alternatively, the ice can be injected. The basic material of the injected ice may be a transparent or crystalline polycarbonate or PMMA.

It is conceivable to use other composite materials of the type: ABS. In addition, it is possible to mix two materials or two colors for the injected version using a bi-injection process.

The shapes and geometries obtained must be consistent with the principle of ice interchangeability. Ice may be unpainted in the case of completely transparent composites. Alternatively, the ice can be painted on the side facing the lighting module, for example in red. The injected or thermoformed windows can be used indifferently as long as they are compatible with the same dressing module so as to be assembled. The invention can also be applied to the front lights of a motor vehicle.

Claims (15)

REVENDICATIONS1. External lighting device (1) for a motor vehicle, characterized in that it comprises a lighting module (2), a cladding module (3) comprising a first mounting interface (4) for mounting said module cladding (3) on a body of the motor vehicle and a second mounting interface (5) in which is inserted the lighting module (2), and an ice-cream (6) mounted on the cladding module (3) so as to be traversed by a light generated by the lighting module (2) when in an ignition configuration. 2. Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the mounting of the ice (6) on the cladding module (3) is provided by a reversible mounting system, in particular at least one stud (12) and its nut. (13). 3. Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that, in an assembled configuration of the cladding module (3) with the ice (6), each stud (12) comprises a first threaded portion (12a) screwed onto the ice. (6), a second section (12b) passing through the cladding module (3) and cooperating with the corresponding nut (13) bearing against the cladding module (3), preferably the bolt (12) comprises a head of support (12c) from which the first and second sections (12a, 12b) extend, said support head (12c) being in contact on the one hand with the ice (6) and on the other hand part with the cladding module (3). 4. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a sealing member (24), in particular a sealing foam, disposed between the covering module (3) and the ice (6). in such a way as to protect the lighting module (2) from water, especially rain water. 5. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said cladding module (3) comprises at least one outer surface (10) flanking all or part of a lighting face (11) of said module. lighting (2). 6. Device according to claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the sealing element (24) comprises a first closed loop-shaped surface bearing against the cladding module (3) and a second surface-shaped closed loop against the ice (6). 7. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mirror (6) comprises a first indexing element (19) cooperating with a second indexing element (20) belonging to the dressing module (3). ) to ensure a suitable positioning of the ice (6) relative to the dressing module (3). 8. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cladding module (3) comprises a first guide element (21) configured to cooperate with a second guide element (22) belonging to the module. lighting (2) when inserted into said cladding module (3). 9. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a fastener (15) locking the assembly of the lighting module (2) with said cladding module (3). 10. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cladding module (3) comprises at least one first positioning element (23), in particular a finger, configured to cooperate with at least one second positioning element, in particular an opening of complementary shape to the finger, belonging to the body (8) of the motor vehicle during its assembly to said body (8). 11. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a fastening system (16) of said device to the body (8) of the motor vehicle. 12. Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the fastening system (16) comprises a hole, formed in the cladding module (3) or the lighting module (2), comprising a first net, and a rod (17), a section of which comprises a second thread so as to allow the rod (17) to be screwed into the hole, said rod (17) comprising a stop intended to abut against the periphery of an opening formed in the body (8) of the motor vehicle after all or part of the second thread has passed through said opening. 13. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the assembly formed by the lighting module (2), the cladding module (3) and the ice (6) is reversible, and in that the disassembly of the lighting module (2) is only allowed after removal of the window (6) from the covering module (3). 14. Kit for a motor vehicle for forming a lighting device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises several cladding modules (3) each adopting different shapes and / or colors, at at least one mirror (6) which can be mounted on at least one of the covering modules (3) and a lighting module (2) configured to be inserted in each of the covering modules (3). 15. A method of customizing a motor vehicle with a device according to one of claims 1 to 13 comprising the following steps, preferably carried out successively: provide a lighting module (2) and choose a dressing module ( 3), in particular among a plurality of separate cladding modules, allowing the mounting of said lighting module (2) to the cladding module (3), - mounting the lighting module (2) by inserting the latter in the cladding module (3) so as to form said device, - mount the mirror (6) on the cladding module (3).