FR2850735A1 - Incinerator for processing household waste, has units that are reckoned at base and top of body to evacuate and recycle solid residue of combustion and to evacuate and process gaseous effluents and suspended matter in effluents - Google Patents

Abstract

The incinerator has a principal body (1) of vertical axis (A) forming a combustion chamber (2) with a loading opening (3) for a waste. The chamber surmounts a combustion hearth (4) having a crushing and ventilating device (6, 7, 8). The units (17- 25) are reckoned at base and top of the body to evacuate and recycle solid residue of combustion and to evacuate and process gaseous effluents and suspended matter in the effluents. The combustion hearth has a base with boilers (5) and the crushing and ventilating device that includes hydraulic jacks (6), crushing bars (7), and rounded fixed plates (8). The units (17-25) comprise tubular joint (17), filling panel (18, 19), post combustion chamber (20), air exit (21), joint exit (22), evacuation device (23), scroll conveyor (24) and bond-stone centre (25).

Description

The present invention relates generally to the field of

  household waste treatment. It relates, more particularly, to an incinerator of household waste, or of other waste requiring similar treatment, such as semi-industrial waste, food waste, hospital waste, sludge from treatment plants, objects polluted by hydrocarbons, animal meal to destroy, etc.

  The improvement of the living environment, the fight against the proliferation of diseases of all kinds, environmental requirements, justify the treatment of waste. Certain packaging or packaging products 10 can take centuries to destroy themselves naturally in air, soil or water; odors, viruses and malignant bacteria then develop rapidly, under the combined effect of air and heat.

  One solution adopted for the disposal of household and other waste is their incineration. Various types of ovens have already been proposed for this purpose.

  However, in these incineration ovens for household and other waste, combustion is rarely perfect, which can lead to the release into the atmosphere of gaseous products and particles presenting health hazards, such as metals heavy and dioxins. However, there are now 20 standards (European standards, recommendations of the World Health Organization) which prescribe strict limits on releases to the atmosphere.

  The incineration of household and other waste also leads to solid combustion residues, which should be recovered and, if possible, recycled.

  In addition, a complete household waste treatment system must also provide for their crushing and their loading in the incinerator.

  The present invention aims to solve all the problems posed here, by providing an incinerator of household waste and other waste with integrated loading and shredding of waste, in which the conditions for the combustion of this waste are optimized so as to avoid harmful discharges, while allowing the recycling of solid combustion residues.

  To this end, the subject of the invention is an incinerator of household refuse and other waste which essentially comprises a main body with a vertical axis, which forms a combustion chamber provided with a mouth for loading the refuse or waste to be incinerated, the combustion chamber surmounting a combustion hearth at the base of which are burners, and in which is also placed a grinding and aeration device, means being provided at the base and at the top of the main body 5, on the one hand for the evacuation and recycling of solid combustion residues and, on the other hand, for the evacuation and treatment of gaseous effluents and suspended matter in these effluents.

  In one embodiment of this incinerator, the loading mouth of the combustion chamber is a mouth with hatch, in particular hydraulic, and there is provided, on the side of the main body, a loading device capable of introducing charges of 'garbage or waste in the combustion chamber through its loading mouth.

  The loading device may comprise a lifting table supporting a loading hopper, the lifting table being movable between a low position, provided for filling the hopper with a load of garbage or waste, for example from a garbage truck, and a high position in which the hopper is brought opposite the loading mouth of the combustion chamber, for loading this combustion chamber with the load of garbage or waste.

  According to a particular embodiment, the loading hopper, supported by the lifting table, consists of a lower half-shell integral with this lifting table, and an upper half-shell articulated on the lower half-shell around of a horizontal axis. Inside the hopper, there is advantageously arranged a pusher that can be moved horizontally, by motorized means such as a jack, for the purpose of emptying the contents of said hopper through the loading mouth of the combustion chamber.

  In particular in this embodiment, the invention allows the cyclic incineration of the solid contents of household refuse or other waste containers.

