FR2999953A1 - CATALYST BASED ON CHROMIUM OXIDE AND ITS USE IN DEHYDROGENATION - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a catalyst comprising an active phase of chromium oxide deposited on a support, said active phase being amorphous or having crystals whose coherence domain size is sufficiently small not to be detected in diffraction ray analysis. X, said support being a zinc aluminate, said catalyst having a BET surface area of between 80 m 2 / g and 240 m 2 / g and its use for the oxidative or non-oxidative dehydrogenation of aliphatic, naphthenic or olefinic compounds.

Description

The object of the invention is to provide an improved performance catalyst applied to the dehydrogenation process of saturated or monounsaturated hydrocarbon compounds present in hydrocarbon cuts, preferably in the non-oxidizing butene dehydrogenation process. The dehydrogenation process makes it possible to convert the saturated or monounsaturated compounds of the petroleum fractions to the corresponding alkenes or polyunsaturated compounds while avoiding parasitic reactions such as cracking or skeletal isomerization. In the following, groups of chemical elements are given according to the CAS classification (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, publisher CRC Press, editor in chief D.R. Lide, 81st edition, 2000-2001). For example, group VIII according to the CAS classification corresponds to the metals of columns 8, 9 and 10 according to the new IUPAC classification. PRIOR ART The catalysts for dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds are generally based on metal oxides of groups VIB and VIII of the periodic table of elements, in particular based on iron or chromium oxides. The active phase of the catalysts is in the form of particles deposited on a support which may be a refractory oxide in the form of beads, extrudates, trilobes or in forms having other geometries. The metal content, the size and the nature of the particles of the metal oxide active phase, as well as the textural and structural properties of the support are among the criteria that have an importance on the performance of the catalysts. U.S. Patent 3,626,021 discloses a process for dehydrogenating aliphatic hydrocarbons of 5 to 10 carbon atoms employing a catalyst consisting essentially of chromium, an alkali metal oxide and zinc aluminate in its true spinel form, the use of the true spinel form to minimize skeletal isomerization and improve selectivity and reaction yields. On the other hand, it is known from the literature (S. Carra, L. Forni, C. Vintani, J. Catal., 9, pp. 154-165, 1967, A. Brito, ME Borges, R. Arvelo, T. Garcia, App.A. Catal., 103, pp. 17-21, 1993, A. Brito, R. Arvelo, R. Villarroel, FJ Garcia, MT Garcia, Eng. Sci., 51, P. 10 4385-4391, 1996, Hughes R., Koon CL, A Catalyst App., 119, pp. 153-162, 1994) to use Cr 2 O 3 catalysts on alumina in dehydrogenation of aliphatic and olefinic compounds. Moreover, it is the amorphous nature of Cr + 111 which is presented as favorable for the catalytic performance of the solids used (Caspary, KJ, et al., In Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Ertl, G., Kneizinger, H. , Shuth, F., Weitkamp, J. (Eds.), 2nd Ed., Vol 7, Wiley-VCH, 3206-3229, Cavani, F. et al., J. Catal., 158, p. 236250, 1996). However, the catalyst supports or catalysts according to the prior art differ from the catalysts according to the present invention by the nature, structure and / or textural properties of the phases. The present invention aims to obtain catalysts based on chromium oxide on a zinc aluminate support having physicochemical properties and improved catalytic performance compared to the catalysts of the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a high surface area catalyst comprising a chromium oxide on a zinc aluminate support and its use in a dehydrogenation process for converting saturated or monounsaturated compounds from petroleum fractions to alkenes or compounds. corresponding polyunsaturates by avoiding side reactions such as cracking or skeletal isomerization. The catalysts according to the invention comprise chromium oxide deposited on a zinc aluminate support, said zinc aluminate support having a large specific surface area and a particular porous distribution. These particular combined properties of the active phase and the support are at the origin of the improvement of the catalytic performances. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a catalyst comprising an active phase of chromium oxide deposited on a support, said active phase of chromium oxide being amorphous or having crystallites of sufficiently small size not to be detected in X-ray diffraction analysis, said support being a zinc aluminate, said catalyst having a BET specific surface area of between 80 m 2 / g and 240 m 2 / g.

