FR2839803A1 - Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots - Google Patents
Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2839803A1 FR2839803A1 FR0205987A FR0205987A FR2839803A1 FR 2839803 A1 FR2839803 A1 FR 2839803A1 FR 0205987 A FR0205987 A FR 0205987A FR 0205987 A FR0205987 A FR 0205987A FR 2839803 A1 FR2839803 A1 FR 2839803A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- bust
- manikin
- head
- pivots
- individual
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
- G09B23/30—Anatomical models
- G09B23/32—Anatomical models with moving parts
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Algebra (AREA)
- Computational Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Educational Technology (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Instructional Devices (AREA)
- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
Abstract
Description
declenche ladite pompe en fonction de mesures de temperatures du liquide.triggers said pump according to liquid temperature measurements.
L'invention concerne un mannequin physique ou numerique destine a reproduire The invention relates to a physical or digital mannequin for reproducing
ies mouvements de la tete dans des situations de sollicitations antero- movements of the head in situations of anteropic
posterieures dans le plan sagittal ainsi que l'utilisation d'un tel mannequin pour la simulation du comportement d'un individu dans des essais de type crash test en choc avant ou arriere. Dans divers domaines, dont celui de ['amelioration de la securite des vehicules automobiles, on a essaye d'etablir des modeles permettant de reproduire le comportement d'un individu, dans des situations d'accident. Cette modeiisation o a notamment pour but de permettre aux constructeurs automobiles d'optimiser la securite des occupants dans de telles situations. En particulier, la simulation de choc arriere est utilisee pour optimiser la securite procuree par les sieges posterior in the sagittal plane as well as the use of such a manikin for the simulation of the behavior of an individual in crash-type tests in front or rear impact. In a number of areas, including the improvement of motor vehicle safety, attempts have been made to establish models that can be used to reproduce the behavior of an individual in accident situations. This mode o is intended in particular to allow car manufacturers to optimize the safety of occupants in such situations. In particular, the rear shock simulation is used to optimize the safety provided by the seats.
eVou les appuis-tete de vehicule automobile. eVou the headrest of a motor vehicle.
Pour ce faire, on utilise classiquement des mannequins physiques ou numeriques qui vent agences pour avoir un comportement analogue a celui du To do this, we use classically physical or digital models that vent agencies to have behavior similar to that of the
modele (le mannequin etant alors qualifie de K biofidele >>). model (the model being then called K biofidele >>).
Ainsi, en pla,cant ce type de mannequin physique ou numerique dans le vehicule o lors d'un essai de type crash test ou lors d'une simulation d'un tel test, et en mesurant ou calculant les sollicitations qu'il subit, on peut prevoir les eventuels Thus, in pla, cant this type of physical or numerical manikin in the vehicle o during a crash test type test or during a simulation of such a test, and by measuring or calculating the solicitations it undergoes, we can foresee the possible ones
traumatismes qui peuvent etre occasionnes sur l'individu modelise. trauma that can be caused on the individual models.
L'un des problemes qui se pose est alors celui du parametrage du modele, de sorte a obtenir des cinematiques modelisees qui solent comparables a celles One of the problems that arises is then that of the parametrage of the model, so as to obtain modeled kinematics which solent comparable to those
reellement observees en cas d'accident. actually observed in case of accident.
Pour etre le plus realiste possible, le parametrage devrait etre realise avec des donnees, telles que des raideurs, des amortissements ainsi que des parametres To be as realistic as possible, the setting should be done with data, such as stiffness, depreciation and parameters.
o inertiels, qui vent specifiques a l'individu considere. o Inertial, which wind specific to the individual considered.
Les methodes actuelles pour evaluer ces donnees vent basees sur la reponse temporelle mesuree sur le vivant dans toutes les conditions necessaires, et les mannequins bases sur ces methodes vent agences pour reproduire l'individu The current methods for evaluating these data are based on the temporal response measured on the living in all the necessary conditions, and the models based on these methods wind agencies to reproduce the individual
dans toute sa complexite statique et dynamique. in all its static and dynamic complexity.
Mais, pour des raisons d'ethique et de limite de tolerances physiques, on ne s peut pas soumettre des volontaires a des tests qui pourraient engendrer des Iesons. But, for reasons of ethics and the limit of physical tolerances, volunteers can not be subjected to tests that could lead to tests.
C'est pourquoi, on peut utiliser des cadavres pour parametrer les modeles. Therefore, we can use cadavers to set the models.