  The invention also allows the progressive and sequential incineration of waste already ground and mixed, based on household or other refuse, such as solid, viscous or pasty hydrocarbons, discharged into the combustion hearth in particular by a screw conveyor without ascending end, starting for example from a storage hopper located at ground level. In this case in particular, the aeration means may also comprise pipes for heated secondary air, which activate combustion in the chamber.

  The incinerator which is the subject of the invention also allows the incineration of sludge and liquid hydrocarbon waste, in which case the device for loading the combustion chamber and the combustion hearth will rather consist of pipes, in which the fluidity of the transported materials can be improved by heating these pipes, which can be carried out in contact with the hearth and the combustion chamber.

  According to another aspect of the invention, the grinding and aeration device, placed in the combustion hearth, comprises motorized means, in particular jacks, which move the grinding and aeration bars alternately. These grinding and aeration bars are especially movable above fixed plates provided with openings.

  The means for evacuating and recycling solid combustion residues may comprise, at the base of the incinerator, a conveyor starting from the bottom of the combustion hearth and ending in a device using these solid residues, such as a blocks.

  As for the means of evacuation and treatment of the gaseous effluents, and of the matters suspended in these effluents, these can comprise a post-combustion chamber disposed above the combustion chamber, the post-combustion chamber having an outlet to the open air, and / or may comprise a connection to a smoke washing device. These two possibilities can be combined, by providing that the combustion chamber has, in its upper part, a tubular outlet connection with two outlet channels, one connected to the post-combustion chamber and the other at the start of the connection to the smoke washing device, the connector being provided with a system of flaps for the selective closure of its outlet channels.

  Overall, the invention thus provides an incinerator of household garbage and other waste, which has the following advantages: This incinerator performs, in one place, all the operations necessary, namely: unloading a dump truck , loading, combustion, grinding, disposal with additional treatment.

  In particular, the mixing and grinding of garbage or waste, simultaneously with their combustion, ensures aeration of the mass to be burned, which contributes to rapid and complete combustion thereof. A large mass of household waste is thus heated very quickly to a high temperature, which can reach or exceed 5000C, which guarantees complete combustion of the treated mass, in particular avoiding the release of dioxins.

  The incinerator object of the invention also has, in its preferred embodiment, an efficient loading device, with a closed hopper (avoiding odors and losses), allowing to load in a single time and quickly a mass of important garbage, by expelling it in the combustion chamber thanks to a mechanized pusher.

  Solid combustion residues, ground inside the incinerator, can be recycled, in particular by being used in the manufacture of concrete blocks, or other construction elements usable in the field of building and civil engineering, these elements no longer having no offensive odors or other nuisances, and eliminating the need to bury the ultimate waste. The gaseous effluents, and the dust suspended in these effluents, are also neutralized or trapped, so that the releases into the atmosphere are minimal and harmless.

  Finally, the incinerator which is the subject of the invention remains a simple and economical installation, requiring only current energy sources, and which can be operated by a single operator. If necessary, a large forklift can provide the hydraulic power necessary to actuate the different cylinders of the incinerator.

  The invention will in any case be better understood with the aid of the description which follows, with reference to the appended schematic drawing showing, by way of examples, some embodiments of this household waste incinerator: Figure 1 is a front view of an incinerator according to the present invention, in a first embodiment; Figure 2 is a side view of the incinerator of Figure 1, in the filling position of the loading hopper; Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2, illustrating the closure of the loading hopper; Figure 4 is a side view similar to the previous, in the emptying position of the contents of this hopper; Figure 5 is a last side view, illustrating the filling of the incinerator hearth; Figure 6 is a side view, similar to Figure 2, relating to a second embodiment of the garbage incinerator object of the invention; Figure 7 is a front view, comparable to Figure 1, 5 showing a third embodiment of the garbage incinerator object of the invention; Figure 8 is a front view which shows, in a particular embodiment, the detail of the means of evacuation and treatment of gaseous effluents.