BET specific surface area means a specific surface area measured by the method Brunauer, Emmett, Teller, as defined in S.Brunauer, P.H.Emmett, E.Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60 (2), pp. 309-319.

The BET surface area of said support is advantageously between 130 and 190 m 2 / g. The average diameter of the mesopores is between 30 A and 200 A, preferably between 30A and 90A.

The mass content of the active phase, relative to chromium metal, relative to the total mass of the final supported catalyst is between 2% and 20% by weight, preferably between 5% and 15% by weight. The active phase of chromium oxide is amorphous or has crystallites of sufficiently small size not to be detected in X-ray diffraction analysis. By sufficiently small, it is meant that the chromium oxide phase induces lines which are indistinguishable There is no background noise in X-ray diffraction analysis. The zinc aluminate support of the catalyst according to the invention has a diffractogram which corresponds to ZnA1204 (International Center for Diffraction Data ICDD 5-669 classification).

The catalyst may also advantageously contain a Group IA element, preferably chosen from Li, Na and K, preferably K. The BET specific surface area of the catalyst is between 80 and 240 m 2 / g, advantageously between 100 and 155 m 2 /boy Wut.

The catalyst according to the invention is advantageously in the form of balls, trilobes, extrudates, pellets, or irregular and non-spherical agglomerates, the specific shape of which may result from a crushing step. Very advantageously, said catalyst is in the form of beads or extrudates. Even more advantageously, said catalyst is in the form of extrudates.

PREPARATION OF THE SUPPORT Preparation by extrusion mixing The support used is prepared by kneading one or more compounds of zinc and hydrated alumina in the presence of a peptising agent (mineral or organic acid). Sources of zinc oxide, alumina, aluminate, and zinc precursors Many methods of preparing zinc oxide are described in the literature: indirect process, also called French process, the direct process, also called US method, or else by dehydration of zinc hydroxide obtained by precipitation, by decomposition of different precursors of zinc, whether commercial or obtained by a preliminary precipitation. Commercial zinc oxides can be used in the manufacture of the solid according to the invention. The zinc compounds used are chosen from commercial zinc oxides or prepared by any other synthetic route. The precursor of alumina used has the general formula A1203, nH2O. In particular, alumina hydrates such as hydrargilite, gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite or pseudo boehmite and amorphous or essentially amorphous alumina gels can be used. A mixture of these products under any combination may be used as well. It is also possible to use the dehydrated forms of these compounds, which consist of transition alumina and which comprise at least one of the phases taken from the group: rho, khi, eta, gamma, kappa, theta and delta, which are different. essentially by the organization of their crystalline structure. In the case where the aluminate is introduced directly during the shaping, it can be prepared by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as co-precipitation of aluminum precursors and zinc , hydrothermal synthesis, the sol-gel route, the impregnation of zinc precursors on alumina or boehmite. The support of the catalyst according to the invention can be prepared by extrusion kneading in two ways (denoted A and B) and by impregnation of an aluminum support in a way C.