Mais, les mannequins bases sur ces modeles ont un comportement quasi o cadaverique qui se revere peu representatif de celui des vivants, principalement But the models based on these models have an almost cadaverous behavior that is not very representative of that of the living, mainly
lors de la simulation de chocs violents. during the simulation of violent shocks.
En effet, les parametres utiles dans les modeles de l'art anterieur vent largement fonction de ['action des muscles, des ligaments, ainsi que de I'interaction entre tous les organes, et ce en fonction des differentes Indeed, the parameters useful in the models of the prior art are largely a function of the action of the muscles, ligaments, as well as the interaction between all the organs, and this according to the different
caracteristiques anthropometriques possibles. anthropometric characteristics possible.
11 en resulte que les parametres recherches dans le cadre de 1'analyse temporelle vent largement inaccessibles, ce qui conduit souvent a utiliser dans o les modeles des parametres hypothetiques, moyennes ou empiriques qui, dans As a result, the parameters investigated in the context of temporal analysis are largely inaccessible, which often leads to the use in the models of hypothetical, average or empirical parameters which, in
la plupart des cas, ne permettent d'acceder qu'a des comportements globaux. in most cases, only access to global behaviors.
Par consequent, le comportement des mannequins bases sur ces modeles n'est pas entierement satisfaisant, en particulier, ils ne permettent pas de prevoir Therefore, the behavior of the models based on these models is not entirely satisfactory, in particular, they do not allow to predict
certains phenomenes observes par exemple en cinematographic rapide. certain phenomena observed for example in rapid cinematography.
En outre, les mannequins de l'art anterieur visent a reproduire les caracteristiques statiques et dynamiques de l'individu, ce qui dans la pratique In addition, the models of the prior art aim to reproduce the static and dynamic characteristics of the individual, which in practice
s'avere d'une trop grande complexite pour etre economiquement realisable. is too complex to be economically feasible.
Pour remedier a ces inconvenients, I'invention propose un mannequin qui tout en etant de complexite minimale, presente une biofidelite amelioree vis-a-vis To remedy these drawbacks, the invention proposes a dummy which, while being of minimal complexity, has an improved biofidelite vis-à-vis
des mouvements de la tete dans des situations de sollicitations antero- movements of the head in situations of anteropic
posterieures dans le plan sagittal.posterior in the sagittal plane.
A cet effet, et selon un premier aspect, I'invention propose un mannequin physique ou numerique destine a reproduire les mouvements de la tete dans des situations de sollicitations antero-posterieures dans le plan sagittal, ledit mannequin comprenant une partie formant tete reliee a une partie formant buste For this purpose, and according to a first aspect, the invention proposes a physical or numerical mannequin intended to reproduce the movements of the head in situations of antero-posterior stresses in the sagittal plane, said manikin comprising a head portion connected to a bust part
par l'intermediaire d'un systeme ressort amortisseur a deux degree de liberte. through a damper spring system has two degrees of freedom.
Selon un deuxieme aspect, I'invention propose une utilisation d'un tel mannequin pour la simulation du comportement d'un individu dans des essais According to a second aspect, the invention proposes a use of such a manikin for simulating the behavior of an individual in tests.
o de type crash test en choc avant ou arriere. o type crash test in shock front or rear.
D'autres objets et avantages de ['invention appara^tront au cours de la Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear in the course of
description qui suit, faite en reference au dessin annexe qui represente following description, made with reference to the accompanying drawing which represents
schematiquement la correspondence entre ['ensemble tete-cou et le modele a schematically the correspondence between the head-neck assembly and the model
double pendule inverse utilise dans un mannequin suivant 1'invention. inverse double pendulum used in a manikin according to the invention.
Apres des etudes intensives sur la modelisation du comportement biomecanique de ['ensemble tete-cou d'un humain qui ont ete realisees in vivo dans le domaine frequentiel et par le biais d'une analyse modale, la o demanderesse a pu modeliser le comportement d'un tel ensemble par l'intermediaire d'un systeme masse ressort amortisseur a deux degree de liberte. En effet, la reponse de ['ensemble tete-cou due a une sollicitation de force :5 impulsionnelle donne une fonction de transfert typique d'un modele a After intensive studies on the modeling of the biomechanical behavior of the whole head-neck of a human that were performed in vivo in the frequency domain and through a modal analysis, the Applicant was able to model the behavior of Such an assembly by means of a damping spring mass system has two degrees of freedom. Indeed, the response of the head-to-neck assembly due to a 5-pulse force load gives a typical transfer function of a
parametres localises a deux degree de liberte. localized parameters has two degrees of freedom.