  The household refuse incinerator, shown in the drawing, comprises a main body 1 of vertical axis A, and of generally cylindrical appearance, which in particular forms a cylindrical combustion chamber 2, provided laterally with a loading mouth 3 with hydraulic hatch. The combustion chamber 2 surmounts a combustion hearth 4, at the base 15 of which burners 5 are arranged, for example six to eight in number. These are in particular atmospheric burners, operating either on natural gas supplied by a distribution network, or on butane or propane gas stored in a tank (not shown). Each burner 5 is with automatic ignition, and has a safety device cutting off the gas supply during an accidental smothering of its flame.

  The combustion chamber 2 and the combustion hearth 4 are produced in cylinder sections made of steel with high elastic resistance and resistant to high temperatures. These parts can internally receive refractory plates, for example granitic, and be coated externally with suitable insulation.

  In the lower part of the combustion hearth 4, there is provided a grinding and aeration device, comprising hydraulic cylinders 6 which alternately move grinding and aeration bars 7, this in combination with fixed fixed plates 8 provided with for example square openings (see FIGS. 1 and 5).

  On one side of the main body 1 previously described, there is provided a loading device 9, which comprises a lifting table 10 supporting a loading hopper 11, of cylindrical shape and horizontal axis, capable of storing for example a volume of waste of 20 m3. The hopper 11 consists, itself, of a lower half-shell 12, integral with the lifting table 10, and of an upper half-shell 13, articulated on the lower half-shell 12 around an axis horizontal B (see in particular Figure 3). Thus, the upper half-shell 13 is movable between a closed position and an open position, means such as a hydraulic cylinder (not shown) controlling its opening and closing movements.

  Inside the hopper 11 is arranged a pusher 14, horizontally displaceable by means of a hydraulic cylinder 15, and serving for emptying the contents of this hopper 11.

  The lifting table 10 is movable between a lower position (FIGS. 2 and 3), allowing the filling of the hopper 11, and an upper position (FIGS. 1, 4 and 5) allowing the contents of this hopper 11 to be emptied into the chamber. combustion 2. In its high position, the hopper 11 is located at the level of the loading mouth 3 of the combustion chamber 2.

  In addition, the entire hopper 11 can be mounted rolling, in a horizontal direction, on the lifting table 10, which makes it possible to move it away from the base of the body 1, in particular in the lower position of the lifting table 10 .

  The combustion chamber 2 has a conical upper part 16, at the top of which is connected a tubular connector 17 with two outlet channels, provided with respective shutter flaps 18 and 19. One of the 20 outlet channels is connected directly to a post-combustion chamber with burner, arranged vertically along the axis A above the combustion chamber 2, the post-combustion chamber 20 itself having an outlet to the open air 21. The other outlet of the connection 17, arranged laterally, is the starting point of a connection (symbolized at 22) directed 25 to a smoke washing device, not shown, which can be located at greater or lesser distance.

  Finally, at the base of the incinerator, there is a device 23 for evacuating and recycling slag, which comprises a worm conveyor 24 starting from the bottom of the combustion hearth 4 and ending, in the example. illustrated, above a concrete block 25.

  Referring in particular, and successively, to Figures 2 to 5, we will now describe the operation of this incinerator.

  The loading hopper 11 initially occupying its lower position, and its upper half-shell 13 being raised and open, this hopper 11 is filled with a load of household waste 26 (also known as "waste") by direct emptying d a dump truck 27 - see figure 2.

  Then, as shown in FIG. 3, the upper half-shell 13 is folded down and closed on the lower half-shell 12, so as to close off the hopper 11 and thus to avoid any partial loss of the refuse load 26.

  Then the lifting table 10 is actuated, so as to raise the hopper 11 until bringing it to its upper position - see FIGS. 1 and 4.

  When the hopper 11 is positioned in front of the loading mouth 3 of the combustion chamber 2, the hydraulic hatch of the mouth 3 is open, and the pusher 14 is moved in the direction of this mouth 3 by the jack 15. Waste 26 are thus pushed directly, by the pusher 14, into the combustion chamber 2.

  The hydraulic hatch of the loading mouth 3 is then closed, so as to allow the treatment of the waste 26, which has reached the combustion hearth 4.