The process for preparing the support used in the present invention comprises at least the following stages (route A): A1) premixing the powders (zinc oxide and bcehmite, or else zinc oxide, aluminate and boehmite, or else aluminate alone or aluminate and boehmite, or aluminate and ZnO) by rotating the arms of a kneader A2) mixing the powders in the presence of at least one peptising agent (mineral or organic acid) and a liquid (water, preferably, but alcohols such as ethanol can be advantageously used) and optionally a soluble precursor of zinc, A3) extrusion of the paste obtained after mixing (optionally followed by a spheronization step if it is desired to obtain beads) A4) heat treatment comprising at least: A4.1) a step of drying the extrudates obtained in step A3) A4.2) calcining in air A5) optionally grinding for different shaping of the extrusion obtained at the outcome of the previous steps. The zinc precursor optionally used (step A2) is a soluble salt in aqueous solution: it may advantageously be chosen from nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides and sulphates. A zinc acetate may also be used. Preferably, the mixture of Zn and Al precursors is produced by mixing, batchwise or continuously. In the case where this step is performed in batch, a kneader preferably equipped with Z-arms, or cams, or in any other type of mixer such as for example a planetary mixer may be used. Another method of preparation (route B) of the support used in the present invention comprises the following steps: B1) peptization of boehmite in the presence of at least one mineral or organic acid-type peptizing agent B2) addition of at least one zinc oxide, or at least one zinc oxide and an aluminate or an aluminate to the paste obtained in step B1) and mixing of the mixture obtained, B3) extrusion of the paste obtained after mixing (followed optionally a spheronization step if it is desired to obtain beads) B4) heat treatment comprising at least: B4.1) a step of drying the extrudates obtained in step B3) B4.2) an air calcination B5) optionally grinding to a different shaping of the extruded obtained after the previous steps. The carrier used in the present invention may be in the form of powder, extrudates, balls or pellets.

In the case where said preparation process is carried out continuously, the mixing step can be coupled with the shaping by extrusion in the same equipment. According to this embodiment, the extrusion of the mixture also called "kneaded paste" may be carried out either by extruding directly end of continuous twin-screw kneader for example, or by connecting one or more batch kneaders to an extruder. The geometry of the die, which confers their shape to the extrudates, can be chosen from the well-known dies of the skilled person. They can thus be, for example, cylindrical, multilobed, fluted or slotted. The extrudates are dried between 40 and 150 ° C, preferably between 70 and 120 ° C, and then calcined between 300 and 1100 ° C, preferably between 350 and 800 ° C. The weight ratio Al 2 O 3 / ZnO is preferably between 80/20 and 30/70, excluding ratios between 55.8 / 44.2 and 55.4 / 44.6 of the true zinc aluminate spinel.

Preferably, the peptizing agent is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and formic acid.

Impregnation of an aluminized Zn precursor According to another method of preparation (channel C), the aluminate supports can be obtained by dry impregnation of a solution containing the element Zn on an aluminum support. In this case, there are several steps: Cl) preparation of a solution of the precursor of Zn C2) impregnation of the solution on the aluminum support C3) drying of the support C4) calcination Preferably, the zinc precursor used in the preparation of the impregnating solution (step C1) is a soluble salt in aqueous solution: it may advantageously be chosen from nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides or sulphates. A zinc acetate may also be used. The concentration of zinc precursor is adjusted according to the target Zn / Al ratio for the preparation of the aluminate support.

In step C2) the solution prepared during step C1) is brought into contact with the aluminum support. The volume of solution corresponds to the porous volume of support. The aluminum support may be in any form known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, beads, extrudates, pellets, granules, powder. A support consisting of gamma-alumina is preferably used, but it is possible to advantageously select supports based on alumina hydrates such as hydrargilite, gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite or pseudo-bcehmite and gels. amorphous or essentially amorphous alumina. The extrudates are dried between 40 and 150 ° C, preferably between 70 and 120 ° C, and then calcined between 300 and 1100 ° C, preferably between 350 and 800 ° C.

It may optionally proceed to successive impregnations, for example, to achieve the highest ratio Zn / AI, by repeating the sequence described above.

PREPARATION OF THE CATALYSTS The catalysts are prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art. One route for obtaining the catalyst is the dry impregnation of the active phase precursor in solution on the aluminate support.