Par consequent, un mannequin comprenant une partie formant tete qui est reliee a une partie formant buste par l'intermediaire d'un systeme ressort amortisseur a deux degree de liberte peut etre optimise pour presenter une bonne biofidelite vis-a-vis des mouvements de la tete dans des situations de sollicitations antero-posterieures dans le plan sagittal, et ce tout en etant Therefore, a manikin comprising a head portion which is connected to a bust portion through a two degree of freedom damping spring system can be optimized to provide good biofidelity to the movements of the body. head in situations of antero-posterior stress in the sagittal plane, and this while being
particulierement simple de construction. particularly simple construction.
En relation avec la figure 1, on decrit un modele a double pendule inverse utilisable dans un mannequin suivant ['invention. Dans ce modele, les segments In relation to FIG. 1, there is described a model with a double inverse pendulum that can be used in a manikin according to the invention. In this model, the segments
supposes rigides representent respectivement le cou et la fete. rigid suppositions represent the neck and the party, respectively.
Comme defini sur la figure 1, le pendule a pour centre ON et OH, dont les parametres inertiels JN et JH et massiques mN et mH (aux centres de gravite GN et GH) ainsi que les parametres des systemes ressortamortisseur (kN, cN) et (kH, As defined in FIG. 1, the pendulum has the center ON and OH, whose inertial parameters JN and JH and the mass mN and mH (at the centers of gravity GN and GH) as well as the parameters of the spring shock absorber systems (kN, cN) and (kH,
CH) implantes a chaque centre de rotation, definissent le modele. CH) implants at each center of rotation, define the model.
o Suivant un premier mode de realisation, le mannequin peut etre realise de fa,con numerique et etre utilise dans des simulations numeriques d'essais de type According to a first embodiment, the manikin can be made digitally and used in numerical simulations of type tests.
crash test.crash test.
Suivant un deuxieme mode de realisation, le systeme peut etre realise avec une premiere et une deuxieme pieces sensiblement rigides formant respectivement According to a second embodiment, the system can be realized with a first and a second substantially rigid piece respectively forming
cou et fete.neck and party.
Les pieces vent associees en rotation entre elles par l'intermediaire d'un premier pivot, I'extremite de ladite premiere piece qui est opposee audit pivot etant o associee en rotation a la partie formant buste au moyen d'un deuxieme pivot, lesdits pivots etant d'axe parallele et etant agences de sorte a presenter The pieces wind associated in rotation with each other by means of a first pivot, the end of said first piece which is opposed to said pivot being associated in rotation with the bust part by means of a second pivot, said pivots being of parallel axis and being agencies so as to present
chacune un parametre de raideur et un parametre d'amortissement. each a stiffness parameter and a damping parameter.
Dans un exemple particulier, les parametres utilises vent les suivants qui vent iSSUS d'une mesure ou d'etudes anthropometriques d'un individu: 0NOH = 0,13 m soit la longueur du cou de l'individu; - 0HS = 0,08 soit sensiblement la demi longueur de la tete de l'individu; - 0NGN = 0,065 m soit la distance entre le centre de gravite du cou et C7 de l'individu; 0HGH = 0,059 m soit la distance entre le centre de gravite de la tete et CO de l'individu; - mN = 1,7 kg soit le poids du coup de l'individu; - mH = 4,7 kg soit le poids de la tete de l'individu; - JH = 0,0209 kg.m2 soit l'inertie de la tete de l'individu selon l'axe Y; JN = 0,0038 kg.m2 soit l'inertie du coup de l'individu selon l'axe Y. Avec ces parametres, il est possible d'optimiser de facon connue les valeurs de In a particular example, the parameters used are the following ones which are based on a measure or anthropometric studies of an individual: 0NOH = 0.13 m, ie the length of the neck of the individual; - 0HS = 0.08 is substantially the half length of the head of the individual; - 0NGN = 0.065 m is the distance between the center of gravity of the neck and C7 of the individual; 0HGH = 0.059 m is the distance between the center of gravity of the head and CO of the individual; - mN = 1.7 kg, which is the weight of the blow of the individual; - mH = 4.7 kg, ie the weight of the head of the individual; - JH = 0.0209 kg.m2 is the inertia of the head of the individual along the Y axis; JN = 0.0038 kg.m2 is the inertia of the blow of the individual along the Y axis. With these parameters, it is possible to optimize in a known way the values of
(kN, CN) et (kH, CH) de sorte a obtenir une bonne biofidelite du mannequin. (kN, CN) and (kH, CH) so as to obtain a good biofidelite of the manikin.