  The incineration of the waste is then ensured by the calorific effect of the burners 5, and the combustion is supported by the contribution, by means of a turbine not shown, of a large volume of air which activates the self-combustion of 20 the mass of waste 26. Simultaneously, the action of the grinding and aeration device, by means of the jacks 6, performs the grinding, mixing and aeration of the mass of garbage 26 being destroyed, and ensures total combustion of the volume of household waste 26 treated; this grinding action can be continuous, or modulated over time, during the entire incineration period.

  When the flap 18 is opened, the gaseous effluents are directed into the post-combustion chamber 20, where they are burnt, which minimizes the gaseous discharges into the atmosphere.

  Optionally, if the flap 19 is open, the gaseous effluents are directed to the smoke washing device, which makes it possible to trap all the dust in suspension, and to extract the gaseous components from hydrochloric acid, particulate or gaseous heavy metals, as well as hydrofluoric acids, sulfur dioxide, dioxins ...

  The solid combustion residues or slag are crushed and then recovered at the base of the combustion hearth 4, and are extracted by means of the worm conveyor 24 which directs them to the concrete block 25. These crushed slag are mixed with lime or cement, by kneading, and the mixture obtained is molded manually or semi-automatically, to obtain concrete blocks or other similar construction products.

  Depending on the humidity of the household waste load 26, the combustion time is of the order of 120 minutes at most. The time for grinding solid residues and loading a new load of household waste is around 60 min. Thus, the total time of a cycle for destroying a load of household waste is around 180 minutes.

  FIG. 6, in which the elements previously described are designated by the same reference numerals, shows a second embodiment of the household waste incinerator, having a simplified device 9 for loading the combustion chamber 2. The incinerator is installed here on a terrain with a strong natural gradient, or on a specially arranged terrain, so as to fill directly at the loading mouth 3. Thus, the loading hopper 11, always provided in this case , is located at a fixed height, at the level of the change mouth 3, the lifting table being eliminated. This hopper 11 allows the reception and temporary storage of a load of household garbage 26, poured by a garbage truck 27, the load of garbage 26 then being introduced 20 into the combustion chamber 2, through the mouth loading 3 whose hydraulic flap has been opened for this purpose.

  FIG. 7 represents a third embodiment of the incinerator, provided with a loading device 9 of different design.

  A fixed storage hopper 11, located in particular at ground level, is connected by an ascending conveyor 28, for example with a spiral worm, to the loading mouth 3 with hydraulic flap of the combustion chamber 2. The hopper 11 is loaded with household waste 26 from a dump truck 27, or by a loading grab 29. The conveyor 28 ensures progressive and sequential filling of the combustion chamber 2. 30 Finally, FIG. 8, which can be 'applying in addition to any of the embodiments described above, indicates a possible embodiment for the device for treating gaseous effluents, connected to the second outlet channel, closable by the flap 19, of the connector 17.

  The connection conduit 22 here leads to a dust collector and cooler device 30, which is provided with a lower orifice 31 for collecting dust, and an internal heat exchanger 32, with a cold water inlet 33 and a heated water outlet 34, the water outlet temperature being for example 80 ° C. The outlet 35 of the device 30, delivering the cooled gases, is itself connected to a tubular connector 36 with two outlet channels, provided with respective shutter flaps. The first outlet channel 37 is directed to a device (not shown) for treating and / or washing gases. The second outlet channel 38 is connected to an outlet conduit 39 to the atmosphere. A circulator 40, with a gas suction function, is advantageously placed inside the tubular connector 36, for sucking the gases at the outlet 35 of the dust collector / cooler 30, and 10 for delivering them to one or the other. other of the two exit channels 37 and 38.