P1) Preparation of a solution comprising the precursor An aqueous solution of a chromium precursor is prepared. The degree of oxidation of the chromium precursor is greater than 0. The concentration of the aqueous solution of the metal precursor is adjusted according to the desired metal mass content on the catalyst. The preparation of the aqueous metal precursor solution is preferably carried out at room temperature. The chromium precursor may be in ionic form. In this case, it is in the form of salt. Preferably, the chromium precursor is a soluble salt in aqueous solution which is selected from the group consisting of a halide, an oxide, a hydroxide, a nitrate and a sulfate. P2) Impregnation of the solution on the aluminate support The aqueous solution obtained in step P1) is brought into contact with said aluminate support prepared during the step of preparing the support. The volume of solution corresponds to the pore volume of the aluminate support. The dry impregnation is preferably carried out dropwise, that is to say that the solution is impregnated dropwise on the support. The impregnation is preferably carried out at room temperature. P3) Drying of the catalyst The impregnated catalyst is generally dried in order to eliminate all or part of the water introduced during the impregnation, preferably at a temperature of between 50 and 250 ° C., more preferably between 70 ° C. C and 200 ° C. The drying is carried out in air, or in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen for example). P4) Calcination of the Catalyst The catalyst is then calcined, generally under air, preferably at a hourly volume velocity (WH) of between 100 and 5000 h-1, the hourly space velocity being defined as the ratio of the volume flow rate of charge to 25.degree. ° C, 1 atm on the catalyst volume. The calcining temperature is generally from 250 ° C to 900 ° C, preferably from about 350 ° C to about 800 ° C. The calcination time is generally between 0.5 hours and 5 hours. The calcination step can be carried out by temperature step up to the defined maximum set temperature. P5) Possible deposit of an element of group IA Optionally, one or more elements of group IA of the periodic table of elements, preferably chosen from Li, Na and K, and preferably K, may be added, preferably by impregnation dry of an aqueous solution of precursor. Preferably, the precursor is a soluble salt in aqueous solution which is selected from the group consisting of a halide, an oxide, a carbonate, a hydroxide, a nitrate and a sulfate. When the element is potassium, the precursor is preferably a potassium carbonate. The drying steps P3) and P4) are then repeated.

P6) Possible reduction Optionally, the catalyst obtained at the end of the calcination step B4) can undergo a gas stream treatment comprising between 25 vol% and 100 vol% of a reducing gas. The reducing gas is preferably hydrogen. This step is preferably carried out at a temperature of between 50 ° C. and 450 ° C.

Said reduction can be carried out in situ or ex situ, that is to say after or before the catalyst is loaded into the reactor. It is preferably carried out in situ, ie in the reactor where the catalytic conversion is carried out.

This possible reduction may enable said catalyst to be activated and to form chromium oxide particles at oxidation levels lower than those formed after the calcination step P4). All or part (> 90% by weight) of the chromium remains at a degree of oxidation greater than 0.

According to a variant of catalyst preparation, the catalyst is prepared in several impregnations. For the catalysts prepared in three impregnations, the sequences can be the following: - Impregnation No. 1 - Drying - Calcination - Impregnation No. 2 - Drying - Calcination - Impregnation No. 3 - Drying - Calcination The invention also relates to the use catalyst obtained from the catalyst preparation processes described in the present invention.

USE OF THE CATALYST ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION The catalyst according to the invention can be used in processes involving transformation of organic compounds. Thus, the catalyst according to the invention can be used in processes for the dehydrogenation of aliphatic, naphthenic or olefinic compounds. This dehydrogenation process can be carried out in the presence of oxygen or not. The operating conditions generally used for these reactions are as follows: a temperature of between 0 ° C. and 700 ° C., preferably of between 400 ° C. and 680 ° C., a pressure of between 0.1 and 5 bar absolute, preferably between 0 ° C. and 2 and 2 bar absolute, a hourly volume velocity (VVH) hydrocarbon feedstock of between 1 and 1000 h -1, preferably between 125 and 500 h -1. When water vapor is present, the molar ratio of steam to filler is between 1 and 50, preferably between 8 and 20. When oxygen is present, the molar ratio oxygen on charge is between 0.1 and 5, preferably between 0.2 and 1.5.