Suivant une realisation, les valeurs de (kN, CN) et (kH, CH) peuvent etre optimisees de sorte que le systeme presente deux modes de resonance respectivement au voisinage de 1,4 Hz et 5 Hz, lesdits modes ayant ete According to one embodiment, the values of (kN, CN) and (kH, CH) can be optimized so that the system has two resonance modes respectively in the vicinity of 1.4 Hz and 5 Hz, said modes having been
enregistres sur le vivant a l'issu des etudes precitees. recorded on the living from the studies above.
En effet, il ressort des etudes biomecaniques realisees que ces deux modes vent reproduits pour un large spectre de parametres anthropometriques de l'individu, ce qui rend le modele particulierement interessant dans le cadre d'une Indeed, it is clear from the biomecanical studies carried out that these two modes are reproduced for a broad spectrum of anthropometric parameters of the individual, which makes the model particularly interesting in the context of a
utilisation pour simuler des essais de type crash test. use to simulate crash test type tests.
Par consequent, le modele du mannequin ainsi obtenu est applicable a une large population a anthropometrie variee qui presente ces modes de vibration Consequently, the model of the manikin thus obtained is applicable to a large population with varied anthropometry which presents these modes of vibration.
sensiblement aux meme frequences.substantially at the same frequencies.
o Les parametres geometriques, de masse et d'inertie du mannequin ne vent done pas veritablement critiques pour obtenir une bonne biofidelite du mannequin, ce qui est particulierement interessant compte tenu de la difficulte a o The geometric, mass and inertia parameters of the manikin are therefore not really critical to obtain a good biofidelity of the manikin, which is particularly interesting in view of the difficulty in
quantifier exactement ces parametres. quantify exactly these parameters.
Les parametres de raideur et d'amortissement obtenus avec les parametres mentionnes ci-dessus vent les suivants: - 14,765 < kN < 18,240 (en Nm/rad) ; - 9,684 < kH < 14,900 (en Nm/rad); - 0,394 < CN < 0,506 (en Nms/rad); The stiffness and damping parameters obtained with the parameters mentioned above are as follows: - 14.765 <kN <18.240 (in Nm / rad); - 9.684 <kH <14.900 (in Nm / rad); - 0.394 <CN <0.506 (in Nms / rad);
- 0 < CH < 0,057 (en Nms/rad).- 0 <CH <0.057 (in Nms / rad).
On remarque done que l'amortissement au niveau de la liaison tete-cou est tres We therefore note that the damping at the head-to-neck link is very
falble, voir inexistant, contrairement a l'amortissement entre le cou et le torse. falble, see nonexistent, unlike the amortization between the neck and the torso.
Les raideurs vent assez proches entre elles, celle du premier pivot semblant se The stiffness winds are quite close to each other, that of the first pivot seeming to be
montrer legerement superieure.show slightly higher.
Le mannequin suivant ['invention est particulierement adapte pour etre utilise s pour la simulation de choc avant ou arriere de sorte a optimiser la securite The manikin according to the invention is particularly adapted to be used for front or rear impact simulation so as to optimize safety.
conferee par les sieges et/ou les appuis-tete de vehicule automobile. conferred by the seats and / or the head restraints of a motor vehicle.