  It goes without saying that the invention is not limited to the sole embodiments of this household waste incinerator which have been described above, by way of example; on the contrary, it embraces all of the variant embodiments and applications respecting the same principle. It is thus, in particular, that one would not depart from the scope of the invention: - by purely constructive modifications, concerning for example the number of burners and the fuel used by them; by replacing the direct emptying of the dump truck into the loading hopper by any other method of feeding this hopper: manual transfer, by grapple, by conveyor belt, etc .; - by replacing the lifting table with hopper or the worm conveyor by any other loading device, such as a forklift or lifting conveyor belt, or even direct filling of the combustion chamber, which may be made possible according to the 25 particularities (slope) of the land on which the incinerator is installed; - using all kinds of actuators and energy sources, to control the various mechanical movements of this incinerator; - by subjecting the gaseous effluents and solid residues to any type of additional treatment; - with regard more particularly to the recycling of solid residues, by using these in addition to all materials, with a view to obtaining construction elements or any other products; by applying the incinerator which is the subject of the invention to the treatment of all types of waste, the field of application of this incinerator not being in any way limited to household waste, but also encompassing all other waste, in particular semi-industrial waste or agro-food or hospital, subject to a similar treatment, including sludge from sewage treatment plants, or waste from more or less catastrophic pollution, such as marine oil pollution, or even animal meal to be destroyed.

Claims (11)

  1. Incinerator of household and other waste, characterized in that it comprises a main body (1) of vertical axis (A), which forms a combustion chamber (2) provided with a loading (3) of garbage or waste (26) to be incinerated, the combustion chamber (2) surmounting a combustion hearth (4) at the base of which burners (5) are arranged, and in which is also placed a grinding and aeration (6, 7, 8), means (17 to 25) being provided at the base and at the top 10 of the main body (1), on the one hand for the evacuation and recycling of solid residues combustion and, on the other hand, for the evacuation and treatment of gaseous effluents and suspended matter in these effluents.   2. Incinerator according to claim 1, characterized in that the loading mouth (3) of the combustion chamber (2) is a mouth with hatch, in particular hydraulic, and in what is provided, on the side of the main body (1), a loading device (9) capable of introducing loads of garbage or waste (26) into the combustion chamber through its loading mouth (3).   3. Incinerator according to claim 2, characterized in that the loading device (9) comprises a lifting table (10) supporting a loading hopper (11), the lifting table (10) being movable between a low position, provided for filling the hopper (11) with a load of garbage or waste (26), for example from a garbage dump truck (27), and a high position in which the hopper (11) is brought opposite the loading mouth (3) of the combustion chamber (2), for loading this combustion chamber (2) with the load of garbage or waste (26).   4. Incinerator according to claim 3, characterized in that the loading hopper (11), supported by the lifting table (9), consists of a lower half-shell (12) integral with this lifting table (9), and an upper half-shell (13) articulated on the lower half-shell (12) around a horizontal axis (B).   5. Incinerator according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that inside the loading hopper (11) is arranged a pusher (14) movable horizontally, by motorized means such as a jack (15), for emptying the contents of said hopper (11) through the loading mouth (3) of the combustion chamber (2).   6. Incinerator according to claim 2, characterized in that the loading device (9) comprises a fixed storage hopper (11), connected by an ascending conveyor (28), for example with a worm screw, to the mouth of loading (3).   7. Incinerator according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the grinding and aeration device, placed in the combustion hearth (4), comprises motorized means, in particular jacks 15 (6) , which alternately move grinding and aeration bars (7).   8. Incinerator according to claim 7, characterized in that the bars (7) of grinding and ventilation are movable above fixed plates (8) provided with openings.   9. Incinerator according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the means (23) for evacuating and recycling solid combustion residues comprise, at the base of the incinerator, a conveyor (24) leaving from the bottom of the combustion hearth (4) and leading to a device using these solid residues, such as a concrete block plant (25).   10. Incinerator according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the means for evacuation and treatment of gaseous effluents, and of the materials in suspension in these effluents, comprise a post-combustion chamber (20) disposed above the combustion chamber (2), the post-combustion chamber (20) having an outlet to the open air (21), and / or comprise a connection (22) to a device for washing the fumes .   11. Incinerator according to claim 1 0, characterized in that the combustion chamber (2) has, in its upper part (16), a tubular outlet connection (17) with two outlet channels one connected to the chamber afterburner (20) and the other at the start of the connection (22) to the smoke washing device, the connection (17) being provided with a system of flaps (18, 19) for the selective closure of its exit routes.