The use of the catalyst according to the invention and the conditions of its use must be adapted by the user to the reaction and to the technology used. According to a preferred application, the catalysts according to the invention are used for the oxidative and non-oxidative dehydrogenation reactions of linear C4 olefins, preferably non-oxidizing, ie in the absence of oxygen. Hydrocarbon conversion processes such as steam cracking or catalytic cracking are operated at high temperatures and produce a wide variety of unsaturated molecules such as ethylene, propene, linear butenes, isobutene, pentenes and unsaturated compounds containing up to about 15 carbon atoms. To allow the use of these different sections in petrochemical processes such as polymerization units, the unsaturated molecules must comply with very strict purity constraints. Thus, the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated compounds used in the preparation of polymers have a high added value. As a result, direct dehydrogenation methods for saturated or monounsaturated molecules are developed to access these products more specifically. On the same principle, unsaturated compounds derived from the dehydration of ex-biomass products can be used. Thus, for example, the gasoline cut (7 to 10 carbons) may have the following average composition: of the order of 60% by weight of paraffins, of the order of 30% by weight of naphthenes and of the order of 10% weight in aromatics. The reforming process makes it possible to dehydrogenate cyclohexane to benzene. Ethylbenzene, produced by alkylation of benzene, can also be catalytically dehydrogenated to give predominantly styrene. This route is the preferred route for obtaining styrene because the steamcracker gasoline sections contain only 3 to 5% by weight of styrene. Steam crackers using ethane feed produce only 1 to 2% by weight of butadiene relative to the ethylene production capacity. However, a crude C4 cut obtained from a refinery may have the following average composition: 35% by weight of isobutane, 20% by weight of n-butane, 14% by weight of isobutene, 30% by weight of n-butenes and about 1% by weight distributed between C3 and C5. Here again the dehydrogenation of butanes and / or butenes to butadiene is suitable for the production of butadiene.

Thus, the dehydrogenation process is advantageous for obtaining monounsaturated or polyunsaturated products that are not very present in steam cracker cuts. The non-oxidizing dehydrogenation is carried out in the gas phase, in the presence of water vapor or not, preferably in the presence of water vapor. Indeed, a reaction in the presence of water vapor makes it possible to limit the endothermicity of the reaction and to increase the cycle time of the catalysts by limiting the formation of coke. In addition, low pressures are preferred for thermodynamic reasons since they allow for higher conversions at equal temperatures. In this case, the dilution with water vapor also makes it possible to lower the partial pressure of saturated or monounsaturated compounds to be dehydrogenated. For a dehydrogenation reaction without dilution by steam, the pressure is generally between 0.2 and 0.4 bar absolute, the temperature between 600 and 620 ° C and the hourly volume velocity (VVH) is around 300 h-1. For a dehydrogenation reaction with a steam dilution, the pressure is generally between 1.5 and 2 bar absolute, the temperature between 600 and 700 ° C, the hourly space velocity (VVH) is between 125 of 500 h-1 and the steam / (saturated or monounsaturated compounds to be dehydrogenated) molar ratio between 8 and 20. EXAMPLES The following examples illustrate the invention without limiting its scope. EXAMPLE 1 Catalyst A (According to the Invention) Preparation of the Support: The solid Al is prepared by mixing a boehmite and zinc oxide in the presence of 4% nitric acid in solution in water, water and water. in order to obtain a composition of the material whose elemental analysis is 22% by weight Zn and 34% by weight Al, ie a molar ratio Zn / Al = 0.27 and a weight ratio A1203 / ZnO of 65/35.

The catalyst is extruded with a 3 mm diameter die and subjected to heat treatment at 650 ° C. for 2 hours. The BET specific surface area of the solid Al is 165 m2.g-1. X-ray diffraction detects zinc oxide ZnO and a zinc aluminate phase.