En outre, et dans le cas ou l'on souhaite egalement simuler les mouvements de la tete dans des situations de sollicitations autres qu'antero-posterieures dans le o plan sagittal, les caracteristiques du mannequin suivant ['invention peuvent etre In addition, and in the case where it is also desired to simulate the movements of the head in situations of stress other than antero-posterior in the sagittal plane, the characteristics of the manikin according to the invention may be
combinees a d'autres caracteristiques connues de l'etat de la technique. combined with other known characteristics of the state of the art.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0205987A FR2839803A1 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0205987A FR2839803A1 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2839803A1 true FR2839803A1 (en) | 2003-11-21 |
Family
ID=29286523
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0205987A Withdrawn FR2839803A1 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2002-05-15 | Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2839803A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2868583A1 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-07 | Cera | Human trunk movement reproducing model, e.g. for crash test, has rigid units connected by three pivots, where unit forming lower part of abdomen is linked to part forming pelvis via fourth pivot, with other stiffening and damping pivots |
| DE102009023008A1 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2010-12-02 | Valeo Wischersysteme Gmbh | Test stand for passenger car to implement head impact tests, has test head consisting of two head parts, which are movable relative to each other in axial direction radial towards impact direction, where one of parts forms impact region |
| WO2019075582A1 (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-04-25 | Societe de Commercialisation des Produits de la Recherche Appliquée Socpra Sciences et Génie S.E.C. | System for simulating cervical spine motions |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3707782A (en) * | 1971-06-23 | 1973-01-02 | Alderson Res Lab | Neck for test dummy |
| US5152692A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1992-10-06 | Simula, Inc. | Biofidelic manikin neck |
-
2002
- 2002-05-15 FR FR0205987A patent/FR2839803A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3707782A (en) * | 1971-06-23 | 1973-01-02 | Alderson Res Lab | Neck for test dummy |
| US5152692A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1992-10-06 | Simula, Inc. | Biofidelic manikin neck |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2868583A1 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-07 | Cera | Human trunk movement reproducing model, e.g. for crash test, has rigid units connected by three pivots, where unit forming lower part of abdomen is linked to part forming pelvis via fourth pivot, with other stiffening and damping pivots |
| DE102009023008A1 (en) * | 2009-05-28 | 2010-12-02 | Valeo Wischersysteme Gmbh | Test stand for passenger car to implement head impact tests, has test head consisting of two head parts, which are movable relative to each other in axial direction radial towards impact direction, where one of parts forms impact region |
| WO2019075582A1 (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2019-04-25 | Societe de Commercialisation des Produits de la Recherche Appliquée Socpra Sciences et Génie S.E.C. | System for simulating cervical spine motions |
| EP3698345A4 (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2021-04-14 | Societé de Commercialisation des Produits de la Recherche Appliquée SOCPRA Sciences et Génie S.E.C | System for simulating cervical spine motions |
| US11694579B2 (en) | 2017-10-20 | 2023-07-04 | Societe De Commercialisation Des Produits De La Recherche Appliquee Socpra Sciences Et Genie S.E.C. | System for simulating cervical spine motions |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP3318235B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for predicting vehicle interior noise | |
| US8219365B2 (en) | Method of designing a motor vehicle | |
| Faris et al. | Ride quality of passenger cars: an overview on the research trends | |
| Lépine et al. | The relative contribution of road bicycle components on vibration induced to the cyclist | |
| Lépine et al. | A laboratory excitation technique to test road bike vibration transmission | |
| CN105738129A (en) | Automotive independent suspension vibration simulating device | |
| CN111896275A (en) | Test system and method for finished automobile road simulation test | |
| Karjanto et al. | Development of on-road automated vehicle simulator for motion sickness studies | |
| CN115270296A (en) | Method and system for analyzing fatigue durability of commercial vehicle cab | |
| Jenny et al. | Biomechanical response of the infant head to shaking: An experimental investigation | |
| FR2839803A1 (en) | Fore and aft impact crash test dummy has two degree of freedom linked head and bust comprising pivots | |
| CN115795943A (en) | Fine evaluation method for driving comfort of highway bridge | |
| Gosavi | Automotive buzz, squeak and rattle (BSR) detection and prevention | |
| US6655202B2 (en) | Dynamic force measurement system for tire testing station | |
| Fabra-Rodriguez et al. | Numerical model for vibro-acoustics analysis of tyre-road noise generation caused by speed bumps | |
| CN110096779A (en) | A kind of servo mechanism Dynamic Characteristics method | |
| FR2839636A1 (en) | Animal body biomechanical modelling system for crash test dummy validation measures frequency response to on forehead impulse and derives two mode modal model | |
| Willinger et al. | Modal analysis of the human neck in vivo as a criterion for crash test dummy evaluation | |
| Knox | Validation of earplug accelerometers as a means of measuring head motion | |
| Nolan et al. | Integrating Simulation Technology into Automotive Design Evaluation and Validation Processes | |
| You | Effect of added mass of spindle wheel force transducer on vehicle dynamic response | |
| Ormándi et al. | Estimating vehicle suspension characteristics for digital twin creation with genetic algorithm | |
| FR2868583A1 (en) | Human trunk movement reproducing model, e.g. for crash test, has rigid units connected by three pivots, where unit forming lower part of abdomen is linked to part forming pelvis via fourth pivot, with other stiffening and damping pivots | |
| Gehringer | Application of experimental transfer path analysis and hybrid FRF-based substructuring model to SUV axle noise | |
| Azizi | Measurement methods of tire/road noise |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ST | Notification of lapse |
Effective date: 20100129 |