Preparation of the catalyst: In order to prepare 50 g of catalyst, an aqueous solution of chromium nitrate Cr (NO 3) 3 is prepared by dilution of 11.54 g of chromium nitrate nonahydrate (Aldrich) in demineralized water. The total volume of the aqueous solution prepared corresponds to the pore volume of the support. This solution is then impregnated on 43.4 g of the A1 dry support of the pore volume 0.62 ml / g.

The solid A2 obtained is dried under air at 120 ° C. and is then calcined for 2 hours at 650 ° C. under a stream of air with a flow rate of 1 L.h -1 (g of catalyst). This solid is impregnated in the same way twice more to give the catalyst A. The catalyst A obtained contains 9% by weight of Cr metal (13% by weight in Cr203 form), 20% by weight of Zn and 31% by weight of Al by relative to the mass of the dry catalyst. The BET specific surface area of catalyst A is 142 m 2 g -1. By X-ray diffraction, no crystallized phase of ZnO or chromium oxide is detected, only one zinc aluminate phase is detected.

Example 2 Catalyst B (not in accordance with US Pat. No. 3,626,021) Catalyst B (not in accordance with the invention) is prepared according to Example 1 of US Pat. No. 3,626,021. Catalyst B is a chromium oxide catalyst supported on a true zinc aluminate spinel support. It differs from the invention in the nature of the support and the characteristics of the supported chromium oxide phase.

The BET specific surface area of the support is 90 m2.g-1. The elemental analysis is 15% by weight Cr metal (20.9% by weight Cr203), 0.3% by weight of Na, 19% by weight Zn and 28% by weight of Al relative to the weight of the dry catalyst. The BET specific surface area of catalyst B is 74 m 2. By X-ray diffraction, no crystallized ZnO phase is detected, a zinc aluminate main phase and a Cr 2 O 3 minor phase are detected. Example 3 Catalyst C (Non-Conforming) Catalyst C (not in accordance with the invention) is a catalyst based on chromium and potassium oxide supported on a gamma-alumina. It differs from the invention by the nature of the support.

In order to prepare 100 g of catalyst, an aqueous solution of chromium nitrate Cr (NO 3) 3 is prepared by dilution of 34.2 g of chromium nitrate nonahydrate (Aldrich) in demineralized water. The total volume of the aqueous solution prepared corresponds to the pore volume of a commercial alumina support of 140 m2.g-1 and a total pore volume of 1 ml.g-1. The alumina support is in the form of a ball with a diameter of between 2 and 4 mm. This solution is then impregnated on 90.1 g of the alumina support. The solid obtained is dried under air at 120 ° C. and is then calcined for 2 hours at 650 ° C. under a stream of air with a flow rate of 1 L.h -1 (g of catalyst) -1. This solid is then dry-impregnated with an aqueous solution in which 1.69 g of K 2 CO 3 (Aldrich) were dissolved in 86 ml of demineralized water. The catalyst C obtained contains 8% by weight of Cr metal (12% by weight in Cr203 form), and 1% K relative to the weight of the dry catalyst. The BET specific surface area of Catalyst C is 124 m 2 g -1. By X-ray diffraction, no crystalline phase of chromium oxide is detected, only a crystallized gamma-alumina phase and a diffusion background corresponding to amorphous material are detected. Example 4 Catalytic Test in Dehydrogenation of 1-Butene The catalysts are subjected to a dehydrogenation test of 1-butene in 1,3-butadiene in a fixed bed reactor with a diameter of 20 mm. The volume of the catalytic bed is 40 cc diluted to a ratio 1/3 with silicon carbide particle size 1.5 mm. A preheating zone at the inlet of the reactor makes it possible to obtain a uniform temperature. When the reactor is heated, a stream of nitrogen and steam water is injected until the set point is reached. The beginning of the test phase starts when the nitrogen flow is replaced by the flow of 1-butene (Air Liquide 99%). WH 1-butene is set at 200 h-1, a flow rate of 2 NL.11-1 controlled by a mass flow meter. The volume ratio H 2 O / 1-butene is set at 20. The pressure is maintained at 1 barg and the temperature of the catalytic bed is 650 ° C. After separation of the hydrocarbons and the steam at room temperature and pressure, the gas is analyzed by gas chromatography. The first analysis is performed 5 minutes after the start of the test, then every 20 minutes.

By the first analysis of the effluents at t = 5 minutes, the conversion of 1-butene and the selectivity to 1,3-butadiene (in percentage) are calculated. The results obtained for catalysts A (according to the invention), B and C (not in accordance with the invention) are reported in Table 1.

Catalyst Converter (%) Selectivity (%) Catalyst A (according to the invention) Catalyst B (non-compliant) Catalyst C (non-compliant) Table 1: 1-Butene conversions and selectivity to 1,3-butadiene Catalyst A according to the invention has improved performance compared to catalysts B and C not in accordance with the invention. 75 73 70

Claims (15)

REVENDICATIONS1. A catalyst comprising an active phase of chromium oxide deposited on a support, said active chromium oxide phase being amorphous or having crystallites of sufficiently small size not to be detected in X-ray diffraction analysis, said support being a zinc aluminate, said catalyst having a BET specific surface area of between 80 m2 / g and 240 m2 / g. 2. Catalyst according to claim 1 such that the BET specific surface area of said catalyst is between 100 and 155 m2 / g. 3. Catalyst according to one of the preceding claims such that the average diameter of the mesopores is between 30 A and 200 A 4. Catalyst according to claim 3 wherein the mean diameter of the mesopores is between 30 A and 90 A. 5. Catalyst according to one of the preceding claims, such that the mass content of the active phase, relative to chromium metal, relative to the total weight of the final supported catalyst is between 2% and 20% by weight. 6. Catalyst according to claim 5 such that the mass content of the active phase, relative to chromium metal, relative to the total weight of the final supported catalyst is between 5% and 15% by weight. 7. Catalyst according to one of the preceding claims as it contains a group IA element. The catalyst of claim 7 wherein said element of group IA is selected from Li, Na and K 9. Catalyst according to one of the preceding claims such that the mass ratio A1203 / ZnO is between 80/20 and 30/70, excluding the ratios between 55.8 / 44.2 and 55.4 / 44 6. 10. Catalyst according to one of the preceding claims as it is in the form of balls, trilobes, extrudates, pellets, or irregular agglomerates and non-spherical whose specific shape may result from a step of crushing 11. Use of the catalyst according to one of claims 1 to 10 for the dehydrogenation of aliphatic compounds, naphthenic or olefinic, operating at a temperature between 0 ° C and 700 ° C at a pressure between 0.1 and 5 bar absolute, to a VVH in hydrocarbon feedstock between 1 and 1000 11-1 and, when water vapor is present, with a molar ratio of water vapor on charge is between 1 and 50, and, when oxygen is present, with a molar ratio oxygen on charge is between 0.1 and 5, preferably between 0.2 and 1.5. 12. Use according to claim 11, carried out in the presence of steam, with a pressure of between 1.5 and 2 bar absolute, a temperature between 600 and 700 ° C, a VVH between 125 of 500 h-1 and a molar ratio of steam / (saturated or monounsaturated compounds to be dehydrogenated) between 8 and 20 13. Use according to claim 11, carried out without dilution by steam, with a pressure between 0.2 and 0.4 bar absolute, a temperature between 600 and 620 ° C and a VVH around 300 h -1. 14. Use according to one of claims 11 to 13 such that when oxygen is present, the molar ratio oxygen on charge is between 0.1 and 5. 15. Use according to one of claims 11 to 13, such that said dehydrogenation is a non-oxidizing dehydrogenation of C4 linear olefins.